From 18b619da4d7c48ba60cd5ce4eba7c042c7f93dac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shiqing Gao <shiqing.gao@intel.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Mar 2019 10:02:00 +0800
Subject: [PATCH] doc: add the doc for 'Error Detection and Handling'

This patch adds the doc for 'Error Detection and Handling'.

Signed-off-by: Shiqing Gao <shiqing.gao@intel.com>
---
 ..._of_error_detection_and_error_handling.png | Bin 0 -> 33198 bytes
 doc/developer-guides/index.rst                |   1 +
 doc/developer-guides/sw_design_guidelines.rst | 489 ++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 490 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 doc/developer-guides/images/work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling.png
 create mode 100644 doc/developer-guides/sw_design_guidelines.rst

diff --git a/doc/developer-guides/images/work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling.png b/doc/developer-guides/images/work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76f4903f0d99c729cbaaf00d14fed4a77b9710b9
GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/doc/developer-guides/index.rst b/doc/developer-guides/index.rst
index 4750b3627..51e3cdf35 100644
--- a/doc/developer-guides/index.rst
+++ b/doc/developer-guides/index.rst
@@ -32,3 +32,4 @@ project.
    coding_guidelines
    doc_guidelines
    graphviz
+   sw_design_guidelines
diff --git a/doc/developer-guides/sw_design_guidelines.rst b/doc/developer-guides/sw_design_guidelines.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..79f21be29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/developer-guides/sw_design_guidelines.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+.. _sw_design_guidelines:
+
+Software Design Guidelines
+##########################
+
+Error Detection and Error Handling
+**********************************
+
+Workflow
+========
+
+Error detection and error handling workflow in the ACRN hypervisor is shown in
+:numref:`work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling`.
+
+.. figure:: images/work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling.png
+   :align: center
+   :name: work_flow_of_error_detection_and_error_handling
+
+   Error Detection and Error Handling Workflow
+
+
+Design Assumption
+=================
+
+There are three types of design assumptions in the ACRN hypervisor, as shown
+below:
+
+**Pre-condition**
+  Pre-conditions shall be defined right before the definition/declaration of
+  the corresponding function in the C source file or header file.
+  All pre-conditions shall be guaranteed by the caller of the function.
+  Error checking of the pre-conditions are not needed in release version of the
+  function. Developers could use ASSERT to catch design errors in a debug
+  version for some cases. Verification of the hypervisor shall check whether
+  each caller guarantees all pre-conditions of the callee (or not).
+
+  This design assumption applies to the following cases:
+
+  - Input parameters of the function.
+  - Global state, such as hypervisor operation mode.
+
+**Post-condition**
+  Post-conditions shall be defined right before the definition/declaration of
+  the corresponding function in the C source file or header file.
+  All post-conditions shall be guaranteed by the function. All callers of the
+  function should trust these post-conditions are met.
+  Error checking of the post-conditions are not needed in release version of
+  each caller. Developers could use ASSERT to catch design errors in a debug
+  version for some cases. Verification of the hypervisor shall check whether the
+  function guarantees all post-conditions (or not).
+
+  This design assumption applies to the following case:
+
+  - Return value of the function
+
+    It is used to guarantee that the return value is valid, such as the return
+    pointer is not NULL, the return value is within a valid range, or the
+    members of the return structure are valid.
+
+
+**Application Constraints**
+  Application constraints of the hypervisor shall be defined in design document
+  and safety manual.
+  All application constraints shall be guaranteed by external safety
+  applications, such as Board Support Package, firmware, safety VM, or Hardware.
+  The verification of application integration shall check whether the safety
+  application meets all application constraints.
+
+  This design assumption applies to the following cases:
+
+  - Configuration data defined by external safety application, such as physical
+    PCI device information specific for each board design.
+
+  - Input data which is only specified by external safety application.
+
+
+Architecture Level
+==================
+
+Fulfillment to FuSa Standards
+-----------------------------
+
+The fulfillment matrix of error detection and error handling on architecture
+level to FuSa Standards [IEC_61508-7]_ in ACRN hypervisor is shown in
+:numref:`fulfillment_matrix_arch_level` below.
+
+.. table:: Fulfillment to FuSa Standards on Architecture Level
+   :align: center
+   :widths: auto
+   :name: fulfillment_matrix_arch_level
+
+   +-----------------------+---------------+----------+--------------------------------------+
+   | Technique/Measure     | Ref in        | SIL3     | Company Solution                     |
+   |                       | IEC 61508-7   |          |                                      |
+   +=======================+===============+==========+======================================+
+   | Failure assertion     | C.3.3         | R        | This technique will be used.         |
+   | programming           |               |          | Plan to do range check in hypercalls |
+   |                       |               |          | and HW capability checks.            |
+   +-----------------------+---------------+----------+--------------------------------------+
+
+
+Error Handling Methods
+----------------------
+
+The error handling methods used in the ACRN hypervisor on an architecture level
+are shown below.
+
+**Invoke default fatal error handler**
+  The hypervisor shall invoke the default fatal error handler when the below
+  cases occur. Customers can define platform-specific handlers, allowing them to
+  implement additional error reporting (mostly to hardware) if required. The
+  default fatal error handler will invoke platform-specific handlers defined by
+  users at first, then it will panic the system.
+
+  This method applies to the following cases:
+
+  - Related hardware resources are unavailable.
+  - Boot information is invalid during platform initialization.
+  - Unexpected exception occurs in root mode due to hardware failures.
+  - Failures occur in the VM dedicated for error handling.
+
+**Return error code**
+  The hypervisor shall return an error code to the VM when the below cases
+  occur. The error code shall indicate the error type detected (e.g. invalid
+  parameter, device not found, device busy, resource unavailable, etc).
+
+  This method applies to the following case:
+
+  - The hypercall parameter from the VM is invalid.
+
+**Inform the safety VM through specific register or memory area**
+  The hypervisor shall inform the safety VM through a specific register or
+  memory area when the below cases occur. The VM will decide how to handle the
+  related error. This shall only be done after the VM (Safety OS or Service OS)
+  dedicated to error handling has started.
+
+  This method applies to the following cases:
+
+  - Machine check errors occur due to hardware failures.
+
+  - Unexpected VM entry failures occur, where the VM is not the one dedicated
+    for error handling.
+
+**Panic the system via ASSERT**
+  The hypervisor can panic the system when the below cases occur. It shall
+  only be used for debug and used to check pre-conditions and post-conditions
+  to catch design errors.
+
+  This method applies to the following case:
+
+  - Software design errors occur.
+
+
+Rules of Error Detection and Error Handling
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The rules of error detection and error handling on an architecture level are
+shown in :numref:`rules_arch_level` below.
+
+.. table:: Rules of Error Detection and Error Handling on Architecture Level
+   :align: center
+   :widths: auto
+   :name: rules_arch_level
+
+   +--------------------+-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | Resource Class     | Failure Mode            | Error        | Error Handling Policy     | Example                 |
+   |                    |                         | Detection    |                           |                         |
+   |                    |                         | via          |                           |                         |
+   |                    |                         | Hypervisor   |                           |                         |
+   +====================+=========================+==============+===========================+=========================+
+   | External resource  | Invalid register/memory | Yes          | Follow SDM strictly, or   | Unsupported MSR         |
+   | provided by VM     | state on VM exit        |              | state any deviation to the| or invalid CPU ID       |
+   |                    |                         |              | document explicitly       |                         |
+   |                    +-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   |                    | Invalid hypercall       | Yes          | The hypervisor shall      | Invalid hypercall       |
+   |                    | parameter               |              | return related error code | parameter provided by   |
+   |                    |                         |              | to the VM                 | any VM                  |
+   |                    +-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   |                    | Invalid data in the     | Yes          | Case by case depending    | Invalid data in memory  |
+   |                    | sharing memory area     |              | on the data               | shared with all VMs,    |
+   |                    |                         |              |                           | such as IO request      |
+   |                    |                         |              |                           | buffers and sbuf for    |
+   |                    |                         |              |                           | debug                   |
+   +--------------------+-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | External resource  | Invalid E820 table or   | Yes          | The hypervisor shall      | Invalid E820 table or   |
+   | provided by        | invalid boot information|              | panic during platform     | invalid boot information|
+   | bootloader         |                         |              | initialization            |                         |
+   | (UEFI or SBL)      |                         |              |                           |                         |
+   +--------------------+-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | Physical resource  | 1GB page is not         | Yes          | The hypervisor shall      | 1GB page is not         |
+   | used by the        | available on the        |              | panic during platform     | available on the        |
+   | hypervisor         | platform or invalid     |              | initialization            | platform or invalid     |
+   |                    | physical CPU ID         |              |                           | physical CPU ID         |
+   +--------------------+-------------------------+--------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+Here is an example to illustrate when error handling codes are required on
+an architecture level.
+
+There are two pre-condition statements of ``vcpu_from_vid``. It indicates that
+it's the caller's responsibility to guarantee these pre-conditions.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /**
+   * @pre vcpu_id < CONFIG_MAX_VCPUS_PER_VM
+   * @pre &(vm->hw.vcpu_array[vcpu_id])->state != VCPU_OFFLINE
+   */
+  static inline struct acrn_vcpu *vcpu_from_vid(struct acrn_vm *vm, uint16_t vcpu_id)
+  {
+          return &(vm->hw.vcpu_array[vcpu_id]);
+  }
+
+``vcpu_from_vid`` is called by ``hcall_set_vcpu_regs``, which is a hypercall.
+``hcall_set_vcpu_regs`` is an external interface and ``vcpu_id`` is provided by
+VM. In this case, we shall add the error checking codes before calling
+``vcpu_from_vid`` to make sure that the passed parameters are valid and the
+pre-conditions are guaranteed.
+
+Here is the sample codes for error checking before calling ``vcpu_from_vid``:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  status = 0;
+
+  if (vcpu_id >= CONFIG_MAX_VCPUS_PER_VM) {
+          pr_err("vcpu id is out of range \r\n");
+          status = -EINVAL;
+  } else if ((&(vm->hw.vcpu_array[vcpu_id]))->state == VCPU_OFFLINE) {
+          pr_err("vcpu is offline \r\n");
+          status = -EINVAL;
+  }
+
+  if (status == 0) {
+          vcpu = vcpu_from_vid(vm, vcpu_id);
+          ...
+  }
+
+
+Module Level
+============
+
+Fulfillment to FuSa Standards
+-----------------------------
+
+The fulfillment matrix of error detection and error handling on a module level
+to FuSa Standards [IEC_61508-7]_ in ACRN hypervisor is shown in
+:numref:`fulfillment_matrix_module_level` below.
+
+.. table:: Fulfillment to FuSa Standards on Module Level
+   :align: center
+   :widths: auto
+   :name: fulfillment_matrix_module_level
+
+   +-----------------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------+
+   | Technique/Measure     | Ref in        | SIL3     | Company Solution                                  |
+   |                       | IEC 61508-7   |          |                                                   |
+   +=======================+===============+==========+===================================================+
+   | Design and coding     | C.2.6         | HR       | This technique will be used for internal functions|
+   | standards             | Table B.1     |          | of the hypervisor. Plan to use data verification, |
+   |                       |               |          | with explicit specification of pre-conditions and |
+   |                       |               |          | post-conditions for functions.                    |
+   +-----------------------+---------------+----------+---------------------------------------------------+
+
+
+Error Handling Methods
+----------------------
+
+The error handling methods used in the ACRN hypervisor on a module level are
+shown below.
+
+**Panic the system via ASSERT**
+  The hypervisor can panic the system when the below cases occur. It shall
+  only be used for debugging, used to check pre-conditions and post-conditions
+  to catch design errors.
+
+  This method applies to the following case:
+
+  - Software design errors occur.
+
+
+Rules of Error Detection and Error Handling
+-------------------------------------------
+
+The rules of error detection and error handling on a module level are shown in
+:numref:`rules_module_level` below.
+
+.. table:: Rules of Error Detection and Error Handling on Module Level
+   :align: center
+   :widths: auto
+   :name: rules_module_level
+
+   +--------------------+-----------+----------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | Resource Class     | Failure   | Error Detection via        | Error Handling Policy     | Example                 |
+   |                    | Mode      | Hypervisor                 |                           |                         |
+   +====================+===========+============================+===========================+=========================+
+   | Internal data of   | N/A       | Partial.                   | The hypervisor shall use  | virtual PCI device      |
+   | the hypervisor     |           | The related pre-conditions | the internal resource/data| information, defined    |
+   |                    |           | are required.              | directly.                 | with array 'pci_vdevs[]'|
+   |                    |           | The design will guarantee  |                           | through static          |
+   |                    |           | the correctness and the    |                           | allocation.             |
+   |                    |           | test cases will verify the |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | related pre-conditions.    |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | If the design can not      |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | guarantee the correctness, |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | the related error handling |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | codes need to be added.    |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | Note: Some examples of     |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | pre-conditions are listed, |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | like non-empty array, valid|                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | array size and non-null    |                           |                         |
+   |                    |           | pointer.                   |                           |                         |
+   +--------------------+-----------+----------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | Configuration data | Corrupted | No.                        | The bootloader initializes| 'vm_config->pci_ptdevs' |
+   | of the VM          | VM config | The related pre-conditions | hypervisor (including     | is configured           |
+   |                    |           | are required.              | code, data, and bss) and  | statically.             |
+   |                    |           | Note: VM configuration data| verifies the integrity of |                         |
+   |                    |           | are auto generated based on| hypervisor image in which |                         |
+   |                    |           | different board configs,   | VM configurations are.    |                         |
+   |                    |           | they are defined           | Thus hypervisor does not  |                         |
+   |                    |           | as static structure.       | need any additional       |                         |
+   |                    |           |                            | mechanism.                |                         |
+   +--------------------+-----------+----------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+   | Configuration data | N/A       | No.                        | The hypervisor shall use  | The maximum number of   |
+   | of the hypervisor  |           | The related pre-conditions | the internal resource/data| PCI devices in the VM,  |
+   |                    |           | are required.              | directly.                 | defined with            |
+   |                    |           | The design will guarantee  |                           | CONFIG_MAX_PCI_DEV_NUM  |
+   |                    |           | the correctness and this   |                           | through configuration.  |
+   |                    |           | shall be verified manually.|                           |                         |
+   +--------------------+-----------+----------------------------+---------------------------+-------------------------+
+
+
+Examples
+--------
+
+Here are some examples to illustrate when error handling codes are required on
+a module level.
+
+**Example_1: Analyze the function 'partition_mode_vpci_init'**
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /**
+   * @pre vm != NULL
+   * @pre vm->vpci->pci_vdev_cnt <= CONFIG_MAX_PCI_DEV_NUM
+   */
+  static int32_t partition_mode_vpci_init(const struct acrn_vm *vm)
+  {
+          struct acrn_vpci *vpci = (struct acrn_vpci *)&(vm->vpci);
+          struct pci_vdev *vdev;
+          struct acrn_vm_config *vm_config = get_vm_config(vm->vm_id);
+          struct acrn_vm_pci_ptdev_config *ptdev_config;
+          uint32_t i;
+
+          vpci->pci_vdev_cnt = vm_config->pci_ptdev_num;
+
+          for (i = 0U; i < vpci->pci_vdev_cnt; i++) {
+                  vdev = &vpci->pci_vdevs[i];
+                  vdev->vpci = vpci;
+                  ptdev_config = &vm_config->pci_ptdevs[i];
+                  vdev->vbdf.value = ptdev_config->vbdf.value;
+
+                  if (vdev->vbdf.value != 0U) {
+                          partition_mode_pdev_init(vdev, ptdev_config->pbdf);
+                          vdev->ops = &pci_ops_vdev_pt;
+                  } else {
+                          vdev->ops = &pci_ops_vdev_hostbridge;
+                  }
+
+                  if (vdev->ops->init != NULL) {
+                          if (vdev->ops->init(vdev) != 0) {
+                                  pr_err("%s() failed at PCI device (vbdf %x)!",
+                                          __func__, vdev->vbdf);
+                          }
+                  }
+          }
+
+          return 0;
+  }
+
+``get_vm_config`` is called by ``partition_mode_vpci_init``.
+There are one pre-condition and two post-conditions of ``get_vm_config``.
+It indicates that the caller of ``get_vm_config`` shall guarantee these
+pre-conditions and ``get_vm_config`` itself shall guarantee the post-condition.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /**
+   * @pre vm_id < CONFIG_MAX_VM_NUM
+   * @post retval != NULL
+   * @post retval->pci_ptdev_num <= MAX_PCI_DEV_NUM
+   */
+  struct acrn_vm_config *get_vm_config(uint16_t vm_id)
+  {
+          return &vm_configs[vm_id];
+  }
+
+**Question_1: Is error checking required for 'vm_config'?**
+
+No. Because 'vm_config' is getting data from ``get_vm_config`` and the
+post-condition of ``get_vm_config`` guarantees that the return value is not NULL.
+
+
+**Question_2: Is error checking required for 'vdev'?**
+
+No. Here are the reasons:
+
+a) The pre-condition of ``partition_mode_vpci_init`` guarantees that 'vm' is not
+   NULL. It indicates that 'vpci' is not NULL. Since 'vdev' is getting data from
+   the array 'pci_vdevs[]' via indexing, 'vdev' is not NULL as long as the index
+   is valid.
+
+b) The post-condition of ``get_vm_config`` guarantees that 'vpci->pci_vdev_cnt'
+   is less than or equal to 'CONFIG_MAX_PCI_DEV_NUM', which is the array size of
+   'pci_vdevs[]'. It indicates that the index used to get 'vdev' is always
+   valid.
+
+Given the two reasons above, 'vdev' is always not NULL. So, the error checking
+codes are not required for 'vdev'.
+
+
+**Question_3: Is error checking required for 'ptdev_config'?**
+
+No. 'ptdev_config' is getting data from the array 'pci_vdevs[]', which is the
+physical PCI device information coming from Board Support Package and firmware.
+For physical PCI device information, the related application constraints
+shall be defined in the design document or safety manual. For debug purpose,
+developers could use ASSERT here to catch the Board Support Package or firmware
+failures, which does not guarantee these application constraints.
+
+
+**Question_4: Is error checking required for 'vdev->ops->init'?**
+
+No. Here are the reasons:
+
+a) Question_2 proves that 'vdev' is always not NULL.
+
+b) 'vdev->ops' is fully initialized before 'vdev->ops->init' is called.
+
+Given the two reasons above, 'vdev->ops->init' is always not NULL. So, the error
+checking codes are not required for 'vdev->ops->init'.
+
+
+**Question_5: How to handle the case when 'vdev->ops->init(vdev)' returns non-zero?**
+
+This case indicates that the initialization of specific virtual device fails.
+Investigation has to be done to figure out the root-cause. Default fatal error
+handler shall be invoked here if it is caused by a hardware failure or invalid
+boot information.
+
+
+**Example_2: Analyze the function 'partition_mode_vpci_deinit'**
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  /**
+   * @pre vdev != NULL
+   * @pre vm->vpci->pci_vdev_cnt <= CONFIG_MAX_PCI_DEV_NUM
+   */
+  static void partition_mode_vpci_deinit(const struct acrn_vm *vm)
+  {
+          struct pci_vdev *vdev;
+          uint32_t i;
+
+          for (i = 0U; i < vm->vpci.pci_vdev_cnt; i++) {
+                  vdev = (struct pci_vdev *) &(vm->vpci.pci_vdevs[i]);
+                  if ((vdev->ops != NULL) && (vdev->ops->deinit != NULL)) {
+                          if (vdev->ops->deinit(vdev) != 0) {
+                                  pr_err("vdev->ops->deinit failed!");
+                          }
+                  }
+                  /* TODO: implement the deinit of 'vdev->ops' */
+          }
+  }
+
+
+**Question_6: Is error checking required for 'vdev->ops' and 'vdev->ops->init'?**
+
+Yes. Because 'vdev->ops' and 'vdev->ops->init' can not be guaranteed to be
+not NULL. If the VM called ``partition_mode_vpci_deinit`` twice, it may be NULL.
+
+References
+**********
+
+.. [IEC_61508-7] IEC 61508-7:2010, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems - Part 7: Overview of techniques and measures
+