diff --git a/src/agent/rustjail/src/validator.rs b/src/agent/rustjail/src/validator.rs
index 9bdfc5c886..86e04830d9 100644
--- a/src/agent/rustjail/src/validator.rs
+++ b/src/agent/rustjail/src/validator.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,20 @@
 //
 
 use crate::container::Config;
-use anyhow::{anyhow, Result};
+use anyhow::{anyhow, Context, Error, Result};
 use nix::errno::Errno;
-use oci::{LinuxIDMapping, LinuxNamespace, Spec};
+use oci::{Linux, LinuxIDMapping, LinuxNamespace, Spec};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::{Component, PathBuf};
 
+fn einval() -> Error {
+    anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL))
+}
+
+fn get_linux(oci: &Spec) -> Result<&Linux> {
+    oci.linux.as_ref().ok_or_else(einval)
+}
+
 fn contain_namespace(nses: &[LinuxNamespace], key: &str) -> bool {
     for ns in nses {
         if ns.r#type.as_str() == key {
@@ -27,14 +35,14 @@ fn get_namespace_path(nses: &[LinuxNamespace], key: &str) -> Result<String> {
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)))
+    Err(einval())
 }
 
 fn rootfs(root: &str) -> Result<()> {
     let path = PathBuf::from(root);
     // not absolute path or not exists
     if !path.exists() || !path.is_absolute() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     // symbolic link? ..?
@@ -49,7 +57,11 @@ fn rootfs(root: &str) -> Result<()> {
             continue;
         }
 
-        stack.push(c.as_os_str().to_str().unwrap().to_string());
+        if let Some(v) = c.as_os_str().to_str() {
+            stack.push(v.to_string());
+        } else {
+            return Err(einval());
+        }
     }
 
     let mut cleaned = PathBuf::from("/");
@@ -57,10 +69,10 @@ fn rootfs(root: &str) -> Result<()> {
         cleaned.push(e);
     }
 
-    let canon = path.canonicalize()?;
+    let canon = path.canonicalize().context("canonicalize")?;
     if cleaned != canon {
         // There is symbolic in path
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -75,25 +87,23 @@ fn hostname(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
-    if oci.linux.is_none() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
-    }
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
     if !contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "uts") {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn security(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
+
     if linux.masked_paths.is_empty() && linux.readonly_paths.is_empty() {
         return Ok(());
     }
 
     if !contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "mount") {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     // don't care about selinux at present
@@ -108,11 +118,12 @@ fn idmapping(maps: &[LinuxIDMapping]) -> Result<()> {
         }
     }
 
-    Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)))
+    Err(einval())
 }
 
 fn usernamespace(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
+
     if contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "user") {
         let user_ns = PathBuf::from("/proc/self/ns/user");
         if !user_ns.exists() {
@@ -120,12 +131,12 @@ fn usernamespace(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
         }
         // check if idmappings is correct, at least I saw idmaps
         // with zero size was passed to agent
-        idmapping(&linux.uid_mappings)?;
-        idmapping(&linux.gid_mappings)?;
+        idmapping(&linux.uid_mappings).context("idmapping uid")?;
+        idmapping(&linux.gid_mappings).context("idmapping gid")?;
     } else {
         // no user namespace but idmap
         if !linux.uid_mappings.is_empty() || !linux.gid_mappings.is_empty() {
-            return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+            return Err(einval());
         }
     }
 
@@ -133,7 +144,8 @@ fn usernamespace(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn cgroupnamespace(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
+
     if contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "cgroup") {
         let path = PathBuf::from("/proc/self/ns/cgroup");
         if !path.exists() {
@@ -162,29 +174,36 @@ fn check_host_ns(path: &str) -> Result<()> {
     let cpath = PathBuf::from(path);
     let hpath = PathBuf::from("/proc/self/ns/net");
 
-    let real_hpath = hpath.read_link()?;
-    let meta = cpath.symlink_metadata()?;
+    let real_hpath = hpath
+        .read_link()
+        .context(format!("read link {:?}", hpath))?;
+    let meta = cpath
+        .symlink_metadata()
+        .context(format!("symlink metadata {:?}", cpath))?;
     let file_type = meta.file_type();
 
     if !file_type.is_symlink() {
         return Ok(());
     }
-    let real_cpath = cpath.read_link()?;
+    let real_cpath = cpath
+        .read_link()
+        .context(format!("read link {:?}", cpath))?;
     if real_cpath == real_hpath {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn sysctl(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
+
     for (key, _) in linux.sysctl.iter() {
         if SYSCTLS.contains_key(key.as_str()) || key.starts_with("fs.mqueue.") {
             if contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "ipc") {
                 continue;
             } else {
-                return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+                return Err(einval());
             }
         }
 
@@ -194,24 +213,25 @@ fn sysctl(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
             }
 
             if key == "kernel.hostname" {
-                return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+                return Err(einval());
             }
         }
 
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
 fn rootless_euid_mapping(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
+
     if !contain_namespace(&linux.namespaces, "user") {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     if linux.uid_mappings.is_empty() || linux.gid_mappings.is_empty() {
         // rootless containers requires at least one UID/GID mapping
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
     Ok(())
@@ -227,7 +247,7 @@ fn has_idmapping(maps: &[LinuxIDMapping], id: u32) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn rootless_euid_mount(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    let linux = oci.linux.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let linux = get_linux(oci)?;
 
     for mnt in oci.mounts.iter() {
         for opt in mnt.options.iter() {
@@ -235,17 +255,20 @@ fn rootless_euid_mount(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
                 let fields: Vec<&str> = opt.split('=').collect();
 
                 if fields.len() != 2 {
-                    return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+                    return Err(einval());
                 }
 
-                let id = fields[1].trim().parse::<u32>()?;
+                let id = fields[1]
+                    .trim()
+                    .parse::<u32>()
+                    .context(format!("parse field {}", &fields[1]))?;
 
                 if opt.starts_with("uid=") && !has_idmapping(&linux.uid_mappings, id) {
-                    return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+                    return Err(einval());
                 }
 
                 if opt.starts_with("gid=") && !has_idmapping(&linux.gid_mappings, id) {
-                    return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+                    return Err(einval());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -254,35 +277,306 @@ fn rootless_euid_mount(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
 }
 
 fn rootless_euid(oci: &Spec) -> Result<()> {
-    rootless_euid_mapping(oci)?;
-    rootless_euid_mount(oci)?;
+    rootless_euid_mapping(oci).context("rootless euid mapping")?;
+    rootless_euid_mount(oci).context("rotless euid mount")?;
     Ok(())
 }
 
 pub fn validate(conf: &Config) -> Result<()> {
     lazy_static::initialize(&SYSCTLS);
-    let oci = conf.spec.as_ref().unwrap();
+    let oci = conf.spec.as_ref().ok_or_else(einval)?;
 
     if oci.linux.is_none() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
+        return Err(einval());
     }
 
-    if oci.root.is_none() {
-        return Err(anyhow!(nix::Error::from_errno(Errno::EINVAL)));
-    }
-    let root = oci.root.as_ref().unwrap().path.as_str();
+    let root = match oci.root.as_ref() {
+        Some(v) => v.path.as_str(),
+        None => return Err(einval()),
+    };
 
-    rootfs(root)?;
-    network(oci)?;
-    hostname(oci)?;
-    security(oci)?;
-    usernamespace(oci)?;
-    cgroupnamespace(oci)?;
-    sysctl(&oci)?;
+    rootfs(root).context("rootfs")?;
+    network(oci).context("network")?;
+    hostname(oci).context("hostname")?;
+    security(oci).context("security")?;
+    usernamespace(oci).context("usernamespace")?;
+    cgroupnamespace(oci).context("cgroupnamespace")?;
+    sysctl(&oci).context("sysctl")?;
 
     if conf.rootless_euid {
-        rootless_euid(oci)?;
+        rootless_euid(oci).context("rootless euid")?;
     }
 
     Ok(())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use oci::Mount;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_namespace() {
+        let namespaces = [
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "uts".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/uts".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(contain_namespace(&namespaces, "net"), true);
+        assert_eq!(contain_namespace(&namespaces, "uts"), true);
+
+        assert_eq!(contain_namespace(&namespaces, ""), false);
+        assert_eq!(contain_namespace(&namespaces, "Net"), false);
+        assert_eq!(contain_namespace(&namespaces, "ipc"), false);
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            get_namespace_path(&namespaces, "net").unwrap(),
+            "/sys/cgroups/net"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            get_namespace_path(&namespaces, "uts").unwrap(),
+            "/sys/cgroups/uts"
+        );
+
+        get_namespace_path(&namespaces, "").unwrap_err();
+        get_namespace_path(&namespaces, "Uts").unwrap_err();
+        get_namespace_path(&namespaces, "ipc").unwrap_err();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rootfs() {
+        rootfs("/_no_exit_fs_xxxxxxxxxxx").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("sys").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("/proc/self/root").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("/proc/self/root/sys").unwrap_err();
+
+        rootfs("/proc/self").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("/./proc/self").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("/proc/././self").unwrap_err();
+        rootfs("/proc/.././self").unwrap_err();
+
+        rootfs("/proc/uptime").unwrap();
+        rootfs("/../proc/uptime").unwrap();
+        rootfs("/../../proc/uptime").unwrap();
+        rootfs("/proc/../proc/uptime").unwrap();
+        rootfs("/proc/../../proc/uptime").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_hostname() {
+        let mut spec = Spec::default();
+
+        hostname(&spec).unwrap();
+
+        spec.hostname = "a.test.com".to_owned();
+        hostname(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.namespaces = vec![
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "uts".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/uts".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        hostname(&spec).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_security() {
+        let mut spec = Spec::default();
+
+        let linux = Linux::default();
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        security(&spec).unwrap();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.masked_paths.push("/test".to_owned());
+        linux.namespaces = vec![
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "uts".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/uts".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        security(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.masked_paths.push("/test".to_owned());
+        linux.namespaces = vec![
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "mount".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/mount".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        security(&spec).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_usernamespace() {
+        let mut spec = Spec::default();
+        usernamespace(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        let linux = Linux::default();
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        usernamespace(&spec).unwrap();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.uid_mappings = vec![LinuxIDMapping {
+            container_id: 0,
+            host_id: 1000,
+            size: 0,
+        }];
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        usernamespace(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.uid_mappings = vec![LinuxIDMapping {
+            container_id: 0,
+            host_id: 1000,
+            size: 100,
+        }];
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        usernamespace(&spec).unwrap_err();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_rootless_euid() {
+        let mut spec = Spec::default();
+
+        // Test case: without linux
+        rootless_euid_mapping(&spec).unwrap_err();
+        rootless_euid_mount(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        // Test case: without user namespace
+        let linux = Linux::default();
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        rootless_euid_mapping(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        // Test case: without user namespace
+        let linux = spec.linux.as_mut().unwrap();
+        linux.namespaces = vec![
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "uts".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/uts".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+        rootless_euid_mapping(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        let linux = spec.linux.as_mut().unwrap();
+        linux.namespaces = vec![
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+            },
+            LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "user".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/user".to_owned(),
+            },
+        ];
+        linux.uid_mappings = vec![LinuxIDMapping {
+            container_id: 0,
+            host_id: 1000,
+            size: 1000,
+        }];
+        linux.gid_mappings = vec![LinuxIDMapping {
+            container_id: 0,
+            host_id: 1000,
+            size: 1000,
+        }];
+        rootless_euid_mapping(&spec).unwrap();
+
+        spec.mounts.push(Mount {
+            destination: "/app".to_owned(),
+            r#type: "tmpfs".to_owned(),
+            source: "".to_owned(),
+            options: vec!["uid=10000".to_owned()],
+        });
+        rootless_euid_mount(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        spec.mounts = vec![
+            (Mount {
+                destination: "/app".to_owned(),
+                r#type: "tmpfs".to_owned(),
+                source: "".to_owned(),
+                options: vec!["uid=500".to_owned(), "gid=500".to_owned()],
+            }),
+        ];
+        rootless_euid(&spec).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_check_host_ns() {
+        check_host_ns("/proc/self/ns/net").unwrap_err();
+        check_host_ns("/proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_sack").unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_sysctl() {
+        let mut spec = Spec::default();
+
+        let mut linux = Linux::default();
+        linux.namespaces = vec![LinuxNamespace {
+            r#type: "net".to_owned(),
+            path: "/sys/cgroups/net".to_owned(),
+        }];
+        linux
+            .sysctl
+            .insert("kernel.domainname".to_owned(), "test.com".to_owned());
+        spec.linux = Some(linux);
+        sysctl(&spec).unwrap_err();
+
+        spec.linux
+            .as_mut()
+            .unwrap()
+            .namespaces
+            .push(LinuxNamespace {
+                r#type: "uts".to_owned(),
+                path: "/sys/cgroups/uts".to_owned(),
+            });
+        sysctl(&spec).unwrap();
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_validate() {
+        let spec = Spec::default();
+        let mut config = Config {
+            cgroup_name: "container1".to_owned(),
+            use_systemd_cgroup: false,
+            no_pivot_root: true,
+            no_new_keyring: true,
+            rootless_euid: false,
+            rootless_cgroup: false,
+            spec: Some(spec),
+        };
+
+        validate(&config).unwrap_err();
+
+        let linux = Linux::default();
+        config.spec.as_mut().unwrap().linux = Some(linux);
+        validate(&config).unwrap_err();
+    }
+}