diff --git a/qemu/qemu.go b/qemu/qemu.go
index f26f093922..be23be84f2 100644
--- a/qemu/qemu.go
+++ b/qemu/qemu.go
@@ -62,18 +62,9 @@ const (
 	// NVDIMM is the Non Volatile DIMM device driver.
 	NVDIMM DeviceDriver = "nvdimm"
 
-	// Virtio9P is the 9pfs device driver.
-	Virtio9P DeviceDriver = "virtio-9p-pci"
-
-	// VirtioNet is the virt-io networking device driver.
-	VirtioNet DeviceDriver = "virtio-net"
-
 	// VirtioNetPCI is the virt-io pci networking device driver.
 	VirtioNetPCI DeviceDriver = "virtio-net-pci"
 
-	// VirtioSerial is the serial device driver.
-	VirtioSerial DeviceDriver = "virtio-serial-pci"
-
 	// VirtioBlock is the block device driver.
 	VirtioBlock DeviceDriver = "virtio-blk"
 
@@ -83,9 +74,6 @@ const (
 	// VirtioSerialPort is the serial port device driver.
 	VirtioSerialPort DeviceDriver = "virtserialport"
 
-	// VHostVSockPCI is the vhost vsock pci driver.
-	VHostVSockPCI DeviceDriver = "vhost-vsock-pci"
-
 	// VirtioRng is the paravirtualized RNG device driver.
 	VirtioRng DeviceDriver = "virtio-rng"
 
@@ -101,12 +89,6 @@ const (
 	//VhostUserBlk represents a block vhostuser device type.
 	VhostUserBlk DeviceDriver = "vhost-user-blk-pci"
 
-	// VfioPCI represent a VFIO device type.
-	VfioPCI DeviceDriver = "vfio-pci"
-
-	// VirtioScsiPCI represents a SCSI device type.
-	VirtioScsiPCI DeviceDriver = "virtio-scsi-pci"
-
 	// PCIBridgeDriver represents a PCI bridge device type.
 	PCIBridgeDriver DeviceDriver = "pci-bridge"
 
@@ -114,27 +96,19 @@ const (
 	PCIePCIBridgeDriver DeviceDriver = "pcie-pci-bridge"
 )
 
-// isVirtioPCI is a map indicating if a DeviceDriver is considered as a
-// virtio PCI device, which is helpful to determine if the option "romfile"
-// applies or not to this specific device.
-var isVirtioPCI = map[DeviceDriver]bool{
-	NVDIMM:              false,
-	Virtio9P:            true,
-	VirtioNet:           true,
-	VirtioNetPCI:        true,
-	VirtioSerial:        true,
-	VirtioBlock:         true,
-	Console:             false,
-	VirtioSerialPort:    false,
-	VHostVSockPCI:       true,
-	VirtioRng:           true,
-	VirtioBalloon:       true,
-	VhostUserSCSI:       true,
-	VhostUserBlk:        true,
-	VfioPCI:             true,
-	VirtioScsiPCI:       true,
-	PCIBridgeDriver:     true,
-	PCIePCIBridgeDriver: true,
+// disableModern returns the parameters with the disable-modern option.
+// In case the device driver is not a PCI device and it doesn't have the option
+// an empty string is returned.
+func (driver DeviceDriver) disableModern(disable bool) string {
+	if !isVirtioPCI[driver] {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if disable {
+		return "disable-modern=true"
+	}
+
+	return "disable-modern=false"
 }
 
 // ObjectType is a string representing a qemu object type.
@@ -284,8 +258,8 @@ func (fsdev FSDevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", fsdev.Driver))
-	if fsdev.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := fsdev.Driver.disableModern(fsdev.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",fsdev=%s", fsdev.ID))
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",mount_tag=%s", fsdev.MountTag))
@@ -370,8 +344,8 @@ func (cdev CharDevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", cdev.Driver))
-	if cdev.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := cdev.Driver.disableModern(cdev.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 	if cdev.Bus != "" {
 		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",bus=%s", cdev.Bus))
@@ -425,48 +399,6 @@ const (
 	VHOSTUSER NetDeviceType = "vhostuser"
 )
 
-// QemuNetdevParam converts to the QEMU -netdev parameter notation
-func (n NetDeviceType) QemuNetdevParam() string {
-	switch n {
-	case TAP:
-		return "tap"
-	case MACVTAP:
-		return "tap"
-	case IPVTAP:
-		return "tap"
-	case VETHTAP:
-		return "tap" // -netdev type=tap -device virtio-net-pci
-	case VFIO:
-		return "" // -device vfio-pci (no netdev)
-	case VHOSTUSER:
-		return "vhost-user" // -netdev type=vhost-user (no device)
-	default:
-		return ""
-
-	}
-}
-
-// QemuDeviceParam converts to the QEMU -device parameter notation
-func (n NetDeviceType) QemuDeviceParam() DeviceDriver {
-	switch n {
-	case TAP:
-		return "virtio-net-pci"
-	case MACVTAP:
-		return "virtio-net-pci"
-	case IPVTAP:
-		return "virtio-net-pci"
-	case VETHTAP:
-		return "virtio-net-pci" // -netdev type=tap -device virtio-net-pci
-	case VFIO:
-		return "vfio-pci" // -device vfio-pci (no netdev)
-	case VHOSTUSER:
-		return "" // -netdev type=vhost-user (no device)
-	default:
-		return ""
-
-	}
-}
-
 // NetDevice represents a guest networking device
 type NetDevice struct {
 	// Type is the netdev type (e.g. tap).
@@ -527,6 +459,29 @@ func (netdev NetDevice) Valid() bool {
 	}
 }
 
+// mqParameter returns the parameters for multi-queue driver. If the driver is a PCI device then the
+// vector flag is required. If the driver is a CCW type than the vector flag is not implemented and only
+// multi-queue option mq needs to be activated. See comment in libvirt code at
+// https://github.com/libvirt/libvirt/blob/6e7e965dcd3d885739129b1454ce19e819b54c25/src/qemu/qemu_command.c#L3633
+func (netdev NetDevice) mqParameter() string {
+	p := []string{",mq=on"}
+
+	if isVirtioPCI[netdev.Driver] {
+		// https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Multiqueue
+		// -netdev tap,vhost=on,queues=N
+		// enable mq and specify msix vectors in qemu cmdline
+		// (2N+2 vectors, N for tx queues, N for rx queues, 1 for config, and one for possible control vq)
+		// -device virtio-net-pci,mq=on,vectors=2N+2...
+		// enable mq in guest by 'ethtool -L eth0 combined $queue_num'
+		// Clearlinux automatically sets up the queues properly
+		// The agent implementation should do this to ensure that it is
+		// always set
+		vectors := len(netdev.FDs)*2 + 2
+		p = append(p, fmt.Sprintf(",vectors=%d", vectors))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(p, "")
+}
+
 // QemuDeviceParams returns the -device parameters for this network device
 func (netdev NetDevice) QemuDeviceParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var deviceParams []string
@@ -549,26 +504,13 @@ func (netdev NetDevice) QemuDeviceParams(config *Config) []string {
 			deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",addr=%x", addr))
 		}
 	}
-
-	if netdev.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := netdev.Driver.disableModern(netdev.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 
 	if len(netdev.FDs) > 0 {
-		// https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Multiqueue
-		// -netdev tap,vhost=on,queues=N
-		// enable mq and specify msix vectors in qemu cmdline
-		// (2N+2 vectors, N for tx queues, N for rx queues, 1 for config, and one for possible control vq)
-		// -device virtio-net-pci,mq=on,vectors=2N+2...
-		// enable mq in guest by 'ethtool -L eth0 combined $queue_num'
-		// Clearlinux automatically sets up the queues properly
-		// The agent implementation should do this to ensure that it is
-		// always set
-		vectors := len(netdev.FDs)*2 + 2
-
 		// Note: We are appending to the device params here
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",mq=on")
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",vectors=%d", vectors))
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, netdev.mqParameter())
 	}
 
 	if isVirtioPCI[netdev.Driver] {
@@ -683,8 +625,8 @@ func (dev SerialDevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", dev.Driver))
-	if dev.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := dev.Driver.disableModern(dev.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",id=%s", dev.ID))
 	if isVirtioPCI[dev.Driver] {
@@ -761,8 +703,8 @@ func (blkdev BlockDevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", blkdev.Driver))
-	if blkdev.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := blkdev.Driver.disableModern(blkdev.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",drive=%s", blkdev.ID))
 	if blkdev.SCSI == false {
@@ -909,7 +851,7 @@ func (vfioDev VFIODevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 	var deviceParams []string
 
-	driver := VfioPCI
+	driver := Vfio
 
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s,host=%s", driver, vfioDev.BDF))
 	if isVirtioPCI[driver] {
@@ -956,7 +898,7 @@ func (scsiCon SCSIController) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var qemuParams []string
 	var devParams []string
 
-	driver := VirtioScsiPCI
+	driver := VirtioScsi
 	devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s,id=%s", driver, scsiCon.ID))
 	if scsiCon.Bus != "" {
 		devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("bus=%s", scsiCon.Bus))
@@ -964,8 +906,8 @@ func (scsiCon SCSIController) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	if scsiCon.Addr != "" {
 		devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("addr=%s", scsiCon.Addr))
 	}
-	if scsiCon.DisableModern {
-		devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("disable-modern=true"))
+	if s := driver.disableModern(scsiCon.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", s))
 	}
 	if scsiCon.IOThread != "" {
 		devParams = append(devParams, fmt.Sprintf("iothread=%s", scsiCon.IOThread))
@@ -1087,7 +1029,9 @@ type VSOCKDevice struct {
 const (
 	// MinimalGuestCID is the smallest valid context ID for a guest.
 	MinimalGuestCID uint32 = 3
+)
 
+const (
 	// VSOCKGuestCID is the VSOCK guest CID parameter.
 	VSOCKGuestCID = "guest-cid"
 )
@@ -1106,10 +1050,10 @@ func (vsock VSOCKDevice) QemuParams(config *Config) []string {
 	var deviceParams []string
 	var qemuParams []string
 
-	driver := VHostVSockPCI
+	driver := VHostVSock
 	deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", driver))
-	if vsock.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, ",disable-modern=true")
+	if s := driver.disableModern(vsock.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf(",%s", s))
 	}
 	if vsock.VHostFD != nil {
 		qemuFDs := config.appendFDs([]*os.File{vsock.VHostFD})
@@ -1223,13 +1167,9 @@ func (b BalloonDevice) QemuParams(_ *Config) []string {
 	} else {
 		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, "deflate-on-oom=off")
 	}
-
-	if b.DisableModern {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, "disable-modern=on")
-	} else {
-		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, "disable-modern=off")
+	if s := driver.disableModern(b.DisableModern); s != "" {
+		deviceParams = append(deviceParams, fmt.Sprintf("%s", s))
 	}
-
 	qemuParams = append(qemuParams, "-device")
 	qemuParams = append(qemuParams, strings.Join(deviceParams, ","))
 
diff --git a/qemu/qemu_arch_base.go b/qemu/qemu_arch_base.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0db1ecaedd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qemu/qemu_arch_base.go
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// +build !s390x
+
+/*
+// Copyright (c) 2016 Intel Corporation
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package qemu
+
+const (
+	// Virtio9P is the 9pfs device driver.
+	Virtio9P DeviceDriver = "virtio-9p-pci"
+
+	// VirtioSerial is the serial device driver.
+	VirtioSerial DeviceDriver = "virtio-serial-pci"
+
+	// VirtioNet is the virt-io pci networking device driver.
+	VirtioNet DeviceDriver = VirtioNetPCI
+
+	// Vfio is the vfio driver
+	Vfio DeviceDriver = "vfio-pci"
+
+	// VirtioScsi is the virtio-scsi device
+	VirtioScsi DeviceDriver = "virtio-scsi-pci"
+
+	// VHostVSock is a generic Vsock vhost device
+	VHostVSock DeviceDriver = "vhost-vsock-pci"
+)
+
+// isVirtioPCI is a map indicating if a DeviceDriver is considered as a
+// virtio PCI device, which is helpful to determine if the option "romfile"
+// applies or not to this specific device.
+var isVirtioPCI = map[DeviceDriver]bool{
+	NVDIMM:              false,
+	Virtio9P:            true,
+	VirtioNetPCI:        true,
+	VirtioSerial:        true,
+	VirtioBlock:         true,
+	Console:             false,
+	VirtioSerialPort:    false,
+	VHostVSock:          true,
+	VirtioRng:           true,
+	VirtioBalloon:       true,
+	VhostUserSCSI:       true,
+	VhostUserBlk:        true,
+	Vfio:                true,
+	VirtioScsi:          true,
+	PCIBridgeDriver:     true,
+	PCIePCIBridgeDriver: true,
+}
+
+// QemuNetdevParam converts to the QEMU -netdev parameter notation
+func (n NetDeviceType) QemuNetdevParam() string {
+	switch n {
+	case TAP:
+		return "tap"
+	case MACVTAP:
+		return "tap"
+	case IPVTAP:
+		return "tap"
+	case VETHTAP:
+		return "tap" // -netdev type=tap -device virtio-net-pci
+	case VFIO:
+		return "" // -device vfio-pci (no netdev)
+	case VHOSTUSER:
+		return "vhost-user" // -netdev type=vhost-user (no device)
+	default:
+		return ""
+
+	}
+}
+
+// QemuDeviceParam converts to the QEMU -device parameter notation
+func (n NetDeviceType) QemuDeviceParam() DeviceDriver {
+	switch n {
+	case TAP:
+		return "virtio-net-pci"
+	case MACVTAP:
+		return "virtio-net-pci"
+	case IPVTAP:
+		return "virtio-net-pci"
+	case VETHTAP:
+		return "virtio-net-pci" // -netdev type=tap -device virtio-net-pci
+	case VFIO:
+		return "vfio-pci" // -device vfio-pci (no netdev)
+	case VHOSTUSER:
+		return "" // -netdev type=vhost-user (no device)
+	default:
+		return ""
+
+	}
+}
diff --git a/qemu/qemu_arch_base_test.go b/qemu/qemu_arch_base_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a30b3bdbd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/qemu/qemu_arch_base_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// +build !s390x
+
+/*
+// Copyright (c) 2016 Intel Corporation
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package qemu
+
+import "testing"
+
+var (
+	deviceFSString                 = "-device virtio-9p-pci,disable-modern=true,fsdev=workload9p,mount_tag=rootfs,romfile=efi-virtio.rom -fsdev local,id=workload9p,path=/var/lib/docker/devicemapper/mnt/e31ebda2,security_model=none"
+	deviceNetworkString            = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,ifname=ceth0,downscript=no,script=no -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,disable-modern=true,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceNetworkStringMq          = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,fds=3:4 -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,disable-modern=true,mq=on,vectors=6,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceNetworkPCIString         = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,ifname=ceth0,downscript=no,script=no -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,addr=ff,disable-modern=true,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceNetworkPCIStringMq       = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,fds=3:4 -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,addr=ff,disable-modern=true,mq=on,vectors=6,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceSerialString             = "-device virtio-serial-pci,disable-modern=true,id=serial0,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceVhostUserNetString       = "-chardev socket,id=char1,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net1,chardev=char1,vhostforce -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net1,mac=00:11:22:33:44:55,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceVSOCKString              = "-device vhost-vsock-pci,disable-modern=true,id=vhost-vsock-pci0,guest-cid=4,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceVFIOString               = "-device vfio-pci,host=02:10.0,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceSCSIControllerStr        = "-device virtio-scsi-pci,id=foo,disable-modern=false,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceSCSIControllerBusAddrStr = "-device virtio-scsi-pci,id=foo,bus=pci.0,addr=00:04.0,disable-modern=true,iothread=iothread1,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceVhostUserSCSIString      = "-chardev socket,id=char1,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -device vhost-user-scsi-pci,id=scsi1,chardev=char1,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceVhostUserBlkString       = "-chardev socket,id=char2,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -device vhost-user-blk-pci,logical_block_size=4096,size=512M,chardev=char2,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	deviceBlockString              = "-device virtio-blk,disable-modern=true,drive=hd0,scsi=off,config-wce=off,romfile=efi-virtio.rom -drive id=hd0,file=/var/lib/vm.img,aio=threads,format=qcow2,if=none"
+	devicePCIBridgeString          = "-device pci-bridge,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,id=mybridge,chassis_nr=5,shpc=on,addr=ff,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	devicePCIEBridgeString         = "-device pcie-pci-bridge,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,id=mybridge,addr=ff,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	romfile                        = "efi-virtio.rom"
+)
+
+func TestAppendDeviceVhostUser(t *testing.T) {
+
+	vhostuserBlkDevice := VhostUserDevice{
+		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
+		CharDevID:     "char2",
+		TypeDevID:     "",
+		Address:       "",
+		VhostUserType: VhostUserBlk,
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
+	}
+	testAppend(vhostuserBlkDevice, deviceVhostUserBlkString, t)
+
+	vhostuserSCSIDevice := VhostUserDevice{
+		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
+		CharDevID:     "char1",
+		TypeDevID:     "scsi1",
+		Address:       "",
+		VhostUserType: VhostUserSCSI,
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
+	}
+	testAppend(vhostuserSCSIDevice, deviceVhostUserSCSIString, t)
+
+	vhostuserNetDevice := VhostUserDevice{
+		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
+		CharDevID:     "char1",
+		TypeDevID:     "net1",
+		Address:       "00:11:22:33:44:55",
+		VhostUserType: VhostUserNet,
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
+	}
+	testAppend(vhostuserNetDevice, deviceVhostUserNetString, t)
+}
+
+func TestAppendVirtioBalloon(t *testing.T) {
+	balloonDevice := BalloonDevice{
+		ID:      "balloon",
+		ROMFile: romfile,
+	}
+
+	var deviceString = "-device " + string(VirtioBalloon)
+	deviceString += ",id=" + balloonDevice.ID + ",romfile=" + balloonDevice.ROMFile
+
+	var OnDeflateOnOMM = ",deflate-on-oom=on"
+	var OffDeflateOnOMM = ",deflate-on-oom=off"
+
+	var OnDisableModern = ",disable-modern=true"
+	var OffDisableModern = ",disable-modern=false"
+
+	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OffDeflateOnOMM+OffDisableModern, t)
+
+	balloonDevice.DeflateOnOOM = true
+	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OnDeflateOnOMM+OffDisableModern, t)
+
+	balloonDevice.DisableModern = true
+	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OnDeflateOnOMM+OnDisableModern, t)
+
+}
diff --git a/qemu/qemu_test.go b/qemu/qemu_test.go
index e1c70e56d1..5dcdb8aebd 100644
--- a/qemu/qemu_test.go
+++ b/qemu/qemu_test.go
@@ -126,8 +126,6 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNVDIMM(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(object, deviceNVDIMMString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceFSString = "-device virtio-9p-pci,disable-modern=true,fsdev=workload9p,mount_tag=rootfs,romfile=efi-virtio.rom -fsdev local,id=workload9p,path=/var/lib/docker/devicemapper/mnt/e31ebda2,security_model=none"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceFS(t *testing.T) {
 	fsdev := FSDevice{
 		Driver:        Virtio9P,
@@ -143,8 +141,6 @@ func TestAppendDeviceFS(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(fsdev, deviceFSString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceNetworkString = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,ifname=ceth0,downscript=no,script=no -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,disable-modern=true,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 	netdev := NetDevice{
 		Driver:        VirtioNet,
@@ -162,8 +158,6 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNetwork(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(netdev, deviceNetworkString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceNetworkStringMq = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,fds=3:4 -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,disable-modern=true,mq=on,vectors=6,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceNetworkMq(t *testing.T) {
 	foo, _ := ioutil.TempFile(os.TempDir(), "govmm-qemu-test")
 	bar, _ := ioutil.TempFile(os.TempDir(), "govmm-qemu-test")
@@ -192,12 +186,10 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNetworkMq(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(netdev, deviceNetworkStringMq, t)
 }
 
-var deviceNetworkPCIString = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,ifname=ceth0,downscript=no,script=no -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,addr=ff,disable-modern=true,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceNetworkPCI(t *testing.T) {
 
 	netdev := NetDevice{
-		Driver:        VirtioNetPCI,
+		Driver:        VirtioNet,
 		Type:          TAP,
 		ID:            "tap0",
 		IFName:        "ceth0",
@@ -208,14 +200,12 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNetworkPCI(t *testing.T) {
 		VHost:         true,
 		MACAddress:    "01:02:de:ad:be:ef",
 		DisableModern: true,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(netdev, deviceNetworkPCIString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceNetworkPCIStringMq = "-netdev tap,id=tap0,vhost=on,fds=3:4 -device driver=virtio-net-pci,netdev=tap0,mac=01:02:de:ad:be:ef,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,addr=ff,disable-modern=true,mq=on,vectors=6,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceNetworkPCIMq(t *testing.T) {
 	foo, _ := ioutil.TempFile(os.TempDir(), "govmm-qemu-test")
 	bar, _ := ioutil.TempFile(os.TempDir(), "govmm-qemu-test")
@@ -228,7 +218,7 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNetworkPCIMq(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	netdev := NetDevice{
-		Driver:        VirtioNetPCI,
+		Driver:        VirtioNet,
 		Type:          TAP,
 		ID:            "tap0",
 		IFName:        "ceth0",
@@ -240,20 +230,18 @@ func TestAppendDeviceNetworkPCIMq(t *testing.T) {
 		VHost:         true,
 		MACAddress:    "01:02:de:ad:be:ef",
 		DisableModern: true,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(netdev, deviceNetworkPCIStringMq, t)
 }
 
-var deviceSerialString = "-device virtio-serial-pci,disable-modern=true,id=serial0,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceSerial(t *testing.T) {
 	sdev := SerialDevice{
 		Driver:        VirtioSerial,
 		ID:            "serial0",
 		DisableModern: true,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(sdev, deviceSerialString, t)
@@ -274,8 +262,6 @@ func TestAppendDeviceSerialPort(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(chardev, deviceSerialPortString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceBlockString = "-device virtio-blk,disable-modern=true,drive=hd0,scsi=off,config-wce=off,romfile=efi-virtio.rom -drive id=hd0,file=/var/lib/vm.img,aio=threads,format=qcow2,if=none"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceBlock(t *testing.T) {
 	blkdev := BlockDevice{
 		Driver:        VirtioBlock,
@@ -287,69 +273,28 @@ func TestAppendDeviceBlock(t *testing.T) {
 		SCSI:          false,
 		WCE:           false,
 		DisableModern: true,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(blkdev, deviceBlockString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceVhostUserNetString = "-chardev socket,id=char1,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -netdev type=vhost-user,id=net1,chardev=char1,vhostforce -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net1,mac=00:11:22:33:44:55,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-var deviceVhostUserSCSIString = "-chardev socket,id=char1,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -device vhost-user-scsi-pci,id=scsi1,chardev=char1,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-var deviceVhostUserBlkString = "-chardev socket,id=char2,path=/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket -device vhost-user-blk-pci,logical_block_size=4096,size=512M,chardev=char2,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
-func TestAppendDeviceVhostUser(t *testing.T) {
-
-	vhostuserBlkDevice := VhostUserDevice{
-		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
-		CharDevID:     "char2",
-		TypeDevID:     "",
-		Address:       "",
-		VhostUserType: VhostUserBlk,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
-	}
-	testAppend(vhostuserBlkDevice, deviceVhostUserBlkString, t)
-
-	vhostuserSCSIDevice := VhostUserDevice{
-		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
-		CharDevID:     "char1",
-		TypeDevID:     "scsi1",
-		Address:       "",
-		VhostUserType: VhostUserSCSI,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
-	}
-	testAppend(vhostuserSCSIDevice, deviceVhostUserSCSIString, t)
-
-	vhostuserNetDevice := VhostUserDevice{
-		SocketPath:    "/tmp/nonexistentsocket.socket",
-		CharDevID:     "char1",
-		TypeDevID:     "net1",
-		Address:       "00:11:22:33:44:55",
-		VhostUserType: VhostUserNet,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
-	}
-	testAppend(vhostuserNetDevice, deviceVhostUserNetString, t)
-}
-
-var deviceVFIOString = "-device vfio-pci,host=02:10.0,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceVFIO(t *testing.T) {
 	vfioDevice := VFIODevice{
 		BDF:     "02:10.0",
-		ROMFile: "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile: romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(vfioDevice, deviceVFIOString, t)
 }
 
-var deviceVSOCKString = "-device vhost-vsock-pci,disable-modern=true,id=vhost-vsock-pci0,guest-cid=4,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendVSOCK(t *testing.T) {
 	vsockDevice := VSOCKDevice{
 		ID:            "vhost-vsock-pci0",
 		ContextID:     4,
 		VHostFD:       nil,
 		DisableModern: true,
-		ROMFile:       "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile:       romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(vsockDevice, deviceVSOCKString, t)
@@ -376,10 +321,13 @@ func TestVSOCKValid(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestAppendVirtioRng(t *testing.T) {
 	var objectString = "-object rng-random,id=rng0"
-	var deviceString = "-device " + string(VirtioRng) + ",rng=rng0,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	var deviceString = "-device " + string(VirtioRng) + ",rng=rng0"
+	if romfile != "" {
+		deviceString = deviceString + ",romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
+	}
 	rngDevice := RngDevice{
 		ID:      "rng0",
-		ROMFile: "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile: romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(rngDevice, objectString+" "+deviceString, t)
@@ -417,31 +365,6 @@ func TestVirtioRngValid(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
-func TestAppendVirtioBalloon(t *testing.T) {
-	balloonDevice := BalloonDevice{
-		ID:      "balloon",
-		ROMFile: "efi-virtio.rom",
-	}
-
-	var deviceString = "-device " + string(VirtioBalloon)
-	deviceString += ",id=" + balloonDevice.ID + ",romfile=" + balloonDevice.ROMFile
-
-	var OnDeflateOnOMM = ",deflate-on-oom=on"
-	var OffDeflateOnOMM = ",deflate-on-oom=off"
-
-	var OnDisableModern = ",disable-modern=on"
-	var OffDisableModern = ",disable-modern=off"
-
-	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OffDeflateOnOMM+OffDisableModern, t)
-
-	balloonDevice.DeflateOnOOM = true
-	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OnDeflateOnOMM+OffDisableModern, t)
-
-	balloonDevice.DisableModern = true
-	testAppend(balloonDevice, deviceString+OnDeflateOnOMM+OnDisableModern, t)
-
-}
-
 func TestVirtioBalloonValid(t *testing.T) {
 	balloon := BalloonDevice{
 		ID: "",
@@ -457,13 +380,10 @@ func TestVirtioBalloonValid(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
-var deviceSCSIControllerStr = "-device virtio-scsi-pci,id=foo,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-var deviceSCSIControllerBusAddrStr = "-device virtio-scsi-pci,id=foo,bus=pci.0,addr=00:04.0,disable-modern=true,iothread=iothread1,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendDeviceSCSIController(t *testing.T) {
 	scsiCon := SCSIController{
 		ID:      "foo",
-		ROMFile: "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile: romfile,
 	}
 	testAppend(scsiCon, deviceSCSIControllerStr, t)
 
@@ -474,8 +394,6 @@ func TestAppendDeviceSCSIController(t *testing.T) {
 	testAppend(scsiCon, deviceSCSIControllerBusAddrStr, t)
 }
 
-var devicePCIBridgeString = "-device pci-bridge,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,id=mybridge,chassis_nr=5,shpc=on,addr=ff,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendPCIBridgeDevice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	bridge := BridgeDevice{
@@ -485,14 +403,12 @@ func TestAppendPCIBridgeDevice(t *testing.T) {
 		Addr:    "255",
 		Chassis: 5,
 		SHPC:    true,
-		ROMFile: "efi-virtio.rom",
+		ROMFile: romfile,
 	}
 
 	testAppend(bridge, devicePCIBridgeString, t)
 }
 
-var devicePCIEBridgeString = "-device pcie-pci-bridge,bus=/pci-bus/pcie.0,id=mybridge,addr=ff,romfile=efi-virtio.rom"
-
 func TestAppendPCIEBridgeDevice(t *testing.T) {
 
 	bridge := BridgeDevice{
diff --git a/qemu/qmp.go b/qemu/qmp.go
index 43daed369d..7f89bdbda3 100644
--- a/qemu/qmp.go
+++ b/qemu/qmp.go
@@ -991,7 +991,7 @@ func (q *QMP) ExecutePCIDeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, blockdevID, devID, driver
 func (q *QMP) ExecuteVFIODeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, devID, bdf, romfile string) error {
 	args := map[string]interface{}{
 		"id":      devID,
-		"driver":  "vfio-pci",
+		"driver":  Vfio,
 		"host":    bdf,
 		"romfile": romfile,
 	}
@@ -1006,11 +1006,12 @@ func (q *QMP) ExecuteVFIODeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, devID, bdf, romfile stri
 func (q *QMP) ExecutePCIVFIODeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, devID, bdf, addr, bus, romfile string) error {
 	args := map[string]interface{}{
 		"id":      devID,
-		"driver":  "vfio-pci",
+		"driver":  Vfio,
 		"host":    bdf,
 		"addr":    addr,
 		"romfile": romfile,
 	}
+
 	if bus != "" {
 		args["bus"] = bus
 	}
@@ -1025,10 +1026,11 @@ func (q *QMP) ExecutePCIVFIODeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, devID, bdf, addr, bus
 func (q *QMP) ExecutePCIVFIOMediatedDeviceAdd(ctx context.Context, devID, sysfsdev, addr, bus, romfile string) error {
 	args := map[string]interface{}{
 		"id":       devID,
-		"driver":   "vfio-pci",
+		"driver":   Vfio,
 		"sysfsdev": sysfsdev,
 		"romfile":  romfile,
 	}
+
 	if bus != "" {
 		args["bus"] = bus
 	}
@@ -1215,7 +1217,7 @@ func (q *QMP) ExecuteBalloon(ctx context.Context, bytes uint64) error {
 // ExecutePCIVSockAdd adds a vhost-vsock-pci bus
 func (q *QMP) ExecutePCIVSockAdd(ctx context.Context, id, guestCID, vhostfd, addr, bus, romfile string, disableModern bool) error {
 	args := map[string]interface{}{
-		"driver":    VHostVSockPCI,
+		"driver":    VHostVSock,
 		"id":        id,
 		"guest-cid": guestCID,
 		"vhostfd":   vhostfd,