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Better docs for Services and public IPs.
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Brian Grant 2015-03-05 11:52:38 -08:00
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## Overview
Kubernetes [`Pods`](pods.md) are ephemeral. They can come and go over time, especially when
driven by things like [`ReplicationControllers`](replication-controller.md).
While each `pod` gets its own IP address, those IP addresses can not be relied
upon to be stable over time. This leads to a problem: if some set of `pods`
(let's call them backends) provides functionality to other `pods` (let's call
them frontends) inside the Kubernetes cluster, how do those frontends find the
backends?
Kubernetes [`Pods`](Pods.md) are mortal. They are born and they die, and they
are not resurrected. [`ReplicationControllers`](replication-controller.md) in
particular create and destroy `Pods` dynamically (e.g. when scaling up or down
or when doing rolling updates). While each `Pod` gets its own IP address, even
those IP addresses can not be relied upon to be stable over time. This leads to
a problem: if some set of `Pods` (let's call them backends) provides
functionality to other `Pods` (let's call them frontends) inside the Kubernetes
cluster, how do those frontends find out and keep track of which backends are
in that set?
Enter `services`.
Enter `Services`.
A Kubernetes `service` is an abstraction which defines a logical set of `pods` and
a policy by which to access them - sometimes called a micro-service. The goal
of `services` is to provide a bridge for non-Kubernetes-native applications to
access backends without the need to write code that is specific to Kubernetes.
A `service` offers clients an IP and port pair which, when accessed, redirects
to the appropriate backends. The set of `pods` targetted is determined by a label
selector.
A Kubernetes `Service` is an abstraction which defines a logical set of `Pods`
and a policy by which to access them - sometimes called a micro-service. The
set of `Pods` targetted by a `Service` is determined by a [`Label
Selector`](labels.md).
As an example, consider an image-process backend which is running with 3 live
As an example, consider an image-processing backend which is running with 3
replicas. Those replicas are fungible - frontends do not care which backend
they use. While the actual `pods` that comprise the set may change, the
frontend client(s) do not need to know that. The `service` abstraction
enables this decoupling.
they use. While the actual `Pods` that comprise the backend set may change, the
frontend clients should not need to manage that themselves. The `Service`
abstraction enables this decoupling.
## Defining a service
For Kubernetes-native applications, Kubernetes offers a simple `Endpoints` API
that is updated whenever the set of `Pods` in a `Service` changes. For
non-native applications, Kubernetes offers a virtual-IP-based bridge to Services
which redirects to the backend `Pods`.
## Defining a Service
A `Service` in Kubernetes is a REST object, similar to a `Pod`. Like all of the
REST objects, a `Service` definition can be POSTed to the apiserver to create a
new instance. For example, suppose you have a set of `Pods` that each expose
port 9376 and carry a label "app=MyApp".
A `service` in Kubernetes is a REST object, similar to a `pod`. Like a `pod`, a
`service` definition can be POSTed to the apiserver to create a new instance.
For example, suppose you have a set of `pods` that each expose port 9376 and
carry a label "app=MyApp".
```json
{
"kind": "Service",
"apiVersion": "v1beta1",
"id": "myapp",
"selector": {
"app": "MyApp"
},
"containerPort": 9376,
"protocol": "TCP",
"port": 8765
"port": 80
}
```
This specification will create a new `service` named "myapp" which resolves to
TCP port 9376 on any `pod` with the "app=MyApp" label. To access this
`service`, a client can simply connect to $MYAPP_SERVICE_HOST on port
$MYAPP_SERVICE_PORT.
This specification will create a new `Service` object named "myapp" which
targets TCP port 9376 on any `Pod` with the "app=MyApp" label. Every `Service`
is also assigned a virtual IP address (called the "portal IP"), which is used by
the service proxies (see below). The `Service`'s selector will be evaluated
continuously and the results will be posted in an `Endpoints` object also named
"myapp".
## Service without selector
### Services without selectors
Services, in addition to providing clean abstraction to access pods, can also
abstract any kind of backend:
- you want to have an external database cluster in production, but in test you
use your own databases.
- you want to point your service to a service in another [`namespace`](namespaces.md)
or on another cluster.
Services, in addition to providing abstractions to access `Pods`, can also
abstract any kind of backend. For example:
- you want to have an external database cluster in production, but in test
you use your own databases.
- you want to point your service to a service in another
[`Namespace`](namespaces.md) or on another cluster.
- you are migrating your workload to Kubernetes and some of your backends run
outside of Kubernetes.
outside of Kubernetes.
In any of these scenarios you can define a service without a selector:
@ -67,10 +76,10 @@ In any of these scenarios you can define a service without a selector:
"kind": "Service",
"apiVersion": "v1beta1",
"id": "myapp",
"port": 8765
"port": 80
```
then you can explicitly map the service to a specific endpoint(s):
Then you can explicitly map the service to a specific endpoint(s):
```json
"kind": "Endpoints",
@ -79,26 +88,59 @@ then you can explicitly map the service to a specific endpoint(s):
"endpoints": ["173.194.112.206:80"]
```
Access to the service without a selector works the same as if it had selector. The
traffic will be routed to endpoints defined by the user (`173.194.112.206:80` in
case of this example).
Accessing a `Service` without a selector works the same as if it had selector. The
traffic will be routed to endpoints defined by the user (`173.194.112.206:80` in
this example).
## How do they work?
## Portals and service proxies
Each node in a Kubernetes cluster runs a `service proxy`. This application
watches the Kubernetes master for the addition and removal of `service`
objects and `endpoints` (pods that satisfy a service's label selector), and
maintains a mapping of `service` to list of `endpoints`. It opens a port on the
local node for each `service` and forwards traffic to backends (ostensibly
according to a policy, but the only policy supported for now is round-robin).
Every node in a Kubernetes cluster runs a `kube-proxy`. This application
watches the Kubernetes master for the addition and removal of `Service`
and `Endpoints` objects. For each `Service` it opens a port (random) on the
local node. Any connections made to that port will be proxied to one of the
corresponding backend `Pods`. Which backend to use is decided based on the
AffinityPolicy of the `Service`. Lastly, it installs iptables rules which
capture traffic to the `Service`'s `Port` on the `Service`'s portal IP and
redirects that traffic to the previously described port.
The net result is that any traffic bound for the `Service` is proxied to an
appropriate backend without the clients knowing anything about Kubernetes or
`Services` or `Pods`.
![Services overview diagram](services_overview.png)
### Why not use round-robin DNS?
A question that pops up every now and then is why we do all this stuff with
portals rather than just use standard round-robin DNS. There are a few reasons:
* There is a long history of DNS libraries not respecting DNS TTLs and
caching the results of name lookups.
* Many apps do DNS lookups once and cache the results.
* Even if apps and libraries did proper re-resolution, the load of every
client re-resolving DNS over and over would be difficult to manage.
We try to discourage users from doing things that hurt themselves. That said,
if enough people ask for this, we may implement it as an alternative to portals.
## Discovering services
Kubernetes supports 2 primary modes of finding a `Service` - environment
variables and DNS.
### Environment variables
When a `Pod` is run on a `Node`, the kubelet adds a set of environment variables
for each active `Service`. It supports both [Docker links
compatible](https://docs.docker.com/userguide/dockerlinks/) variables (see
[makeLinkVariables](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/kubelet/envvars/envvars.go#L49))
and simpler `{SVCNAME}_SERVICE_HOST` and `{SVCNAME}_SERVICE_PORT` variables,
where the Service name is upper-cased and dashes are converted to underscores.
For example, the Service "redis-master" which exposes TCP port 6379 and has been
allocated portal IP address 10.0.0.11 produces the following environment
variables:
When a `pod` is scheduled, the master adds a set of environment variables for
each active `service`. We support both
[Docker-links-compatible](https://docs.docker.com/userguide/dockerlinks/)
variables (see [makeLinkVariables](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/blob/master/pkg/kubelet/envvars/envvars.go#L49)) and simpler {SVCNAME}_SERVICE_HOST and {SVCNAME}_SERVICE_PORT
variables, where the service name is upper-cased and dashes are converted to underscores.
For example, the service "redis-master" exposed on TCP port 6379 and allocated IP address
10.0.0.11 produces the following environment variables:
```
REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_HOST=10.0.0.11
REDIS_MASTER_SERVICE_PORT=6379
@ -109,24 +151,79 @@ REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_PORT=6379
REDIS_MASTER_PORT_6379_TCP_ADDR=10.0.0.11
```
This does imply an ordering requirement - any `service` that a `pod`
wants to access must be created before the `pod` itself, or else the environment
variables will not be populated. This restriction will be removed once DNS for
`services` is supported.
*This does imply an ordering requirement* - any `Service` that a `Pod` wants to
access must be created before the `Pod` itself, or else the environment
variables will not be populated. DNS does not have this restriction.
A `service`, through its label selector, can resolve to 0 or more `endpoints`.
Over the life of a `service`, the set of `pods` which comprise that
`service` can
grow, shrink, or turn over completely. Clients will only see issues if they are
actively using a backend when that backend is removed from the `services` (and even
then, open connections will persist for some protocols).
### DNS
![Services overview diagram](services_overview.png)
An optional (though strongly recommended) cluster add-on is a DNS server. The
DNS server watches the Kubernetes API for new `Services` and creates a set of
DNS records for each. If DNS has been enabled throughout the cluster then all
`Pods` should be able to do name resolution of `Services` automatically.
## The gory details
For example, if you have a `Service` called "my-service" in Kubernetes
`Namespace` "my-ns" a DNS record for "my-service.my-ns" is created. `Pods`
which exist in the "my-ns" `Namespace` should be able to find it by simply doing
a name lookup for "my-service". `Pods` which exist in other `Namespaces` must
qualify the name as "my-service.my-ns". The result of these name lookups is the
virtual portal IP.
## External Services
For some parts of your application (e.g. frontends) you may want to expose a
Service onto an external (outside of your cluster, maybe public internet) IP
address.
On cloud providers which support external load balancers, this should be as
simple as setting the `createExternalLoadBalancer` flag of the `Service` to
`true`. This sets up a cloud-specific load balancer and populates the
`publicIPs` field (see below). Traffic from the external load balancer will be
directed at the backend `Pods`, though exactly how that works depends on the
cloud provider.
For cloud providers which do not support external load balancers, there is
another approach that is a bit more "do-it-yourself" - the `publicIPs` field.
Any address you put into the `publicIPs` array will be handled the same as the
portal IP - the kube-proxy will install iptables rules which proxy traffic
through to the backends. You are then responsible for ensuring that traffic to
those IPs gets sent to one or more Kubernetes `Nodes`. As long as the traffic
arrives at a Node, it will be be subject to the iptables rules.
An example situation might be when a `Node` has both internal and an external
network interfaces. If you assign that `Node`'s external IP as a `publicIP`, you
can then aim traffic at the `Service` port on that `Node` and it will be proxied
to the backends.
## Shortcomings
We expect that using iptables and userspace proxies for portals will work at
small to medium scale, but may not scale to very large clusters with thousands
of Services. See [the original design proposal for
portals](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/issues/1107) for more
details.
Using the kube-proxy obscures the source-IP of a packet accessing a `Service`.
## Future work
In the future we envision that the proxy policy can become more nuanced than
simple round robin balancing, for example master elected or sharded. We also
envision that some `Services` will have "real" load balancers, in which case the
portal will simply transport the packets there.
There's a
[proposal](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/issues/3760) to
eliminate userspace proxying in favor of doing it all in iptables. This should
perform better, though is less flexible than arbitrary userspace code.
We hope to make the situation around external load balancers and public IPs
simpler and easier to comprehend.
## The gory details of portals
The previous information should be sufficient for many people who just want to
use `services`. However, there is a lot going on behind the scenes that may be
use `Services`. However, there is a lot going on behind the scenes that may be
worth understanding.
### Avoiding collisions
@ -137,67 +234,36 @@ of their own. In this situation, we are looking at network ports - users
should not have to choose a port number if that choice might collide with
another user. That is an isolation failure.
In order to allow users to choose a port number for their `services`, we must
ensure that no two `services` can collide. We do that by allocating each
`service` its own IP address.
In order to allow users to choose a port number for their `Services`, we must
ensure that no two `Services` can collide. We do that by allocating each
`Service` its own IP address.
### IPs and Portals
Unlike `pod` IP addresses, which actually route to a fixed destination,
`service` IPs are not actually answered by a single host. Instead, we use
Unlike `Pod` IP addresses, which actually route to a fixed destination,
`Service` IPs are not actually answered by a single host. Instead, we use
`iptables` (packet processing logic in Linux) to define "virtual" IP addresses
which are transparently redirected as needed. We call the tuple of the
`service` IP and the `service` port the `portal`. When clients connect to the
`Service` IP and the `Service` port the `portal`. When clients connect to the
`portal`, their traffic is automatically transported to an appropriate
endpoint. The environment variables for `services` are actually populated in
terms of the portal IP and port. We will be adding DNS support for
`services`, too.
endpoint. The environment variables and DNS for `Services` are actually
populated in terms of the portal IP and port.
As an example, consider the image processing application described above.
When the backend `service` is created, the Kubernetes master assigns a portal
IP address, for example 10.0.0.1. Assuming the `service` port is 1234, the
When the backend `Service` is created, the Kubernetes master assigns a portal
IP address, for example 10.0.0.1. Assuming the `Service` port is 1234, the
portal is 10.0.0.1:1234. The master stores that information, which is then
observed by all of the `service proxy` instances in the cluster. When a proxy
observed by all of the `kube-proxy` instances in the cluster. When a proxy
sees a new portal, it opens a new random port, establishes an iptables redirect
from the portal to this new port, and starts accepting connections on it.
When a client connects to `MYAPP_SERVICE_HOST` on the portal port (whether
they know the port statically or look it up as MYAPP_SERVICE_PORT), the
iptables rule kicks in, and redirects the packets to the `service proxy`'s own
port. The `service proxy` chooses a backend, and starts proxying traffic from
the client to the backend.
When a client connects to the portal the iptables rule kicks in, and redirects
the packets to the `Service proxy`'s own port. The `Service proxy` chooses a
backend, and starts proxying traffic from the client to the backend.
The net result is that users can choose any `service` port they want without
The means that `Service` owners can choose any `Service` port they want without
risk of collision. Clients can simply connect to an IP and port, without
being aware of which `pods` they are accessing.
being aware of which `Pods` they are actually accessing.
![Services detailed diagram](services_detail.png)
![Services detailed diagram](Services_detail.png)
## External Services
For some parts of your application (e.g. frontend) you want to expose a service on an external (publically visible) IP address.
If you want your service to be exposed on an external IP address, you can optionally supply a list of `publicIPs`
which the `service` should respond to. These IP address will be combined with the `service`'s port and will also be
mapped to the set of `pods` selected by the `service`. You are then responsible for ensuring that traffic to that
external IP address gets sent to one or more Kubernetes worker nodes. An IPTables rules on each host that maps
packets from the specified public IP address to the service proxy in the same manner as internal service IP
addresses.
On cloud providers which support external load balancers, there is a simpler way to achieve the same thing. On such
providers (e.g. GCE) you can leave ```publicIPs``` empty, and instead you can set the
```createExternalLoadBalancer``` flag on the service. This sets up a cloud-provider-specific load balancer
(assuming that it is supported by your cloud provider) and populates the Public IP field with the appropriate value.
## Shortcomings
We expect that using iptables for portals will work at small scale, but will
not scale to large clusters with thousands of services. See [the original
design proposal for
portals](https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/issues/1107) for
more details.
## Future work
In the future we envision that the proxy policy can become more nuanced than
simple round robin balancing, for example master elected or sharded. We also
envision that some `services` will have "real" load balancers, in which case the
portal will simply transport the packets there.

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@ -497,42 +497,74 @@
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style="font-size:22px">3) connect to 10.0.0.1:1234</tspan></text>
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3
pkg/api/types.go
View File

@ -718,7 +718,8 @@ type ServiceSpec struct {
// CreateExternalLoadBalancer indicates whether a load balancer should be created for this service.
CreateExternalLoadBalancer bool `json:"createExternalLoadBalancer,omitempty"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers.
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers, or can be set by
// users to handle external traffic that arrives at a node.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty"`
// ContainerPort is the name or number of the port on the container to direct traffic to.

5
pkg/api/v1beta1/types.go
View File

@ -581,8 +581,9 @@ type Service struct {
// An external load balancer should be set up via the cloud-provider
CreateExternalLoadBalancer bool `json:"createExternalLoadBalancer,omitempty" description:"set up a cloud-provider-specific load balancer on an external IP"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty" description:"externally visible IPs from which to select the address for the external load balancer"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers, or can be set by
// users to handle external traffic that arrives at a node.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty" description:"externally visible IPs (e.g. load balancers) that should be proxied to this service"`
// ContainerPort is the name or number of the port on the container to direct traffic to.
// This is useful if the containers the service points to have multiple open ports.

5
pkg/api/v1beta2/types.go
View File

@ -545,8 +545,9 @@ type Service struct {
// An external load balancer should be set up via the cloud-provider
CreateExternalLoadBalancer bool `json:"createExternalLoadBalancer,omitempty" description:"set up a cloud-provider-specific load balancer on an external IP"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty" description:"externally visible IPs from which to select the address for the external load balancer"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers, or can be set by
// users to handle external traffic that arrives at a node.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty" description:"externally visible IPs (e.g. load balancers) that should be proxied to this service"`
// ContainerPort is the name or number of the port on the container to direct traffic to.
// This is useful if the containers the service points to have multiple open ports.

5
pkg/api/v1beta3/types.go
View File

@ -742,8 +742,9 @@ type ServiceSpec struct {
// CreateExternalLoadBalancer indicates whether a load balancer should be created for this service.
CreateExternalLoadBalancer bool `json:"createExternalLoadBalancer,omitempty"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty"`
// PublicIPs are used by external load balancers, or can be set by
// users to handle external traffic that arrives at a node.
PublicIPs []string `json:"publicIPs,omitempty" description:"externally visible IPs (e.g. load balancers) that should be proxied to this service"`
// ContainerPort is the name or number of the port on the container to direct traffic to.
// This is useful if the containers the service points to have multiple open ports.