Merge pull request #123006 from dims/use-gcloud-for-gce-runner

Use gcloud for gce_runner

test/e2e_node/remote/gce/gce_runner.go

@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@ limitations under the License.
 package gce
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"net/http"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
@@ -33,9 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"k8s.io/kubernetes/test/e2e_node/remote"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
-	"golang.org/x/oauth2/google"
-	"google.golang.org/api/compute/v1"
-	"google.golang.org/api/option"
 	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/wait"
 	"k8s.io/klog/v2"
 	"sigs.k8s.io/yaml"
@@ -84,17 +80,15 @@ func init() {
 	flag.Var(&nodeEnvs, "node-env", "An environment variable passed to instance as metadata, e.g. when '--node-env=PATH=/usr/bin' is specified, there will be an extra instance metadata 'PATH=/usr/bin'.")
 }
 
-const (
-	defaultGCEMachine             = "e2-standard-2"
-	acceleratorTypeResourceFormat = "https://www.googleapis.com/compute/beta/projects/%s/zones/%s/acceleratorTypes/%s"
-)
-
 type GCERunner struct {
 	cfg       remote.Config
-	gceComputeService *compute.Service
 	gceImages *internalGCEImageConfig
 }
 
+const (
+	defaultGCEMachine = "e2-standard-2"
+)
+
 func NewGCERunner(cfg remote.Config) remote.Runner {
 	if cfg.InstanceNamePrefix == "" {
 		cfg.InstanceNamePrefix = "tmp-node-e2e-" + uuid.New().String()[:8]
@@ -106,10 +100,10 @@ func (g *GCERunner) Validate() error {
 	if len(g.cfg.Hosts) == 0 && g.cfg.ImageConfigFile == "" && len(g.cfg.Images) == 0 {
 		klog.Fatalf("Must specify one of --image-config-file, --hosts, --images.")
 	}
-	var err error
+
-	g.gceComputeService, err = getComputeClient()
+	_, err := runGCPCommandWithZones("compute", "instances", "list")
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Unable to create gcloud compute service using defaults.  Make sure you are authenticated. %w", err)
+		klog.Fatalf("While listing GCE instances: %v", err)
 	}
 
 	if g.gceImages, err = g.prepareGceImages(); err != nil {
@@ -130,34 +124,6 @@ func (g *GCERunner) StartTests(suite remote.TestSuite, archivePath string, resul
 	return
 }
 
-func getComputeClient() (*compute.Service, error) {
-	const retries = 10
-	const backoff = time.Second * 6
-
-	// Setup the gce client for provisioning instances
-	// Getting credentials on gce jenkins is flaky, so try a couple times
-	var err error
-	var cs *compute.Service
-	for i := 0; i < retries; i++ {
-		if i > 0 {
-			time.Sleep(backoff)
-		}
-
-		var client *http.Client
-		client, err = google.DefaultClient(context.Background(), compute.ComputeScope)
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		cs, err = compute.NewService(context.Background(), option.WithHTTPClient(client))
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		return cs, nil
-	}
-	return nil, err
-}
-
 // Accelerator contains type and count about resource.
 type Accelerator struct {
 	Type  string `json:"type,omitempty"`
@@ -178,7 +144,7 @@ type internalGCEImage struct {
 	kernelArguments []string
 	project         string
 	resources       Resources
-	metadata        *compute.Metadata
+	metadata        *gceMetadata
 	machine         string
 }
 
@@ -220,11 +186,20 @@ type GCEImage struct {
 
 // Returns an image name based on regex and given GCE project.
 func (g *GCERunner) getGCEImage(imageRegex, imageFamily string, project string) (string, error) {
+	data, err := runGCPCommandNoProject("compute", "images", "list",
+		"--format=json", "--project="+project)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to list images in project %q: %w", project, err)
+	}
+	var images []gceImage
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &images)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse images: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	imageObjs := []imageObj{}
 	imageRe := regexp.MustCompile(imageRegex)
-	if err := g.gceComputeService.Images.List(project).Pages(context.Background(),
+	for _, instance := range images {
-		func(ilc *compute.ImageList) error {
-			for _, instance := range ilc.Items {
 		if imageRegex != "" && !imageRe.MatchString(instance.Name) {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -233,7 +208,7 @@ func (g *GCERunner) getGCEImage(imageRegex, imageFamily string, project string)
 		}
 		creationTime, err := time.Parse(time.RFC3339, instance.CreationTimestamp)
 		if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse instance creation timestamp %q: %w", instance.CreationTimestamp, err)
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to parse instance creation timestamp %q: %w", instance.CreationTimestamp, err)
 		}
 		io := imageObj{
 			creationTime: creationTime,
@@ -241,11 +216,6 @@ func (g *GCERunner) getGCEImage(imageRegex, imageFamily string, project string)
 		}
 		imageObjs = append(imageObjs, io)
 	}
-			return nil
-		},
-	); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to list images in project %q: %w", project, err)
-	}
 
 	// Pick the latest image after sorting.
 	sort.Sort(byCreationTime(imageObjs))
@@ -357,28 +327,27 @@ func (a byCreationTime) Len() int           { return len(a) }
 func (a byCreationTime) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].creationTime.After(a[j].creationTime) }
 func (a byCreationTime) Swap(i, j int)      { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }
 
-func (g *GCERunner) getImageMetadata(input string) *compute.Metadata {
+func (g *GCERunner) getImageMetadata(input string) *gceMetadata {
 	if input == "" {
 		return nil
 	}
 	klog.V(3).Infof("parsing instance metadata: %q", input)
 	raw := g.parseInstanceMetadata(input)
 	klog.V(4).Infof("parsed instance metadata: %v", raw)
-	metadataItems := []*compute.MetadataItems{}
+	metadataItems := []gceMetadataItems{}
 	for k, v := range raw {
-		val := v
+		metadataItems = append(metadataItems, gceMetadataItems{
-		metadataItems = append(metadataItems, &compute.MetadataItems{
 			Key:   k,
-			Value: &val,
+			Value: v,
 		})
 	}
-	ret := compute.Metadata{Items: metadataItems}
+	ret := gceMetadata{Items: metadataItems}
 	return &ret
 }
 
-func (g *GCERunner) deleteGCEInstance(host string) {
+func (g *GCERunner) DeleteGCEInstance(host string) {
 	klog.Infof("Deleting instance %q", host)
-	_, err := g.gceComputeService.Instances.Delete(*project, *zone, host).Do()
+	_, err := runGCPCommandWithZone("compute", "instances", "delete", host)
 	if err != nil {
 		klog.Errorf("Error deleting instance %q: %v", host, err)
 	}
@@ -407,7 +376,7 @@ func (g *GCERunner) parseInstanceMetadata(str string) map[string]string {
 			klog.Fatalf("Failed to read metadata file %q: %v", metaPath, err)
 			continue
 		}
-		metadata[kp[0]] = ignitionInjectGCEPublicKey(metaPath, string(v))
+		metadata[kp[0]] = ignitionInjectGCEPublicKey(string(v))
 	}
 	for k, v := range nodeEnvs {
 		metadata[k] = v
@@ -421,7 +390,7 @@ func (g *GCERunner) parseInstanceMetadata(str string) map[string]string {
 // This will only being done if the job has the
 // IGNITION_INJECT_GCE_SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE environment variable set, while it
 // tried to replace the GCE_SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE_CONTENT placeholder.
-func ignitionInjectGCEPublicKey(path string, content string) string {
+func ignitionInjectGCEPublicKey(content string) string {
 	if os.Getenv("IGNITION_INJECT_GCE_SSH_PUBLIC_KEY_FILE") == "" {
 		return content
 	}
@@ -458,7 +427,7 @@ func (g *GCERunner) testGCEImage(suite remote.TestSuite, archivePath string, ima
 
 	host, err := g.createGCEInstance(imageConfig)
 	if g.cfg.DeleteInstances {
-		defer g.deleteGCEInstance(host)
+		defer g.DeleteGCEInstance(host)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return &remote.TestResult{
@@ -500,130 +469,109 @@ func (g *GCERunner) testGCEImage(suite remote.TestSuite, archivePath string, ima
 
 	// This is a temporary solution to collect serial node serial log. Only port 1 contains useful information.
 	// TODO(random-liu): Extract out and unify log collection logic with cluste e2e.
-	serialPortOutput, err := g.gceComputeService.Instances.GetSerialPortOutput(*project, *zone, host).Port(1).Do()
+	contents, err := g.getSerialOutput(host)
 	if err != nil {
-		klog.Errorf("Failed to collect serial Output from node %q: %v", host, err)
+		klog.Errorf("Failed to get serial Output from node %q : %v", host, err)
-	} else {
+	}
 	logFilename := "serial-1.log"
-		err := remote.WriteLog(host, logFilename, serialPortOutput.Contents)
+	err = remote.WriteLog(host, logFilename, contents)
 	if err != nil {
 		klog.Errorf("Failed to write serial Output from node %q to %q: %v", host, logFilename, err)
 	}
-	}
 	return &result
 }
 
 // Provision a gce instance using image
 func (g *GCERunner) createGCEInstance(imageConfig *internalGCEImage) (string, error) {
-	p, err := g.gceComputeService.Projects.Get(*project).Do()
+	data, err := runGCPCommand("compute", "project-info", "describe", "--format=json", "--project="+*project)
 	if err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get project info %q: %w", *project, err)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to get project info for %q: %w", *project, err)
+	}
+
+	var p projectInfo
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &p)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed parse project info %q: %w", *project, err)
 	}
 	// Use default service account
 	serviceAccount := p.DefaultServiceAccount
 	klog.V(1).Infof("Creating instance %+v  with service account %q", *imageConfig, serviceAccount)
 	name := g.imageToInstanceName(imageConfig)
-	i := &compute.Instance{
+
-		Name:        name,
+	diskArgs := []string{
-		MachineType: g.machineType(imageConfig.machine),
+		"image-project=" + imageConfig.project,
-		NetworkInterfaces: []*compute.NetworkInterface{
+		"image=" + imageConfig.image,
-			{
+		"type=pd-standard",
-				AccessConfigs: []*compute.AccessConfig{
+		"auto-delete=yes",
-					{
+		"boot=yes",
-						Type: "ONE_TO_ONE_NAT",
+		"size=20GB",
-						Name: "External NAT",
-					},
-				}},
-		},
-		Disks: []*compute.AttachedDisk{
-			{
-				AutoDelete: true,
-				Boot:       true,
-				Type:       "PERSISTENT",
-				InitializeParams: &compute.AttachedDiskInitializeParams{
-					SourceImage: g.sourceImage(imageConfig.image, imageConfig.project),
-					DiskSizeGb:  20,
-				},
-			},
-		},
-		ServiceAccounts: []*compute.ServiceAccount{
-			{
-				Email: serviceAccount,
-				Scopes: []string{
-					"https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform",
-				},
-			},
-		},
 	}
 
-	scheduling := compute.Scheduling{
+	createArgs := []string{"compute", "instances", "create"}
-		Preemptible: *preemptibleInstances,
+	createArgs = append(createArgs, name)
+	createArgs = append(createArgs, "--machine-type="+g.machineType(imageConfig.machine))
+	createArgs = append(createArgs, "--create-disk="+strings.Join(diskArgs, ","))
+	createArgs = append(createArgs, "--service-account="+serviceAccount)
+	if *preemptibleInstances {
+		createArgs = append(createArgs, "--preemptible")
 	}
+	if len(imageConfig.resources.Accelerators) > 0 {
+		createArgs = append(createArgs, "--maintenance-policy=TERMINATE")
+		createArgs = append(createArgs, "--restart-on-failure")
 		for _, accelerator := range imageConfig.resources.Accelerators {
-		if i.GuestAccelerators == nil {
+			createArgs = append(createArgs,
-			autoRestart := true
+				fmt.Sprintf("--accelerator=count=%d,type=%s", accelerator.Count, accelerator.Type))
-			i.GuestAccelerators = []*compute.AcceleratorConfig{}
-			scheduling.OnHostMaintenance = "TERMINATE"
-			scheduling.AutomaticRestart = &autoRestart
 		}
-		aType := fmt.Sprintf(acceleratorTypeResourceFormat, *project, *zone, accelerator.Type)
-		ac := &compute.AcceleratorConfig{
-			AcceleratorCount: accelerator.Count,
-			AcceleratorType:  aType,
 	}
-		i.GuestAccelerators = append(i.GuestAccelerators, ac)
+	if imageConfig.metadata != nil {
-	}
+		var itemArgs []string
-	i.Scheduling = &scheduling
+		var itemFileArgs []string
-	i.Metadata = imageConfig.metadata
+		for _, item := range imageConfig.metadata.Items {
-	var insertionOperationName string
+			if strings.HasPrefix(item.Key, "user-") || strings.HasPrefix(item.Key, "startup-") ||
-	if _, err := g.gceComputeService.Instances.Get(*project, *zone, i.Name).Do(); err != nil {
+				strings.HasPrefix(item.Key, "containerd-") || strings.HasPrefix(item.Key, "cni-") {
-		op, err := g.gceComputeService.Instances.Insert(*project, *zone, i).Do()
+				dataFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "metadata")
-
 				if err != nil {
-			ret := fmt.Sprintf("could not create instance %s: API error: %v", name, err)
+					return "", fmt.Errorf("unable to create temp file %v", err)
-			if op != nil {
+				}
-				ret = fmt.Sprintf("%s: %v", ret, op.Error)
+				defer os.Remove(dataFile.Name()) // clean up
+				if err = os.WriteFile(dataFile.Name(), []byte(item.Value), 0666); err != nil {
+					return "", fmt.Errorf("could not write contents of metadata item into file %v", err)
+				}
+				itemFileArgs = append(itemFileArgs, item.Key+"="+dataFile.Name())
+			} else {
+				itemArgs = append(itemArgs, item.Key+"="+item.Value)
+			}
+		}
+		if len(itemArgs) > 0 {
+			createArgs = append(createArgs, "--metadata="+strings.Join(itemArgs, ","))
+		}
+		if len(itemFileArgs) > 0 {
+			createArgs = append(createArgs, "--metadata-from-file="+strings.Join(itemFileArgs, ","))
 		}
-			return "", fmt.Errorf(ret)
-		} else if op.Error != nil {
-			var errs []string
-			for _, insertErr := range op.Error.Errors {
-				errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%+v", insertErr))
 	}
-			return "", fmt.Errorf("could not create instance %s: %+v", name, errs)
 
+	if _, err := getGCEInstance(name); err != nil {
+		fmt.Printf("Running gcloud with parameters : %#v\n", createArgs)
+		_, err := runGCPCommandWithZone(createArgs...)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Println(err)
+			return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to create instance in project %q: %w", *project, err)
 		}
-		insertionOperationName = op.Name
 	}
+
 	instanceRunning := false
-	var instance *compute.Instance
+	var instance *gceInstance
 	for i := 0; i < 30 && !instanceRunning; i++ {
 		if i > 0 {
 			time.Sleep(time.Second * 20)
 		}
-		var insertionOperation *compute.Operation
-		insertionOperation, err = g.gceComputeService.ZoneOperations.Get(*project, *zone, insertionOperationName).Do()
-		if err != nil {
-			continue
-		}
-		if strings.ToUpper(insertionOperation.Status) != "DONE" {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("instance insert operation %s not in state DONE, was %s", name, insertionOperation.Status)
-			continue
-		}
-		if insertionOperation.Error != nil {
-			var errs []string
-			for _, insertErr := range insertionOperation.Error.Errors {
-				errs = append(errs, fmt.Sprintf("%+v", insertErr))
-			}
-			return name, fmt.Errorf("could not create instance %s: %+v", name, errs)
-		}
 
-		instance, err = g.gceComputeService.Instances.Get(*project, *zone, name).Do()
+		instance, err := getGCEInstance(name)
 		if err != nil {
 			continue
 		}
 		if strings.ToUpper(instance.Status) != "RUNNING" {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not in state RUNNING, was %s", name, instance.Status)
+			_ = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not in state RUNNING, was %s", name, instance.Status)
 			continue
 		}
 		externalIP := g.getExternalIP(instance)
@@ -635,12 +583,12 @@ func (g *GCERunner) createGCEInstance(imageConfig *internalGCEImage) (string, er
 		output, err = remote.SSH(name, "sh", "-c",
 			"'systemctl list-units  --type=service  --state=running | grep -e containerd -e crio'")
 		if err != nil {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not running containerd/crio daemon - Command failed: %s", name, output)
+			_ = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not running containerd/crio daemon - Command failed: %s", name, output)
 			continue
 		}
 		if !strings.Contains(output, "containerd.service") &&
 			!strings.Contains(output, "crio.service") {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not running containerd/crio daemon: %s", name, output)
+			_ = fmt.Errorf("instance %s not running containerd/crio daemon: %s", name, output)
 			continue
 		}
 		instanceRunning = true
@@ -677,22 +625,18 @@ func (g *GCERunner) createGCEInstance(imageConfig *internalGCEImage) (string, er
 	return name, err
 }
 
-func (g *GCERunner) isCloudInitUsed(metadata *compute.Metadata) bool {
+func (g *GCERunner) isCloudInitUsed(metadata *gceMetadata) bool {
 	if metadata == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 	for _, item := range metadata.Items {
-		if item.Key == "user-data" && item.Value != nil && strings.HasPrefix(*item.Value, "#cloud-config") {
+		if item.Key == "user-data" && item.Value != "" && strings.HasPrefix(item.Value, "#cloud-config") {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }
 
-func (g *GCERunner) sourceImage(image, imageProject string) string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("projects/%s/global/images/%s", imageProject, image)
-}
-
 func (g *GCERunner) imageToInstanceName(imageConfig *internalGCEImage) string {
 	if imageConfig.machine == "" {
 		return g.cfg.InstanceNamePrefix + "-" + imageConfig.image
@@ -703,7 +647,7 @@ func (g *GCERunner) imageToInstanceName(imageConfig *internalGCEImage) string {
 }
 
 func (g *GCERunner) registerGceHostIP(host string) error {
-	instance, err := g.gceComputeService.Instances.Get(*project, *zone, host).Do()
+	instance, err := getGCEInstance(host)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -716,7 +660,8 @@ func (g *GCERunner) registerGceHostIP(host string) error {
 	}
 	return nil
 }
-func (g *GCERunner) getExternalIP(instance *compute.Instance) string {
+
+func (g *GCERunner) getExternalIP(instance *gceInstance) string {
 	for i := range instance.NetworkInterfaces {
 		ni := instance.NetworkInterfaces[i]
 		for j := range ni.AccessConfigs {
@@ -728,7 +673,8 @@ func (g *GCERunner) getExternalIP(instance *compute.Instance) string {
 	}
 	return ""
 }
-func (g *GCERunner) updateKernelArguments(instance *compute.Instance, image string, kernelArgs []string) error {
+
+func (g *GCERunner) updateKernelArguments(instance *gceInstance, image string, kernelArgs []string) error {
 	kernelArgsString := strings.Join(kernelArgs, " ")
 
 	var cmd []string
@@ -776,9 +722,10 @@ func (g *GCERunner) machineType(machine string) string {
 	} else {
 		ret = defaultGCEMachine
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("zones/%s/machineTypes/%s", *zone, ret)
+	return ret
 }
-func (g *GCERunner) rebootInstance(instance *compute.Instance) error {
+
+func (g *GCERunner) rebootInstance(instance *gceInstance) error {
 	// wait until the instance will not response to SSH
 	klog.Info("Reboot the node and wait for instance not to be available via SSH")
 	if waitErr := wait.PollImmediate(5*time.Second, 5*time.Minute, func() (bool, error) {

test/e2e_node/remote/gce/gcloud.go

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/*
+Copyright 2024 The Kubernetes Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+package gce
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"os/exec"
+)
+
+type gceImage struct {
+	CreationTimestamp string `json:"creationTimestamp"`
+	Family            string `json:"family"`
+	ID                string `json:"id"`
+	Name              string `json:"name"`
+}
+
+type gceMetadata struct {
+	Fingerprint string             `json:"fingerprint"`
+	Kind        string             `json:"kind"`
+	Items       []gceMetadataItems `json:"items,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type gceMetadataItems struct {
+	Key   string `json:"key,omitempty"`
+	Value string `json:"value,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type gceAccessConfigs struct {
+	Type  string `json:"type"`
+	Name  string `json:"name"`
+	NatIP string `json:"natIP,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type gceNetworkInterfaces struct {
+	AccessConfigs []gceAccessConfigs `json:"accessConfigs"`
+}
+
+type gceInstance struct {
+	CreationTimestamp       string                 `json:"creationTimestamp"`
+	Description             string                 `json:"description"`
+	Fingerprint             string                 `json:"fingerprint"`
+	ID                      string                 `json:"id"`
+	KeyRevocationActionType string                 `json:"keyRevocationActionType"`
+	Kind                    string                 `json:"kind"`
+	LabelFingerprint        string                 `json:"labelFingerprint"`
+	LastStartTimestamp      string                 `json:"lastStartTimestamp"`
+	MachineType             string                 `json:"machineType"`
+	Metadata                gceMetadata            `json:"metadata"`
+	Name                    string                 `json:"name"`
+	NetworkInterfaces       []gceNetworkInterfaces `json:"networkInterfaces"`
+	Status                  string                 `json:"status"`
+}
+
+type projectInfo struct {
+	CommonInstanceMetadata struct {
+		Fingerprint string `json:"fingerprint"`
+		Items       []struct {
+			Key   string `json:"key"`
+			Value string `json:"value"`
+		} `json:"items"`
+		Kind string `json:"kind"`
+	} `json:"commonInstanceMetadata"`
+	CreationTimestamp     string `json:"creationTimestamp"`
+	DefaultNetworkTier    string `json:"defaultNetworkTier"`
+	DefaultServiceAccount string `json:"defaultServiceAccount"`
+	ID                    string `json:"id"`
+}
+
+func runGCPCommandWithZone(args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if zone != nil && len(*zone) > 0 {
+		args = append(args, "--zone="+*zone)
+	}
+	return runGCPCommand(args...)
+}
+
+func runGCPCommandWithZones(args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if zone != nil && len(*zone) > 0 {
+		args = append(args, "--zones="+*zone+",")
+	}
+	return runGCPCommand(args...)
+}
+
+func runGCPCommand(args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+	if project != nil && len(*project) > 0 {
+		args = append(args, "--project="+*project)
+	}
+	return runGCPCommandNoProject(args...)
+}
+
+func runGCPCommandNoProject(args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
+	bytes, err := exec.Command("gcloud", args...).Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		var message string
+		if ee, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			message = fmt.Sprintf("%v\n%v", ee, string(ee.Stderr))
+		} else {
+			message = fmt.Sprintf("%v", err)
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to run gcloud command\n %s \n %w", message, err)
+	}
+	return bytes, nil
+}
+
+func getGCEInstance(host string) (*gceInstance, error) {
+	data, err := runGCPCommandWithZone("compute", "instances", "describe", host, "--format=json")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to describe instance in project %q: %w", *project, err)
+	}
+
+	var gceHost gceInstance
+	err = json.Unmarshal(data, &gceHost)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse instance: %w", err)
+	}
+	return &gceHost, nil
+}
+
+func (g *GCERunner) getSerialOutput(host string) (string, error) {
+	data, err := runGCPCommandWithZone("compute", "instances", "get-serial-port-output", "--port=1", host)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to describe instance in project %q: %w", *project, err)
+	}
+	return string(data), nil
+}