Add additional ldflags constants for Kubernetes versioning

Now it is possible to push these variables through ldflags:
- gitMajor
- gitMinor
- gitVersion (from latest annotated tag, output of git describe)
- gitCommit (renamed commitFromGit, intended to have the full sha1)
- gitTreeState (either "clean" or "dirty")

These are spawned into its separate source file, since they are meant to
be updated separately when a new version is released.

Also use the notation vX.Y+ for when git information is not present.
(This is consistent with the kernel build, e.g. Linux 3.15+ means its
version is >= 3.15 and < 3.16.)

v2: Added comments to the individual fields in pkg/version/base.go

Tested:
- Built it and checked the -version output:
  $ hack/build-go.sh
  $ output/go/bin/kubelet -version
  Kubernetes version 0.1+, build c328679ef8aa

Signed-off-by: Filipe Brandenburger <filbranden@google.com>

hack/build-go.sh

@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ done
 # our cluster deploy.  If we add more command line options to our standard build
 # we'll want to duplicate them there.  As we move to distributing pre- built
 # binaries we can eliminate this duplication.
-go install -ldflags "-X github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/pkg/version.commitFromGit '${version}'" "${binaries[@]}"
+go install -ldflags "-X github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/kubernetes/pkg/version.gitCommit '${version}'" "${binaries[@]}"