diff --git a/cluster/gce/windows/configure.ps1 b/cluster/gce/windows/configure.ps1
index 1a0addc6fbd..2fe8183a37d 100644
--- a/cluster/gce/windows/configure.ps1
+++ b/cluster/gce/windows/configure.ps1
@@ -77,6 +77,18 @@ function FetchAndImport-ModuleFromMetadata {
   Import-Module -Force C:\$Filename
 }
 
+# Returns true if this node is part of a test cluster (see
+# cluster/gce/config-test.sh).
+#
+# $kube_env must be set before calling this function.
+function Test-IsTestCluster {
+  if ($kube_env.Contains('TEST_CLUSTER') -and `
+      ($kube_env['TEST_CLUSTER'] -eq 'true')) {
+    return $true
+  }
+  return $false
+}
+
 try {
   # Don't use FetchAndImport-ModuleFromMetadata for common.psm1 - the common
   # module includes variables and functions that any other function may depend
@@ -92,6 +104,14 @@ try {
 
   Set-PrerequisiteOptions
   $kube_env = Fetch-KubeEnv
+
+  if (Test-IsTestCluster) {
+    Log-Output 'Test cluster detected, installing OpenSSH.'
+    FetchAndImport-ModuleFromMetadata 'install-ssh-psm1' 'install-ssh.psm1'
+    InstallAndStart-OpenSsh
+    StartProcess-WriteSshKeys
+  }
+
   Set-EnvironmentVars
   Create-Directories
   Download-HelperScripts
diff --git a/cluster/gce/windows/node-helper.sh b/cluster/gce/windows/node-helper.sh
index e63f487f0ab..82a5fb985e8 100755
--- a/cluster/gce/windows/node-helper.sh
+++ b/cluster/gce/windows/node-helper.sh
@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ function get-windows-node-instance-metadata-from-file {
   metadata+="windows-startup-script-ps1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/configure.ps1,"
   metadata+="common-psm1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/common.psm1,"
   metadata+="k8s-node-setup-psm1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/k8s-node-setup.psm1,"
-  metadata+="user-profile-psm1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/user-profile.psm1,"
+  metadata+="install-ssh-psm1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/install-ssh.psm1,"
+  metadata+="user-profile-psm1=${KUBE_ROOT}/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/user-profile.psm1,"
   metadata+="${NODE_EXTRA_METADATA}"
   echo "${metadata}"
 }
diff --git a/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/install-ssh.psm1 b/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/install-ssh.psm1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..312b0be18f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/install-ssh.psm1
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+# Copyright 2019 The Kubernetes Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+<#
+.SYNOPSIS
+  Library for installing and running Win64-OpenSSH. NOT FOR PRODUCTION USE.
+
+.NOTES
+  This module depends on common.psm1. This module depends on third-party code
+  which has not been security-reviewed, so it should only be used for test
+  clusters. DO NOT USE THIS MODULE FOR PRODUCTION.
+#>
+
+Import-Module -Force C:\common.psm1
+
+$OPENSSH_ROOT = 'C:\Program Files\OpenSSH'
+$USER_PROFILE_MODULE = 'C:\user-profile.psm1'
+$WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT = 'C:\write-ssh-keys.ps1'
+
+# Starts the Win64-OpenSSH services and configures them to automatically start
+# on subsequent boots.
+function Start_OpenSshServices {
+  ForEach ($service in ("sshd", "ssh-agent")) {
+    net start ${service}
+    Set-Service ${service} -StartupType Automatic
+  }
+}
+
+# Installs open-ssh using the instructions in
+# https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki/Install-Win32-OpenSSH.
+#
+# After installation run StartProcess-WriteSshKeys to fetch ssh keys from the
+# metadata server.
+function InstallAndStart-OpenSsh {
+  if (-not (ShouldWrite-File $OPENSSH_ROOT)) {
+    Log-Output "Starting already-installed OpenSSH services"
+    Start_OpenSshServices
+    return
+  }
+  elseif (Test-Path $OPENSSH_ROOT) {
+    Log-Output ("OpenSSH directory already exists, attempting to run its " +
+                "uninstaller before reinstalling")
+    powershell.exe `
+        -ExecutionPolicy Bypass `
+        -File "$OPENSSH_ROOT\OpenSSH-Win64\uninstall-sshd.ps1"
+    rm -Force -Recurse $OPENSSH_ROOT\OpenSSH-Win64
+  }
+
+  # Download open-ssh.
+  # Use TLS 1.2: needed for Invoke-WebRequest downloads from github.com.
+  [Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = `
+      [Net.SecurityProtocolType]::Tls12
+  $url = ("https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/releases/download/" +
+          "v7.9.0.0p1-Beta/OpenSSH-Win64.zip")
+  $ProgressPreference = 'SilentlyContinue'
+  Invoke-WebRequest $url -OutFile C:\openssh-win64.zip
+
+  # Unzip and install open-ssh
+  Expand-Archive -Force C:\openssh-win64.zip -DestinationPath $OPENSSH_ROOT
+  powershell.exe `
+      -ExecutionPolicy Bypass `
+      -File "$OPENSSH_ROOT\OpenSSH-Win64\install-sshd.ps1"
+
+  # Disable password-based authentication.
+  $sshd_config_default = "$OPENSSH_ROOT\OpenSSH-Win64\sshd_config_default"
+  $sshd_config = 'C:\ProgramData\ssh\sshd_config'
+  New-Item -Force -ItemType Directory -Path "C:\ProgramData\ssh\" | Out-Null
+  # SSH config files must be UTF-8 encoded:
+  # https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/issues/862
+  # https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki/Various-Considerations
+  (Get-Content $sshd_config_default).`
+      replace('#PasswordAuthentication yes', 'PasswordAuthentication no') |
+      Set-Content -Encoding UTF8 $sshd_config
+
+  # Configure the firewall to allow inbound SSH connections
+  if (Get-NetFirewallRule -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue sshd) {
+    Get-NetFirewallRule sshd | Remove-NetFirewallRule
+  }
+  New-NetFirewallRule `
+      -Name sshd `
+      -DisplayName 'OpenSSH Server (sshd)' `
+      -Enabled True `
+      -Direction Inbound `
+      -Protocol TCP `
+      -Action Allow `
+      -LocalPort 22
+
+  Start_OpenSshServices
+}
+
+function Setup_WriteSshKeysScript {
+  if (-not (ShouldWrite-File $WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT)) {
+    return
+  }
+
+  # Fetch helper module for manipulating Windows user profiles.
+  if (ShouldWrite-File $USER_PROFILE_MODULE) {
+    $module = Get-InstanceMetadataValue 'user-profile-psm1'
+    New-Item -ItemType file -Force $USER_PROFILE_MODULE | Out-Null
+    Set-Content $USER_PROFILE_MODULE $module
+  }
+
+  # TODO(pjh): check if we still need to write authorized_keys to users-specific
+  # directories, or if just writing to the centralized keys file for
+  # Administrators on the system is sufficient (does our log-dump user have
+  # Administrator rights?).
+  New-Item -Force -ItemType file ${WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT} | Out-Null
+  Set-Content ${WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT} `
+'Import-Module -Force USER_PROFILE_MODULE
+# For [System.Web.Security.Membership]::GeneratePassword():
+Add-Type -AssemblyName System.Web
+
+$poll_interval = 10
+
+while($true) {
+  $r1 = ""
+  $r2 = ""
+  # Try both the new "ssh-keys" and the legacy "sshSkeys" attributes for
+  # compatibility. The Invoke-RestMethods calls will fail when these attributes
+  # do not exist, or they may fail when the connection to the metadata server
+  # gets disrupted while we set up container networking on the node.
+  try {
+    $r1 = Invoke-RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata-Flavor"="Google"} -Uri `
+        "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/ssh-keys"
+  } catch {}
+  try {
+    $r2 = Invoke-RestMethod -Headers @{"Metadata-Flavor"="Google"} -Uri `
+        "http://metadata.google.internal/computeMetadata/v1/project/attributes/sshKeys"
+  } catch {}
+  $response= $r1 + $r2
+
+  # Split the response into lines; handle both \r\n and \n line breaks.
+  $tuples = $response -split "\r?\n"
+
+  $users_to_keys = @{}
+  foreach($line in $tuples) {
+    if ([string]::IsNullOrEmpty($line)) {
+      continue
+    }
+    # The final parameter to -Split is the max number of strings to return, so
+    # this only splits on the first colon.
+    $username, $key = $line -Split ":",2
+
+    # Detect and skip keys without associated usernames, which may come back
+    # from the legacy sshKeys metadata.
+    if (($username -like "ssh-*") -or ($username -like "ecdsa-*")) {
+      Write-Error "Skipping key without username: $username"
+      continue
+    }
+    if (-not $users_to_keys.ContainsKey($username)) {
+      $users_to_keys[$username] = @($key)
+    }
+    else {
+      $keyList = $users_to_keys[$username]
+      $users_to_keys[$username] = $keyList + $key
+    }
+  }
+  $users_to_keys.GetEnumerator() | ForEach-Object {
+    $username = $_.key
+
+    # We want to create an authorized_keys file in the user profile directory
+    # for each user, but if we create the directory before that user profile
+    # has been created first by Windows, then Windows will create a different
+    # user profile directory that looks like "<user>.KUBERNETES-MINI" and sshd
+    # will look for the authorized_keys file in THAT directory. In other words,
+    # we need to create the user first before we can put the authorized_keys
+    # file in that user profile directory. The user-profile.psm1 module (NOT
+    # FOR PRODUCTION USE!) has Create-NewProfile which achieves this.
+    #
+    # Run "Get-Command -Module Microsoft.PowerShell.LocalAccounts" to see the
+    # build-in commands for users and groups. For some reason the New-LocalUser
+    # command does not create the user profile directory, so we use the
+    # auxiliary user-profile.psm1 instead.
+
+    $pw = [System.Web.Security.Membership]::GeneratePassword(16,2)
+    try {
+      # Create-NewProfile will throw this when the user profile already exists:
+      #   Create-NewProfile : Exception calling "SetInfo" with "0" argument(s):
+      #   "The account already exists."
+      # Just catch it and ignore it.
+      Create-NewProfile $username $pw -ErrorAction Stop
+
+      # Add the user to the Administrators group, otherwise we will not have
+      # privilege when we ssh.
+      Add-LocalGroupMember -Group Administrators -Member $username
+    } catch {}
+
+    $user_dir = "C:\Users\" + $username
+    if (-not (Test-Path $user_dir)) {
+      # If for some reason Create-NewProfile failed to create the user profile
+      # directory just continue on to the next user.
+      continue
+    }
+
+    # NOTE: there is a race condition here where someone could try to ssh to
+    # this node in-between when we clear out the authorized_keys file and when
+    # we write keys to it. Oh well.
+    $user_keys_file = -join($user_dir, "\.ssh\authorized_keys")
+    New-Item -ItemType file -Force $user_keys_file | Out-Null
+
+    # New for v7.9.0.0: administrators_authorized_keys file. For permission
+    # information see
+    # https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki/Security-protection-of-various-files-in-Win32-OpenSSH#administrators_authorized_keys.
+    $administrator_keys_file = ${env:ProgramData} + `
+        "\ssh\administrators_authorized_keys"
+    New-Item -ItemType file -Force $administrator_keys_file | Out-Null
+    icacls $administrator_keys_file /inheritance:r | Out-Null
+    icacls $administrator_keys_file /grant SYSTEM:`(F`) | Out-Null
+    icacls $administrator_keys_file /grant BUILTIN\Administrators:`(F`) | `
+        Out-Null
+
+    ForEach ($ssh_key in $_.value) {
+      # authorized_keys and other ssh config files must be UTF-8 encoded:
+      # https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/issues/862
+      # https://github.com/PowerShell/Win32-OpenSSH/wiki/Various-Considerations
+      Add-Content -Encoding UTF8 $user_keys_file $ssh_key
+      Add-Content -Encoding UTF8 $administrator_keys_file $ssh_key
+    }
+  }
+  Start-Sleep -sec $poll_interval
+}'.replace('USER_PROFILE_MODULE', $USER_PROFILE_MODULE)
+  Log-Output ("${WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT}:`n" +
+              "$(Get-Content -Raw ${WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT})")
+}
+
+# Starts a background process that retrieves ssh keys from the metadata server
+# and writes them to user-specific directories. Intended for use only by test
+# clusters!!
+#
+# While this is running it should be possible to SSH to the Windows node using:
+#   gcloud compute ssh <username>@<instance> --zone=<zone>
+# or:
+#   ssh -i ~/.ssh/google_compute_engine -o 'IdentitiesOnly yes' \
+#     <username>@<instance_external_ip>
+# or copy files using:
+#   gcloud compute scp <username>@<instance>:C:\\path\\to\\file.txt \
+#     path/to/destination/ --zone=<zone>
+#
+# If the username you're using does not already have a project-level SSH key
+# (run "gcloud compute project-info describe --flatten
+# commonInstanceMetadata.items.ssh-keys" to check), run gcloud compute ssh with
+# that username once to add a new project-level SSH key, wait one minute for
+# StartProcess-WriteSshKeys to pick it up, then try to ssh/scp again.
+function StartProcess-WriteSshKeys {
+  Setup_WriteSshKeysScript
+
+  # TODO(pjh): check if such a process is already running before starting
+  # another one.
+  $write_keys_process = Start-Process `
+      -FilePath "powershell.exe" `
+      -ArgumentList @("-Command", ${WRITE_SSH_KEYS_SCRIPT}) `
+      -WindowStyle Hidden -PassThru `
+      -RedirectStandardOutput "NUL" `
+      -RedirectStandardError C:\write-ssh-keys.err
+  Log-Output "Started background process to write SSH keys"
+  Log-Output "$(${write_keys_process} | Out-String)"
+}
+
+# Export all public functions:
+Export-ModuleMember -Function *-*
diff --git a/cluster/gce/windows/user-profile.psm1 b/cluster/gce/windows/testonly/user-profile.psm1
similarity index 100%
rename from cluster/gce/windows/user-profile.psm1
rename to cluster/gce/windows/testonly/user-profile.psm1