diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/adapters/openai.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/adapters/openai.py
index 3c2429a2b17..f697851fc65 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/adapters/openai.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/adapters/openai.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from langchain.schema.messages import (
 async def aenumerate(
     iterable: AsyncIterator[Any], start: int = 0
 ) -> AsyncIterator[tuple[int, Any]]:
-    """Async version of enumerate."""
+    """Async version of enumerate function."""
     i = start
     async for x in iterable:
         yield i, x
@@ -39,6 +39,14 @@ async def aenumerate(
 
 
 def convert_dict_to_message(_dict: Mapping[str, Any]) -> BaseMessage:
+    """Convert a dictionary to a LangChain message.
+
+    Args:
+        _dict: The dictionary.
+
+    Returns:
+        The LangChain message.
+    """
     role = _dict["role"]
     if role == "user":
         return HumanMessage(content=_dict["content"])
@@ -60,6 +68,14 @@ def convert_dict_to_message(_dict: Mapping[str, Any]) -> BaseMessage:
 
 
 def convert_message_to_dict(message: BaseMessage) -> dict:
+    """Convert a LangChain message to a dictionary.
+
+    Args:
+        message: The LangChain message.
+
+    Returns:
+        The dictionary.
+    """
     message_dict: Dict[str, Any]
     if isinstance(message, ChatMessage):
         message_dict = {"role": message.role, "content": message.content}
@@ -122,6 +138,8 @@ def _convert_message_chunk_to_delta(chunk: BaseMessageChunk, i: int) -> Dict[str
 
 
 class ChatCompletion:
+    """Chat completion."""
+
     @overload
     @staticmethod
     def create(
@@ -217,7 +235,14 @@ def _has_assistant_message(session: ChatSession) -> bool:
 def convert_messages_for_finetuning(
     sessions: Iterable[ChatSession],
 ) -> List[List[dict]]:
-    """Convert messages to a list of lists of dictionaries for fine-tuning."""
+    """Convert messages to a list of lists of dictionaries for fine-tuning.
+
+    Args:
+        sessions: The chat sessions.
+
+    Returns:
+        The list of lists of dictionaries.
+    """
     return [
         [convert_message_to_dict(s) for s in session["messages"]]
         for session in sessions
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py
index 6d02cab08bd..7e2539dae33 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/agents/format_scratchpad/xml.py
@@ -6,6 +6,14 @@ from langchain.schema.agent import AgentAction
 def format_xml(
     intermediate_steps: List[Tuple[AgentAction, str]],
 ) -> str:
+    """Format the intermediate steps as XML.
+
+    Args:
+        intermediate_steps: The intermediate steps.
+
+    Returns:
+        The intermediate steps as XML.
+    """
     log = ""
     for action, observation in intermediate_steps:
         log += (
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
index 5bd58811dd9..7c91b3fa059 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/chains/query_constructor/base.py
@@ -108,6 +108,17 @@ def fix_filter_directive(
     allowed_operators: Optional[Sequence[Operator]] = None,
     allowed_attributes: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
 ) -> Optional[FilterDirective]:
+    """Fix invalid filter directive.
+
+    Args:
+        filter: Filter directive to fix.
+        allowed_comparators: allowed comparators. Defaults to all comparators.
+        allowed_operators: allowed operators. Defaults to all operators.
+        allowed_attributes: allowed attributes. Defaults to all attributes.
+
+    Returns:
+        Fixed filter directive.
+    """
     if (
         not (allowed_comparators or allowed_operators or allowed_attributes)
     ) or not filter:
@@ -154,6 +165,14 @@ def _format_attribute_info(info: Sequence[Union[AttributeInfo, dict]]) -> str:
 
 
 def construct_examples(input_output_pairs: Sequence[Tuple[str, dict]]) -> List[dict]:
+    """Construct examples from input-output pairs.
+
+    Args:
+        input_output_pairs: Sequence of input-output pairs.
+
+    Returns:
+        List of examples.
+    """
     examples = []
     for i, (_input, output) in enumerate(input_output_pairs):
         structured_request = (
@@ -192,6 +211,9 @@ def get_query_constructor_prompt(
         schema_prompt: Prompt for describing query schema. Should have string input
             variables allowed_comparators and allowed_operators.
         **kwargs: Additional named params to pass to FewShotPromptTemplate init.
+
+    Returns:
+        A prompt template that can be used to construct queries.
     """
     default_schema_prompt = (
         SCHEMA_WITH_LIMIT_PROMPT if enable_limit else DEFAULT_SCHEMA_PROMPT
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py
index 1b30942f344..19eaffc685a 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/chat_models/cohere.py
@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@ from langchain.schema.output import ChatGeneration, ChatGenerationChunk, ChatRes
 
 
 def get_role(message: BaseMessage) -> str:
+    """Get the role of the message.
+
+    Args:
+        message: The message.
+
+    Returns:
+        The role of the message.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the message is of an unknown type.
+    """
     if isinstance(message, ChatMessage) or isinstance(message, HumanMessage):
         return "User"
     elif isinstance(message, AIMessage):
@@ -38,6 +49,16 @@ def get_cohere_chat_request(
     connectors: Optional[List[Dict[str, str]]] = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+    """Get the request for the Cohere chat API.
+
+    Args:
+        messages: The messages.
+        connectors: The connectors.
+        **kwargs: The keyword arguments.
+
+    Returns:
+        The request for the Cohere chat API.
+    """
     documents = (
         None
         if "source_documents" not in kwargs
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py
index 03247aea6d7..74373ba9b6d 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/document_loaders/parsers/pdf.py
@@ -49,6 +49,17 @@ _PDF_FILTER_WITHOUT_LOSS = [
 def extract_from_images_with_rapidocr(
     images: Sequence[Union[Iterable[np.ndarray], bytes]]
 ) -> str:
+    """Extract text from images with RapidOCR.
+
+    Args:
+        images: Images to extract text from.
+
+    Returns:
+        Text extracted from images.
+
+    Raises:
+        ImportError: If `rapidocr-onnxruntime` package is not installed.
+    """
     try:
         from rapidocr_onnxruntime import RapidOCR
     except ImportError:
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/anyscale.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/anyscale.py
index 65e4a9aded3..a57db18cc49 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/anyscale.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/anyscale.py
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ def create_llm_result(
 
 
 class Anyscale(BaseOpenAI):
-    """Wrapper around Anyscale Endpoint.
+    """Anyscale large language models.
+
     To use, you should have the environment variable ``ANYSCALE_API_BASE`` and
     ``ANYSCALE_API_KEY``set with your Anyscale Endpoint, or pass it as a named
     parameter to the constructor.
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/bittensor.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/bittensor.py
index 883651439ab..97eef620d70 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/bittensor.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/bittensor.py
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ from langchain.llms.base import LLM
 
 
 class NIBittensorLLM(LLM):
-    """
+    """NIBittensor LLMs
+
     NIBittensorLLM is created by Neural Internet (https://neuralinternet.ai/),
     powered by Bittensor, a decentralized network full of different AI models.
 
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py
index 56e44d343e7..1842c4b35bd 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/gradient_ai.py
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ from langchain.utils import get_from_dict_or_env
 
 
 class TrainResult(TypedDict):
+    """Train result."""
+
     loss: float
 
 
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py
index 7effebb6b05..80b04424b61 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/llms/javelin_ai_gateway.py
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ class Params(BaseModel, extra=Extra.allow):  # type: ignore[call-arg]
 
 
 class JavelinAIGateway(LLM):
-    """
-    Wrapper around completions LLMs in the Javelin AI Gateway.
+    """Javelin AI Gateway LLMs.
 
     To use, you should have the ``javelin_sdk`` python package installed.
     For more information, see https://docs.getjavelin.io
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/prompts/base.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/prompts/base.py
index d71a2649887..04b522f733b 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/prompts/base.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/prompts/base.py
@@ -83,7 +83,16 @@ DEFAULT_VALIDATOR_MAPPING: Dict[str, Callable] = {
 def check_valid_template(
     template: str, template_format: str, input_variables: List[str]
 ) -> None:
-    """Check that template string is valid."""
+    """Check that template string is valid.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        template_format: The template format. Should be one of "f-string" or "jinja2".
+        input_variables: The input variables.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the template format is not supported.
+    """
     if template_format not in DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING:
         valid_formats = list(DEFAULT_FORMATTER_MAPPING)
         raise ValueError(
@@ -101,6 +110,18 @@ def check_valid_template(
 
 
 def get_template_variables(template: str, template_format: str) -> List[str]:
+    """Get the variables from the template.
+
+    Args:
+        template: The template string.
+        template_format: The template format. Should be one of "f-string" or "jinja2".
+
+    Returns:
+        The variables from the template.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the template format is not supported.
+    """
     if template_format == "jinja2":
         # Get the variables for the template
         input_variables = _get_jinja2_variables_from_template(template)
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py
index 1385e9ddd22..c61613aec82 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/retrievers/tavily_search_api.py
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ from langchain.schema.retriever import BaseRetriever
 
 
 class SearchDepth(Enum):
+    """Search depth as enumerator."""
+
     BASIC = "basic"
     ADVANCED = "advanced"
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class TavilySearchAPIRetriever(BaseRetriever):
         try:
             from tavily import Client
         except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError(
+            raise ImportError(
                 "Tavily python package not found. "
                 "Please install it with `pip install tavily-python`."
             )
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py
index 32321e7fc42..3ae03b21e89 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""LangChain Runnables and the LangChain Expression Language (LCEL).
+"""LangChain **Runnable** and the **LangChain Expression Language (LCEL)**.
 
 The LangChain Expression Language (LCEL) offers a declarative method to build
 production-grade programs that harness the power of LLMs.
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ production-grade programs that harness the power of LLMs.
 Programs created using LCEL and LangChain Runnables inherently support
 synchronous, asynchronous, batch, and streaming operations.
 
-Support for async allows servers hosting LCEL based programs to scale better
+Support for **async** allows servers hosting LCEL based programs to scale better
 for higher concurrent loads.
 
-Streaming of intermediate outputs as they're being generated allows for
+**Streaming** of intermediate outputs as they're being generated allows for
 creating more responsive UX.
 
 This module contains schema and implementation of LangChain Runnables primitives.
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py
index a439e94550c..2d6da33ac24 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/base.py
@@ -2627,6 +2627,14 @@ RunnableLike = Union[
 
 
 def coerce_to_runnable(thing: RunnableLike) -> Runnable[Input, Output]:
+    """Coerce a runnable-like object into a Runnable.
+
+    Args:
+        thing: A runnable-like object.
+
+    Returns:
+        A Runnable.
+    """
     if isinstance(thing, Runnable):
         return thing
     elif inspect.isasyncgenfunction(thing) or inspect.isgeneratorfunction(thing):
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py
index 5faf2fcf1d5..a795e3e3fa0 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/schema/runnable/config.py
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 
 class EmptyDict(TypedDict, total=False):
+    """Empty dict type."""
+
     pass
 
 
@@ -85,6 +87,15 @@ class RunnableConfig(TypedDict, total=False):
 
 
 def ensure_config(config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Ensure that a config is a dict with all keys present.
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[RunnableConfig], optional): The config to ensure.
+          Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The ensured config.
+    """
     empty = RunnableConfig(
         tags=[],
         metadata={},
@@ -101,9 +112,21 @@ def ensure_config(config: Optional[RunnableConfig] = None) -> RunnableConfig:
 def get_config_list(
     config: Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, List[RunnableConfig]]], length: int
 ) -> List[RunnableConfig]:
-    """
-    Helper method to get a list of configs from a single config or a list of
-    configs, useful for subclasses overriding batch() or abatch().
+    """Get a list of configs from a single config or a list of configs.
+
+     It is useful for subclasses overriding batch() or abatch().
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[Union[RunnableConfig, List[RunnableConfig]]]):
+          The config or list of configs.
+        length (int): The length of the list.
+
+    Returns:
+        List[RunnableConfig]: The list of configs.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the length of the list is not equal to the length of the inputs.
+
     """
     if length < 0:
         raise ValueError(f"length must be >= 0, but got {length}")
@@ -129,9 +152,27 @@ def patch_config(
     run_name: Optional[str] = None,
     configurable: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
 ) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Patch a config with new values.
+
+    Args:
+        config (Optional[RunnableConfig]): The config to patch.
+        copy_locals (bool, optional): Whether to copy locals. Defaults to False.
+        callbacks (Optional[BaseCallbackManager], optional): The callbacks to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        recursion_limit (Optional[int], optional): The recursion limit to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        max_concurrency (Optional[int], optional): The max concurrency to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+        run_name (Optional[str], optional): The run name to set. Defaults to None.
+        configurable (Optional[Dict[str, Any]], optional): The configurable to set.
+          Defaults to None.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The patched config.
+    """
     config = ensure_config(config)
     if callbacks is not None:
-        # If we're replacing callbacks we need to unset run_name
+        # If we're replacing callbacks, we need to unset run_name
         # As that should apply only to the same run as the original callbacks
         config["callbacks"] = callbacks
         if "run_name" in config:
@@ -148,9 +189,17 @@ def patch_config(
 
 
 def merge_configs(*configs: Optional[RunnableConfig]) -> RunnableConfig:
+    """Merge multiple configs into one.
+
+    Args:
+        *configs (Optional[RunnableConfig]): The configs to merge.
+
+    Returns:
+        RunnableConfig: The merged config.
+    """
     base: RunnableConfig = {}
-    # Even though the keys aren't literals this is correct
-    # because both dicts are same type
+    # Even though the keys aren't literals, this is correct
+    # because both dicts are the same type
     for config in (c for c in configs if c is not None):
         for key in config:
             if key == "metadata":
@@ -184,7 +233,22 @@ def call_func_with_variable_args(
     run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> Output:
-    """Call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config."""
+    """Call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config.
+
+    Args:
+        func (Union[Callable[[Input], Output],
+          Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun], Output],
+          Callable[[Input, CallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig], Output]]):
+           The function to call.
+        input (Input): The input to the function.
+        run_manager (CallbackManagerForChainRun): The run manager to
+          pass to the function.
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config to pass to the function.
+        **kwargs (Any): The keyword arguments to pass to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        Output: The output of the function.
+    """
     if accepts_config(func):
         if run_manager is not None:
             kwargs["config"] = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
@@ -210,7 +274,22 @@ async def acall_func_with_variable_args(
     run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun] = None,
     **kwargs: Any,
 ) -> Output:
-    """Call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config."""
+    """Call function that may optionally accept a run_manager and/or config.
+
+    Args:
+        func (Union[Callable[[Input], Awaitable[Output]], Callable[[Input,
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun], Awaitable[Output]], Callable[[Input,
+            AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun, RunnableConfig], Awaitable[Output]]]):
+            The function to call.
+        input (Input): The input to the function.
+        run_manager (AsyncCallbackManagerForChainRun): The run manager
+          to pass to the function.
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config to pass to the function.
+        **kwargs (Any): The keyword arguments to pass to the function.
+
+    Returns:
+        Output: The output of the function.
+    """
     if accepts_config(func):
         if run_manager is not None:
             kwargs["config"] = patch_config(config, callbacks=run_manager.get_child())
@@ -222,6 +301,14 @@ async def acall_func_with_variable_args(
 
 
 def get_callback_manager_for_config(config: RunnableConfig) -> CallbackManager:
+    """Get a callback manager for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Returns:
+        CallbackManager: The callback manager.
+    """
     from langchain.callbacks.manager import CallbackManager
 
     return CallbackManager.configure(
@@ -234,6 +321,14 @@ def get_callback_manager_for_config(config: RunnableConfig) -> CallbackManager:
 def get_async_callback_manager_for_config(
     config: RunnableConfig,
 ) -> AsyncCallbackManager:
+    """Get an async callback manager for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Returns:
+        AsyncCallbackManager: The async callback manager.
+    """
     from langchain.callbacks.manager import AsyncCallbackManager
 
     return AsyncCallbackManager.configure(
@@ -245,5 +340,13 @@ def get_async_callback_manager_for_config(
 
 @contextmanager
 def get_executor_for_config(config: RunnableConfig) -> Generator[Executor, None, None]:
+    """Get an executor for a config.
+
+    Args:
+        config (RunnableConfig): The config.
+
+    Yields:
+        Generator[Executor, None, None]: The executor.
+    """
     with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=config.get("max_concurrency")) as executor:
         yield executor
diff --git a/libs/langchain/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py b/libs/langchain/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py
index 23b02fdf2b2..58f2c87eea7 100644
--- a/libs/langchain/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py
+++ b/libs/langchain/langchain/utilities/opaqueprompts.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ def sanitize(
     """
     Sanitize input string or dict of strings by replacing sensitive data with
     placeholders.
+
     It returns the sanitized input string or dict of strings and the secure
     context as a dict following the format:
     {
@@ -29,6 +30,10 @@ def sanitize(
         }
 
         The `secure_context` needs to be passed to the `desanitize` function.
+
+    Raises:
+        ValueError: If the input is not a string or dict of strings.
+        ImportError: If the `opaqueprompts` Python package is not installed.
     """
     try:
         import opaqueprompts as op