Lint Python notebooks with ruff. (#12677)

The new ruff version fixed the blocking bugs, and I was able to fairly
easily us to a passing state: ruff fixed some issues on its own, I fixed
a handful by hand, and I added a list of narrowly-targeted exclusions
for files that are currently failing ruff rules that we probably should
look into eventually.

I went pretty lenient on the docs / cookbooks rules, allowing dead code
and such things. Perhaps in the future we may want to tighten the rules
further, but this is already a good set of checks that found real issues
and will prevent them going forward.

cookbook/multiagent_authoritarian.ipynb

@@ -30,23 +30,17 @@
     "from collections import OrderedDict\n",
     "import functools\n",
     "import random\n",
-    "import re\n",
     "import tenacity\n",
-    "from typing import List, Dict, Callable\n",
+    "from typing import List, Callable\n",
     "\n",
     "from langchain.prompts import (\n",
-    "    ChatPromptTemplate,\n",
-    "    HumanMessagePromptTemplate,\n",
     "    PromptTemplate,\n",
     ")\n",
-    "from langchain.chains import LLMChain\n",
     "from langchain.chat_models import ChatOpenAI\n",
     "from langchain.output_parsers import RegexParser\n",
     "from langchain.schema import (\n",
-    "    AIMessage,\n",
     "    HumanMessage,\n",
     "    SystemMessage,\n",
-    "    BaseMessage,\n",
     ")"
    ]
   },