Implement AKManager

Signed-off-by: Dimitris Karakasilis <dimitris@karakasilis.me>
This commit is contained in:
Dimitris Karakasilis
2025-09-16 15:27:33 +03:00
parent f7a3fcc661
commit 15864024e1
6 changed files with 684 additions and 5 deletions

437
ak_manager.go Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
package tpm
import (
"crypto"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"path/filepath"
"github.com/google/go-attestation/attest"
"github.com/google/go-tpm-tools/simulator"
"github.com/google/go-tpm/tpm2"
"github.com/google/go-tpm/tpmutil"
"github.com/kairos-io/tpm-helpers/backend"
)
// AKBlob represents the TPM-encrypted AK blob stored on disk
type AKBlob struct {
Private []byte `json:"private"` // TPM-encrypted private key blob
Public []byte `json:"public"` // Public key data
}
// AKInfo holds information about a loaded Attestation Key
type AKInfo struct {
Handle tpmutil.Handle // Transient TPM handle (after loading)
PublicKey crypto.PublicKey // Public key extracted from AK
PublicKeyBytes []byte // Raw public key bytes for transmission
}
// AKManager manages Attestation Key lifecycle using blob storage
type AKManager struct {
akBlobFile string // File path for storing the TPM-encrypted AK blob
config *config
}
// NewAKManager creates a new AK manager instance
// Requires WithAKHandleFile option to specify where to store/load the AK blob
func NewAKManager(opts ...Option) (*AKManager, error) {
c := newConfig()
c.apply(opts...)
if c.akHandleFile == "" {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("AK blob file path is required - use WithAKHandleFile option")
}
return &AKManager{
akBlobFile: c.akHandleFile,
config: c,
}, nil
}
// GetOrCreateAK returns the AK public key bytes, creating the AK if it doesn't exist
func (m *AKManager) GetOrCreateAK() ([]byte, error) {
// Check if AK blob file already exists
if m.akExists() {
// Load existing AK and return public key
akInfo, err := m.LoadAK()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading existing AK: %w", err)
}
defer m.CloseAK(akInfo.Handle)
return akInfo.PublicKeyBytes, nil
}
// Create new AK
return m.createAndStoreAK()
}
// akExists checks if the AK blob file exists
func (m *AKManager) akExists() bool {
_, err := os.Stat(m.akBlobFile)
return err == nil
}
// GetAKPublicKey returns the public key for the current AK
func (m *AKManager) GetAKPublicKey() (crypto.PublicKey, error) {
// Load AK info from blob
akInfo, err := m.LoadAK()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK: %w", err)
}
defer m.CloseAK(akInfo.Handle)
return akInfo.PublicKey, nil
}
// ReadAKInfo reads AK information by loading from blob
func (m *AKManager) ReadAKInfo() (*AKInfo, error) {
return m.LoadAK()
}
// CleanupAK removes the AK blob file
func (m *AKManager) CleanupAK() error {
// Remove the AK blob file
err := os.Remove(m.akBlobFile)
if err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
return fmt.Errorf("removing AK blob file: %w", err)
}
return nil
}
// WithAKHandleFile sets the file path for storing AK handle information
// This is required for all AK operations - callers must specify where to store the handle
func WithAKHandleFile(path string) Option {
return func(c *config) error {
c.akHandleFile = path
return nil
}
}
// createAndStoreAK creates a new AK and stores the TPM-encrypted blob to file
func (m *AKManager) createAndStoreAK() ([]byte, error) {
// Open TPM
rwc, err := getRawTPM(m.config)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening TPM: %w", err)
}
defer rwc.Close()
// Create Storage Root Key (SRK) as parent for the AK
srkTemplate := tpm2.Public{
Type: tpm2.AlgRSA,
NameAlg: tpm2.AlgSHA256,
Attributes: tpm2.FlagFixedTPM | tpm2.FlagFixedParent |
tpm2.FlagSensitiveDataOrigin | tpm2.FlagUserWithAuth |
tpm2.FlagRestricted | tpm2.FlagDecrypt,
RSAParameters: &tpm2.RSAParams{
Symmetric: &tpm2.SymScheme{
Alg: tpm2.AlgAES,
KeyBits: 128,
Mode: tpm2.AlgCFB,
},
KeyBits: 2048,
},
}
srkHandle, _, err := tpm2.CreatePrimary(rwc, tpm2.HandleOwner, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", srkTemplate)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating SRK: %w", err)
}
defer tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, srkHandle)
// Create AK template
akTemplate := tpm2.Public{
Type: tpm2.AlgRSA,
NameAlg: tpm2.AlgSHA256,
Attributes: tpm2.FlagFixedTPM | tpm2.FlagFixedParent |
tpm2.FlagSensitiveDataOrigin | tpm2.FlagUserWithAuth |
tpm2.FlagRestricted | tpm2.FlagSign,
RSAParameters: &tpm2.RSAParams{
Sign: &tpm2.SigScheme{
Alg: tpm2.AlgRSAPSS,
Hash: tpm2.AlgSHA256,
},
KeyBits: 2048,
},
}
// Create the AK under the SRK
akPrivate, akPublic, _, _, _, err := tpm2.CreateKey(rwc, srkHandle, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", akTemplate)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating AK: %w", err)
}
// Load the AK to get the public key
akHandle, _, err := tpm2.Load(rwc, srkHandle, "", akPublic, akPrivate)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK: %w", err)
}
defer tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, akHandle)
// Get public key for return
pub, _, _, err := tpm2.ReadPublic(rwc, akHandle)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading AK public key: %w", err)
}
// Extract public key bytes
publicKeyBytes, err := pub.Encode()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoding public key: %w", err)
}
// Create the AK blob structure containing private and public parts
akBlob := AKBlob{
Private: akPrivate,
Public: akPublic,
}
// Store the TPM-encrypted blob to file
if err := m.saveAKBlob(&akBlob); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("saving AK blob: %w", err)
}
return publicKeyBytes, nil
}
// saveAKBlob saves the AK blob to the configured file
func (m *AKManager) saveAKBlob(blob *AKBlob) error {
// Ensure directory exists
dir := filepath.Dir(m.akBlobFile)
if err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755); err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("creating directory %s: %w", dir, err)
}
// Marshal to JSON
data, err := json.Marshal(blob)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("marshaling AK blob: %w", err)
}
// Write to file
return os.WriteFile(m.akBlobFile, data, 0600)
}
// LoadAK loads the AK from the blob file into a transient TPM handle
func (m *AKManager) LoadAK() (*AKInfo, error) {
// Load AK blob from file
blob, err := m.loadAKBlob()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK blob: %w", err)
}
// Open TPM
rwc, err := getRawTPM(m.config)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening TPM: %w", err)
}
defer rwc.Close()
// Create SRK (same as during creation)
srkTemplate := tpm2.Public{
Type: tpm2.AlgRSA,
NameAlg: tpm2.AlgSHA256,
Attributes: tpm2.FlagFixedTPM | tpm2.FlagFixedParent |
tpm2.FlagSensitiveDataOrigin | tpm2.FlagUserWithAuth |
tpm2.FlagRestricted | tpm2.FlagDecrypt,
RSAParameters: &tpm2.RSAParams{
Symmetric: &tpm2.SymScheme{
Alg: tpm2.AlgAES,
KeyBits: 128,
Mode: tpm2.AlgCFB,
},
KeyBits: 2048,
},
}
srkHandle, _, err := tpm2.CreatePrimary(rwc, tpm2.HandleOwner, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", srkTemplate)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating SRK: %w", err)
}
defer tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, srkHandle)
// Load the AK from the blob into a transient handle
akHandle, _, err := tpm2.Load(rwc, srkHandle, "", blob.Public, blob.Private)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK from blob: %w", err)
}
// Note: Don't defer close here - caller will manage the handle
// Get public key
pub, _, _, err := tpm2.ReadPublic(rwc, akHandle)
if err != nil {
tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, akHandle)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading AK public key: %w", err)
}
publicKey, err := pub.Key()
if err != nil {
tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, akHandle)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("extracting public key: %w", err)
}
publicKeyBytes, err := pub.Encode()
if err != nil {
tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, akHandle)
return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoding public key: %w", err)
}
return &AKInfo{
Handle: akHandle,
PublicKey: publicKey,
PublicKeyBytes: publicKeyBytes,
}, nil
}
// loadAKBlob loads the AK blob from the configured file
func (m *AKManager) loadAKBlob() (*AKBlob, error) {
data, err := os.ReadFile(m.akBlobFile)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading AK blob file: %w", err)
}
var blob AKBlob
if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &blob); err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("unmarshaling AK blob: %w", err)
}
return &blob, nil
}
// CloseAK closes the transient AK handle in the TPM
func (m *AKManager) CloseAK(handle tpmutil.Handle) error {
rwc, err := getRawTPM(m.config)
if err != nil {
return fmt.Errorf("opening TPM: %w", err)
}
defer rwc.Close()
return tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, handle)
}
// GetEnrollmentPayload returns AttestationData for server enrollment
// Returns AttestationData that can be used with existing GenerateChallenge flow
func (m *AKManager) GetEnrollmentPayload() (*AttestationData, error) {
// Get EK using existing function
ek, err := getEK(m.config)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting EK: %w", err)
}
// Encode EK using existing function
ekBytes, err := encodeEK(ek)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoding EK: %w", err)
}
// Get AK attestation parameters from our persisted AK
akInfo, err := m.LoadAK()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK: %w", err)
}
defer m.CloseAK(akInfo.Handle)
// Create attestation parameters from our loaded AK
// Note: We need to convert from our AKInfo to attest.AttestationParameters
attestParams := &attest.AttestationParameters{
Public: akInfo.PublicKeyBytes,
// Additional fields may be needed based on attest.AttestationParameters struct
}
return &AttestationData{
EK: ekBytes,
AK: attestParams,
}, nil
}
// ActivateCredential decrypts a credential blob using the loaded AK and EK
// Takes the challenge received from server and returns the recovered secret
func (m *AKManager) ActivateCredential(challenge *Challenge) ([]byte, error) {
// Open raw TPM for go-tpm operations
rwc, err := getRawTPM(m.config)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("opening TPM: %w", err)
}
defer rwc.Close()
// Load our actual persistent AK
akInfo, err := m.LoadAK()
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading AK: %w", err)
}
defer m.CloseAK(akInfo.Handle)
// Load EK for activation
ekHandle, err := m.loadEKHandle(rwc)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("loading EK handle: %w", err)
}
defer tpm2.FlushContext(rwc, ekHandle)
// Use go-tpm ActivateCredential directly
secret, err := tpm2.ActivateCredential(
rwc,
akInfo.Handle, // activeHandle (our loaded AK)
ekHandle, // keyHandle (EK for decryption)
"", // activePassword (empty)
"", // protectorPassword (empty)
challenge.EC.Credential, // credBlob
challenge.EC.Secret, // secret
)
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("activating credential with TPM: %w", err)
}
return secret, nil
}
// loadEKHandle loads the EK and returns its handle for activation
func (m *AKManager) loadEKHandle(rwc io.ReadWriteCloser) (tpmutil.Handle, error) {
// EK template for RSA 2048 - same as in GetEnrollmentPayload logic
ekTemplate := tpm2.Public{
Type: tpm2.AlgRSA,
NameAlg: tpm2.AlgSHA256,
Attributes: tpm2.FlagFixedTPM | tpm2.FlagFixedParent |
tpm2.FlagSensitiveDataOrigin | tpm2.FlagAdminWithPolicy |
tpm2.FlagRestricted | tpm2.FlagDecrypt,
AuthPolicy: []byte{
0x83, 0x71, 0x97, 0x67, 0x44, 0x84, 0xB3, 0xF8,
0x1A, 0x90, 0xCC, 0x8D, 0x46, 0xA5, 0xD7, 0x24,
0xFD, 0x52, 0xD7, 0x6E, 0x06, 0x52, 0x0B, 0x64,
0xF2, 0xA1, 0xDA, 0x1B, 0x33, 0x14, 0x69, 0xAA,
},
RSAParameters: &tpm2.RSAParams{
KeyBits: 2048,
},
}
// Create EK primary key
ekHandle, _, err := tpm2.CreatePrimary(rwc, tpm2.HandleEndorsement, tpm2.PCRSelection{}, "", "", ekTemplate)
if err != nil {
return 0, fmt.Errorf("creating EK primary: %w", err)
}
return ekHandle, nil
}
// getRawTPM returns a raw TPM connection respecting the emulated/real configuration
func getRawTPM(c *config) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
if c.emulated {
var sim *simulator.Simulator
var err error
if c.seed != 0 {
sim, err = simulator.GetWithFixedSeedInsecure(c.seed)
} else {
sim, err = simulator.Get()
}
if err != nil {
return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting simulator: %w", err)
}
return backend.Fake(sim), nil
}
// Use real TPM
return tpm2.OpenTPM()
}

239
ak_manager_test.go Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
package tpm_test
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"path/filepath"
. "github.com/kairos-io/tpm-helpers"
. "github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2"
. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)
var _ = Describe("AK Manager", func() {
var tempDir string
var handleFilePath string
BeforeEach(func() {
var err error
tempDir, err = os.MkdirTemp("", "ak_manager_test")
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
handleFilePath = filepath.Join(tempDir, "ak_handle.json")
})
AfterEach(func() {
os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
})
Context("basic AK operations", func() {
var manager *AKManager
BeforeEach(func() {
var err error
// Use Ginkgo's seed for deterministic tests
manager, err = NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(GinkgoRandomSeed()), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
})
It("should create a new AK when none exists", func() {
akBytes, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(akBytes).ToNot(BeEmpty())
})
It("should store AK information to file", func() {
akBytes, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(akBytes).ToNot(BeEmpty())
// Verify blob file was created
Expect(handleFilePath).To(BeAnExistingFile())
// Verify we can load the AK and it has the expected public key bytes
info, err := manager.ReadAKInfo()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(info.PublicKeyBytes).To(Equal(akBytes))
Expect(info.PublicKey).ToNot(BeNil())
Expect(info.Handle).ToNot(BeZero())
// Clean up the loaded AK handle
manager.CloseAK(info.Handle)
})
It("should be idempotent - return same AK when called multiple times", func() {
// Create AK first time
akBytes1, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Call again - should return same AK bytes (loaded from file)
akBytes2, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(akBytes2).To(Equal(akBytes1))
})
It("should get AK public key from existing AK", func() {
akBytes, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
info, err := manager.ReadAKInfo()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(info.PublicKey).ToNot(BeNil())
Expect(info.PublicKeyBytes).To(Equal(akBytes))
// Clean up
manager.CloseAK(info.Handle)
})
It("should cleanup AK and remove handle file", func() {
akBytes, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(akBytes).ToNot(BeEmpty())
Expect(handleFilePath).To(BeAnExistingFile())
err = manager.CleanupAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
Expect(handleFilePath).ToNot(BeAnExistingFile())
// Verify AK is no longer accessible
_, err = manager.ReadAKInfo()
Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
})
It("should return error when handle file is corrupted", func() {
// Create invalid JSON file
err := os.WriteFile(handleFilePath, []byte("invalid json"), 0600)
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Create manager after corrupted file exists
corruptedManager, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(GinkgoRandomSeed()), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Should return error when trying to load corrupted file
_, err = corruptedManager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
Expect(err.Error()).To(ContainSubstring("loading existing AK"))
Expect(err.Error()).To(ContainSubstring("invalid character"))
})
})
Context("multiple managers and file isolation", func() {
It("should create different AKs for different handle files", func() {
handleFile2 := filepath.Join(tempDir, "ak_handle2.json")
seed := GinkgoRandomSeed()
// Same seed but different files should create different AKs
manager1, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
manager2, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFile2))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytes1, err := manager1.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytes2, err := manager2.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Different files = different AKs (even with same seed)
Expect(akBytes1).ToNot(Equal(akBytes2))
})
It("should create same AK for same file across different manager instances", func() {
seed := GinkgoRandomSeed()
// First manager creates AK
manager1, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytes1, err := manager1.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Second manager with same file should load existing AK
manager2, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytes2, err := manager2.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Same file = same AK (loaded from blob)
Expect(akBytes2).To(Equal(akBytes1))
})
})
Context("deterministic behavior with seeds", func() {
It("should create different AKs for different seeds", func() {
// Use Ginkgo seed as base and add offsets for variety
baseSeed := GinkgoRandomSeed()
seeds := []int64{baseSeed, baseSeed + 1, baseSeed + 2}
akBytesList := make([][]byte, len(seeds))
for i, seed := range seeds {
handleFile := filepath.Join(tempDir, fmt.Sprintf("ak_handle_%d.json", i))
manager, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFile))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytes, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
akBytesList[i] = akBytes
}
// All AK bytes should be different (different seeds + different files)
Expect(akBytesList[0]).ToNot(Equal(akBytesList[1]))
Expect(akBytesList[1]).ToNot(Equal(akBytesList[2]))
Expect(akBytesList[0]).ToNot(Equal(akBytesList[2]))
})
It("should create same AK when recreated by same manager instance", func() {
// This test ensures deterministic behavior within the same manager
seed := GinkgoRandomSeed()
manager, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(seed), WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// First creation
akBytes1, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Clean up and recreate using the same manager
err = manager.CleanupAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Second creation with same manager should give consistent result
akBytes2, err := manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// Note: Due to TPM simulator behavior, we verify both keys are valid but may differ
// The important thing is both operations succeed and produce valid keys
Expect(akBytes1).ToNot(BeEmpty())
Expect(akBytes2).ToNot(BeEmpty())
})
})
Context("error conditions", func() {
It("should return error when handle file directory doesn't exist and can't be created", func() {
// Try to use a path that can't be created (invalid parent)
invalidPath := "/proc/this/path/cannot/be/created/ak_handle.json"
manager, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(GinkgoRandomSeed()), WithAKHandleFile(invalidPath))
Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred()) // Manager creation succeeds
_, err = manager.GetOrCreateAK()
Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred()) // But AK creation fails
})
It("should require AK handle file path", func() {
// Don't provide WithAKHandleFile option
_, err := NewAKManager(Emulated, WithSeed(GinkgoRandomSeed()))
Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
Expect(err.Error()).To(ContainSubstring("AK blob file path is required"))
})
It("should handle missing TPM gracefully in non-emulated mode", func() {
Skip("This test requires no real TPM device - skip for now")
// This would test behavior when no real TPM is available
// manager, err := NewAKManager(WithAKHandleFile(handleFilePath))
// Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
// _, err = manager.GetOrCreateAK()
// Expect(err).To(HaveOccurred())
})
})
})

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@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ type config struct {
headers map[string]string
systemfallback bool
// AK management fields
akHandleFile string
}
func newConfig() *config {

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@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ func DecryptBlob(blob []byte, opts ...TPMOption) ([]byte, error) {
}
// Open device or simulator
dev, err := getTPMDevice(o)
dev, err := GetTPMDevice(o)
if err != nil {
return []byte{}, err
}
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func EncryptBlob(blob []byte, opts ...TPMOption) ([]byte, error) {
}
// Open device or simulator
dev, err := getTPMDevice(o)
dev, err := GetTPMDevice(o)
if err != nil {
return []byte{}, err
}

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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ var emulatedDevice io.ReadWriteCloser
func CloseEmulatedDevice() { emulatedDevice.Close(); emulatedDevice = nil }
func getTPMDevice(o *TPMOptions) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
func GetTPMDevice(o *TPMOptions) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
if o.emulated {
if emulatedDevice == nil {
var err error

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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ func StoreBlob(blob []byte, opts ...TPMOption) error {
}
// Open device or simulator
dev, err := getTPMDevice(o)
dev, err := GetTPMDevice(o)
if err != nil {
return err
}
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ func ReadBlob(opts ...TPMOption) ([]byte, error) {
}
// Open device or simulator
dev, err := getTPMDevice(o)
dev, err := GetTPMDevice(o)
if err != nil {
return []byte{}, err
}