ColossalAI/docs/source/zh-Hans/features/mixed_precision_training_with_booster.md
flybird11111 295dd2d9fe
[zerobubble] rebase main (#6075)
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cast_to_fp8, cast_from_fp8, all_reduce_fp8

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* [Hoxfix] Fix CUDA_DEVICE_MAX_CONNECTIONS for comm overlap

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* [Feat] Diffusion Model(PixArtAlpha/StableDiffusion3) Support (#5838)

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* [Feature] Enable PP + SP for llama (#5868)

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* [ShardFormer] Add Ulysses Sequence Parallelism support for Command-R, Qwen2 and ChatGLM (#5897)

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* fix test data

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* [Hotfix] Fix ZeRO typo #5936

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* fix style

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* [lora] lora support hybrid parallel plugin (#5956)

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Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

* [ShardFormer] Add Ulysses Sequence Parallelism support for Command-R, Qwen2 and ChatGLM (#5897)

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* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

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* [zero] update api

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* [Auto Parallel]: Speed up intra-op plan generation by 44% (#5446)

* Remove unnecessary calls to deepcopy

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This change considerably speeds up construction speed of DimSpec objects. The difference_dict is the same for each DimSpec object, so a single copy of it is enough.

* Fix documentation of DimSpec's difference method

* [ShardFormer] fix qwen2 sp (#5903)

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set default value for 'default_conversation'

* [pre-commit.ci] auto fixes from pre-commit.com hooks

for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

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* fix test data

* refactor evaluation

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* [FIX BUG] convert env param to int in (#5934)

* [Hotfix] Fix ZeRO typo #5936

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for more information, see https://pre-commit.ci

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* fix style

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自动混合精度训练

作者: Mingyan Jiang

前置教程

相关论文

引言

AMP 代表自动混合精度训练。 在 Colossal-AI 中, 我们结合了混合精度训练的不同实现:

  1. torch.cuda.amp
  2. apex.amp
  3. naive amp
Colossal-AI 支持张量并行 支持流水并行 fp16 范围
AMP_TYPE.TORCH 在前向和反向传播期间,模型参数、激活和梯度向下转换至 fp16
AMP_TYPE.APEX 更细粒度,我们可以选择 opt_level O0, O1, O2, O3
AMP_TYPE.NAIVE 模型参数、前向和反向操作,全都向下转换至 fp16

前两个依赖于 PyTorch (1.6 及以上) 和 NVIDIA Apex 的原始实现。最后一种方法类似 Apex O2。在这些方法中Apex-AMP 与张量并行不兼容。这是因为张量是以张量并行的方式在设备之间拆分的,因此,需要在不同的进程之间进行通信,以检查整个模型权重中是否出现 inf 或 nan。我们修改了 torch amp 实现,使其现在与张量并行兼容。

fp16 与 ZeRO 不兼容

⚠️ 流水并行目前仅支持 naive amp

我们建议使用 torch AMP因为在不使用流水并行时它通常比 NVIDIA AMP 提供更好的准确性。

目录

在本教程中,我们将介绍:

  1. AMP 介绍
  2. Colossal-AI 中的 AMP
  3. 练习实例

AMP 介绍

自动混合精度训练是混合 FP16 和 FP32 训练。

半精度浮点格式FP16具有较低的算法复杂度和较高的计算效率。此外FP16 仅需要 FP32 所需的一半存储空间,并节省了内存和网络带宽,从而为大 batch size 和大模型提供了更多内存。

然而,还有其他操作,如缩减,需要 FP32 的动态范围,以避免数值溢出/下溢。因此,我们引入自动混合精度,尝试将每个操作与其相应的数据类型相匹配,这可以减少内存占用并提高训练效率。

AMP 示意图 (图片来自 PatrickStar 论文)

Colossal-AI 中的 AMP

我们支持三种 AMP 训练方法,并允许用户在没有改变代码的情况下使用 AMP 进行训练。booster 支持 amp 特性注入,如果您要使用混合精度训练,则在创建 booster 实例时指定mixed_precision参数; 后续将会拓展bf16.

我们目前只支持Linear层的fp8混合精度训练,如果您需要使用,请在创建 plugin实例时指定use_fp8参数。

为了减少低带宽场景下多机之间的通讯负载我们还支持了FP8通讯。如果您需要使用请在创建 plugin实例时指定fp8_communication参数。

booster 启动方式

您可以在创建 booster 实例时,指定mixed_precision="fp16"即使用 torch amp。

"""
    初始化映射关系如下:
    'fp16': torch amp
    'fp16_apex': apex amp,
    'bf16': bf16,
    'fp16_naive': naive amp
"""
from colossalai import Booster
booster = Booster(mixed_precision='fp16',...)

或者您可以自定义一个FP16TorchMixedPrecision对象,如

from colossalai.mixed_precision import FP16TorchMixedPrecision
mixed_precision = FP16TorchMixedPrecision(
    init_scale=2.**16,
    growth_factor=2.0,
    backoff_factor=0.5,
    growth_interval=2000)
booster = Booster(mixed_precision=mixed_precision,...)

其他类型的 amp 使用方式也是一样的。

Torch AMP 配置

{{ autodoc:colossalai.booster.mixed_precision.FP16TorchMixedPrecision }}

Apex AMP 配置

对于这种模式,我们依靠 Apex 实现混合精度训练。我们支持这个插件,因为它允许对混合精度的粒度进行更精细的控制。 例如, O2 水平 (优化器水平 2) 将保持 batch normalization 为 FP32。

如果你想了解更多细节,请参考 Apex Documentation

{{ autodoc:colossalai.booster.mixed_precision.FP16ApexMixedPrecision }}

Naive AMP 配置

在 Naive AMP 模式中, 我们实现了混合精度训练,同时保持了与复杂张量和流水并行的兼容性。该 AMP 模式将所有操作转为 FP16 。下列代码块展示了该模式的 booster 启动方式。

{{ autodoc:colossalai.booster.mixed_precision.FP16NaiveMixedPrecision }}

当使用colossalai.booster时, 首先需要实例化一个模型、一个优化器和一个标准。将输出模型转换为内存消耗较小的 AMP 模型。如果您的输入模型已经太大,无法放置在 GPU 中,请使用dtype=torch.float16实例化你的模型。或者请尝试更小的模型,或尝试更多的并行化训练技术!

FP8通讯

在低带宽场景下为了减少多机间的通讯负载我们支持使用FP8的形式对通讯进行压缩可以在初始化plugin实例GeminiPlugin时使用fp8_communication=True来启用。此时多机之间all-to-all, all-gather以及P2P操作将使用FP8的格式进行数据传输。受限于NCCL库的支持目前不支持缩减(Reduction)算子如Allreduce, ReduceScatter的FP8通讯。

实例

下面我们将展现如何在 Colossal-AI 使用 AMP。在该例程中我们使用 Torch AMP.

步骤 1. 在 train.py 导入相关库

创建train.py并导入必要依赖. 请记得通过命令pip install timm scipy安装scipytimm

import os
from pathlib import Path

import torch
from timm.models import vit_base_patch16_224
from titans.utils import barrier_context
from torchvision import datasets, transforms

import colossalai
from colossalai.booster import Booster
from colossalai.booster.plugin import TorchDDPPlugin
from colossalai.logging import get_dist_logger
from colossalai.nn.lr_scheduler import LinearWarmupLR

步骤 2. 初始化分布式环境

我们需要初始化分布式环境。为了快速演示,我们使用launch_from_torch。你可以参考 Launch Colossal-AI 使用其他初始化方法。

# 初始化分布式设置
parser = colossalai.get_default_parser()
args = parser.parse_args()

# launch from torch
colossalai.launch_from_torch()

步骤 3. 创建训练组件

构建你的模型、优化器、损失函数、学习率调整器和数据加载器。注意数据集的路径从环境变量DATA获得。你可以通过 export DATA=/path/to/dataPath(os.environ['DATA']) 在你的机器上设置路径。数据将会被自动下载到该路径。

# define the constants
NUM_EPOCHS = 2
BATCH_SIZE = 128
# build model
model = vit_base_patch16_224(drop_rate=0.1)

# build dataloader
train_dataset = datasets.Caltech101(
    root=Path(os.environ['DATA']),
    download=True,
    transform=transforms.Compose([
        transforms.Resize(256),
        transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224),
        transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
        transforms.ToTensor(),
        Gray2RGB(),
        transforms.Normalize([0.5, 0.5, 0.5],
                                [0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
    ]))

# build optimizer
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(model.parameters(), lr=1e-2, weight_decay=0.1)

# build loss
criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()

# lr_scheduler
lr_scheduler = LinearWarmupLR(optimizer, warmup_steps=50, total_steps=NUM_EPOCHS)

步骤 4. 插入 AMP

创建一个 MixedPrecision 对象(如果需要)及 torchDDPPlugin 对象,调用 colossalai.boost 将所有训练组件转为为 FP16 模式.

plugin = TorchDDPPlugin()
train_dataloader = plugin.prepare_dataloader(train_dataset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True, drop_last=True)
booster = Booster(mixed_precision='fp16', plugin=plugin)

# if you need to customize the config, do like this
# >>> from colossalai.mixed_precision import FP16TorchMixedPrecision
# >>> mixed_precision = FP16TorchMixedPrecision(
# >>>     init_scale=2.**16,
# >>>     growth_factor=2.0,
# >>>     backoff_factor=0.5,
# >>>     growth_interval=2000)
# >>> plugin = TorchDDPPlugin()
# >>> booster = Booster(mixed_precision=mixed_precision, plugin=plugin)

# boost model, optimizer, criterion, dataloader, lr_scheduler
model, optimizer, criterion, dataloader, lr_scheduler = booster.boost(model, optimizer, criterion, dataloader, lr_scheduler)

步骤 5. 使用 booster 训练

使用 booster 构建一个普通的训练循环。

model.train()
for epoch in range(NUM_EPOCHS):
    for img, label in enumerate(train_dataloader):
        img = img.cuda()
        label = label.cuda()
        optimizer.zero_grad()
        output = model(img)
        loss = criterion(output, label)
        booster.backward(loss, optimizer)
        optimizer.step()
    lr_scheduler.step()

步骤 6. 启动训练脚本

使用下列命令启动训练脚本,你可以改变 --nproc_per_node 以使用不同数量的 GPU。

colossalai run --nproc_per_node 1 train.py