kata-containers/docs/how-to/how-to-run-rootless-vmm.md

Introduction

To improve security, Kata Container supports running the VMM process (QEMU and cloud-hypervisor) as a non-root user. This document describes how to enable the rootless VMM mode and its limitations.

Pre-requisites

The permission and ownership of the kvm device node (/dev/kvm) need to be configured to:

$ crw-rw---- 1 root kvm

use the following commands:

$ sudo groupadd kvm -r
$ sudo chown root:kvm /dev/kvm
$ sudo chmod 660 /dev/kvm

Configure rootless VMM

By default, the VMM process still runs as the root user. There are two ways to enable rootless VMM:

1. Set the rootless flag to true in the hypervisor section of configuration.toml.
2. Set the Kubernetes annotation io.katacontainers.hypervisor.rootless to true.

Implementation details

When rootless flag is enabled, upon a request to create a Pod, Kata Containers runtime creates a random user and group (e.g. kata-123), and uses them to start the hypervisor process. The kvm group is also given to the hypervisor process as a supplemental group to give the hypervisor process access to the /dev/kvm device. Another necessary change is to move the hypervisor runtime files (e.g. vhost-fs.sock, qmp.sock) to a directory (under /run/user/[uid]/) where only the non-root hypervisor has access to.

Limitations

1. Only the VMM process is running as a non-root user. Other processes such as Kata Container shimv2 and virtiofsd still run as the root user.
2. Currently, this feature is only supported in QEMU and cloud-hypervisor. For firecracker, you can use jailer to run the VMM process with a non-root user.
3. Certain features will not work when rootless VMM is enabled, including:
   1. Passing devices to the guest (virtio-blk, virtio-scsi) will not work if the non-privileged user does not have permission to access it (leading to a permission denied error). A more permissive permission (e.g. 666) may overcome this issue. However, you need to be aware of the potential security implications of reducing the security on such devices.
   2. vfio device will also not work because of permission denied error.