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{
"ImportPath": "github.com/skratchdot/open-golang/open",
"Rev": "ba570a111973b539baf23c918213059543b5bb6e"
},
"ImportPath": "github.com/spf13/cobra",
"Rev": "b1e90a7943957b51bb96a13b44b844475bcf95c0"
},
{
"ImportPath": "github.com/spf13/pflag",
"Rev": "463bdc838f2b35e9307e91d480878bda5fff7232"
},
{
"ImportPath": "github.com/stretchr/objx",

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# Compiled Object files, Static and Dynamic libs (Shared Objects)
*.o
*.a
*.so
# Folders
_obj
_test
# Architecture specific extensions/prefixes
*.[568vq]
[568vq].out
*.cgo1.go
*.cgo2.c
_cgo_defun.c
_cgo_gotypes.go
_cgo_export.*
_testmain.go
*.exe
cobra.test

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language: go
go:
- 1.1
script:
- go test ./...
- go build

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# Cobra
A Commander for modern go CLI interactions
[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/spf13/cobra.png)](https://travis-ci.org/spf13/cobra)
## Overview
Cobra is a commander providing a simple interface to create powerful modern CLI
interfaces similar to git & go tools. In addition to providing an interface, Cobra
simultaneously provides a controller to organize your application code.
Inspired by go, go-Commander, gh and subcommand, Cobra improves on these by
providing **fully posix compliant flags** (including short & long versions),
**nesting commands**, and the ability to **define your own help and usage** for any or
all commands.
Cobra has an exceptionally clean interface and simple design without needless
constructors or initialization methods.
Applications built with Cobra commands are designed to be as user friendly as
possible. Flags can be placed before or after the command (as long as a
confusing space isn’t provided). Both short and long flags can be used. A
command need not even be fully typed. The shortest unambiguous string will
suffice. Help is automatically generated and available for the application or
for a specific command using either the help command or the --help flag.
## Concepts
Cobra is built on a structure of commands & flags.
**Commands** represent actions and **Flags** are modifiers for those actions.
In the following example 'server' is a command and 'port' is a flag.
hugo server --port=1313
### Commands
Command is the central point of the application. Each interaction that
the application supports will be contained in a Command. A command can
have children commands and optionally run an action.
In the example above 'server' is the command
A Command has the following structure:
type Command struct {
Use string // The one-line usage message.
Short string // The short description shown in the 'help' output.
Long string // The long message shown in the 'help <this-command>' output.
Run func(cmd *Command, args []string) // Run runs the command.
}
### Flags
A Flag is a way to modify the behavior of an command. Cobra supports
fully posix compliant flags as well as the go flag package.
A Cobra command can define flags that persist through to children commands
and flags that are only available to that command.
In the example above 'port' is the flag.
Flag functionality is provided by the [pflag
libary](https://github.com/ogier/pflag), a fork of the flag standard library
which maintains the same interface while adding posix compliance.
## Usage
Cobra works by creating a set of commands and then organizing them into a tree.
The tree defines the structure of the application.
Once each command is defined with it's corresponding flags, then the
tree is assigned to the commander which is finally executed.
### Installing
Using Cobra is easy. First use go get to install the latest version
of the library.
$ go get github.com/spf13/cobra
Next include cobra in your application.
import "github.com/spf13/cobra"
### Create the root command
The root command represents your binary itself.
Cobra doesn't require any special constructors. Simply create your commands.
var HugoCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "hugo",
Short: "Hugo is a very fast static site generator",
Long: `A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with
love by spf13 and friends in Go.
Complete documentation is available at http://hugo.spf13.com`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
// Do Stuff Here
},
}
### Create additional commands
Additional commands can be defined.
var versionCmd = &cobra.Command{
Use: "version",
Short: "Print the version number of Hugo",
Long: `All software has versions. This is Hugo's`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Hugo Static Site Generator v0.9 -- HEAD")
},
}
### Attach command to its parent
In this example we are attaching it to the root, but commands can be attached at any level.
HugoCmd.AddCommand(versionCmd)
### Assign flags to a command
Since the flags are defined and used in different locations, we need to define a variable outside with the correct scope to assign the flag to work with.
var Verbose bool
var Source string
There are two different approaches to assign a flag.
#### Persistent Flags
A flag can be 'persistent' meaning that this flag will be available to the
command it's assigned to as well as every command under that command. For
global flags assign a flag as a persistent flag on the root.
HugoCmd.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&Verbose, "verbose", "v", false, "verbose output")
#### Local Flags
A flag can also be assigned locally which will only apply to that specific command.
HugoCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&Source, "source", "s", "", "Source directory to read from")
### Once all commands and flags are defined, Execute the commands
Execute should be run on the root for clarity, though it can be called on any command.
HugoCmd.Execute()
## Example
In the example below we have defined three commands. Two are at the top level
and one (cmdTimes) is a child of one of the top commands. In this case the root
is not executable meaning that a subcommand is required. This is accomplished
by not providing a 'Run' for the 'rootCmd'.
We have only defined one flag for a single command.
More documentation about flags is available at https://github.com/spf13/pflag
import(
"github.com/spf13/cobra"
"fmt"
"strings"
)
func main() {
var echoTimes int
var cmdPrint = &cobra.Command{
Use: "print [string to print]",
Short: "Print anything to the screen",
Long: `print is for printing anything back to the screen.
For many years people have printed back to the screen.
`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
},
}
var cmdEcho = &cobra.Command{
Use: "echo [string to echo]",
Short: "Echo anything to the screen",
Long: `echo is for echoing anything back.
Echo works a lot like print, except it has a child command.
`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
fmt.Println("Print: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
},
}
var cmdTimes = &cobra.Command{
Use: "times [# times] [string to echo]",
Short: "Echo anything to the screen more times",
Long: `echo things multiple times back to the user by providing
a count and a string.`,
Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
for i:=0; i < echoTimes; i++ {
fmt.Println("Echo: " + strings.Join(args, " "))
}
},
}
cmdTimes.Flags().IntVarP(&echoTimes, "times", "t", 1, "times to echo the input")
var rootCmd = &cobra.Command{Use: "app"}
rootCmd.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho)
cmdEcho.AddCommand(cmdTimes)
rootCmd.Execute()
}
For a more complete example of a larger application, please checkout [Hugo](http://hugo.spf13.com)
## The Help Command
Cobra automatically adds a help command to your application.
This will be called when a user runs 'app help'. Additionally help will also
support all other commands as input. Say for instance you have a command called
'create' without any additional configuration cobra will work when 'app help
create' is called.
### Example
The following output is automatically generated by cobra. Nothing beyond the
command and flag definitions are needed.
> hugo help
A Fast and Flexible Static Site Generator built with
love by spf13 and friends in Go.
Complete documentation is available at http://hugo.spf13.com
Usage:
hugo [flags]
hugo [command]
Available Commands:
server :: Hugo runs it's own a webserver to render the files
version :: Print the version number of Hugo
check :: Check content in the source directory
benchmark :: Benchmark hugo by building a site a number of times
help [command] :: Help about any command
Available Flags:
-b, --base-url="": hostname (and path) to the root eg. http://spf13.com/
-D, --build-drafts=false: include content marked as draft
--config="": config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)
-d, --destination="": filesystem path to write files to
-s, --source="": filesystem path to read files relative from
--stepAnalysis=false: display memory and timing of different steps of the program
--uglyurls=false: if true, use /filename.html instead of /filename/
-v, --verbose=false: verbose output
-w, --watch=false: watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed
Use "hugo help [command]" for more information about that command.
Help is just a command like any other. There is no special logic or behavior
around it. In fact you can provide your own if you want.
### Defining your own help
You can provide your own Help command or you own template for the default command to use.
The default help command is
func (c *Command) initHelp() {
if c.helpCommand == nil {
c.helpCommand = &Command{
Use: "help [command]",
Short: "Help about any command",
Long: `Help provides help for any command in the application.
Simply type ` + c.Name() + ` help [path to command] for full details.`,
Run: c.HelpFunc(),
}
}
c.AddCommand(c.helpCommand)
}
You can provide your own command, function or template through the following methods.
command.SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command)
command.SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string))
command.SetHelpTemplate(s string)
The latter two will also apply to any children commands.
## Usage
When the user provides an invalid flag or invalid command Cobra responds by
showing the user the 'usage'
### Example
You may recognize this from the help above. That's because the default help
embeds the usage as part of it's output.
Usage:
hugo [flags]
hugo [command]
Available Commands:
server Hugo runs it's own a webserver to render the files
version Print the version number of Hugo
check Check content in the source directory
benchmark Benchmark hugo by building a site a number of times
help [command] Help about any command
Available Flags:
-b, --base-url="": hostname (and path) to the root eg. http://spf13.com/
-D, --build-drafts=false: include content marked as draft
--config="": config file (default is path/config.yaml|json|toml)
-d, --destination="": filesystem path to write files to
-s, --source="": filesystem path to read files relative from
--stepAnalysis=false: display memory and timing of different steps of the program
--uglyurls=false: if true, use /filename.html instead of /filename/
-v, --verbose=false: verbose output
-w, --watch=false: watch filesystem for changes and recreate as needed
### Defining your own usage
You can provide your own usage function or template for cobra to use.
The default usage function is
return func(c *Command) error {
err := tmpl(c.Out(), c.UsageTemplate(), c)
return err
}
Like help the function and template are over ridable through public methods.
command.SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error)
command.SetUsageTemplate(s string)
## Debugging
Cobra provides a ‘DebugFlags’ method on a command which when called will print
out everything Cobra knows about the flags for each command
### Example
command.DebugFlags()
## Release Notes
* **0.9.0** June 17, 2014
* flags can appears anywhere in the args (provided they are unambiguous)
* --help prints usage screen for app or command
* Prefix matching for commands
* Cleaner looking help and usage output
* Extensive test suite
* **0.8.0** Nov 5, 2013
* Reworked interface to remove commander completely
* Command now primary structure
* No initialization needed
* Usage & Help templates & functions definable at any level
* Updated Readme
* **0.7.0** Sept 24, 2013
* Needs more eyes
* Test suite
* Support for automatic error messages
* Support for help command
* Support for printing to any io.Writer instead of os.Stderr
* Support for persistent flags which cascade down tree
* Ready for integration into Hugo
* **0.1.0** Sept 3, 2013
* Implement first draft
## ToDo
* Launch proper documentation site
## Contributing
1. Fork it
2. Create your feature branch (`git checkout -b my-new-feature`)
3. Commit your changes (`git commit -am 'Add some feature'`)
4. Push to the branch (`git push origin my-new-feature`)
5. Create new Pull Request
## Contributors
Names in no particular order:
* [spf13](https://github.com/spf13)
## License
Cobra is released under the Apache 2.0 license. See [LICENSE.txt](https://github.com/spf13/cobra/blob/master/LICENSE.txt)
[![Bitdeli Badge](https://d2weczhvl823v0.cloudfront.net/spf13/cobra/trend.png)](https://bitdeli.com/free "Bitdeli Badge")

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// Copyright © 2013 Steve Francia <spf@spf13.com>.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// Commands similar to git, go tools and other modern CLI tools
// inspired by go, go-Commander, gh and subcommand
package cobra
import (
"fmt"
"io"
"reflect"
"strconv"
"strings"
"text/template"
)
var initializers []func()
// automatic prefix matching can be a dangerous thing to automatically enable in CLI tools.
// Set this to true to enable it
var EnablePrefixMatching bool = false
func OnInitialize(y ...func()) {
for _, x := range y {
initializers = append(initializers, x)
}
}
func Gt(a interface{}, b interface{}) bool {
var left, right int64
av := reflect.ValueOf(a)
switch av.Kind() {
case reflect.Array, reflect.Chan, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
left = int64(av.Len())
case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
left = av.Int()
case reflect.String:
left, _ = strconv.ParseInt(av.String(), 10, 64)
}
bv := reflect.ValueOf(b)
switch bv.Kind() {
case reflect.Array, reflect.Chan, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
right = int64(bv.Len())
case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
right = bv.Int()
case reflect.String:
right, _ = strconv.ParseInt(bv.String(), 10, 64)
}
return left > right
}
func Eq(a interface{}, b interface{}) bool {
av := reflect.ValueOf(a)
bv := reflect.ValueOf(b)
switch av.Kind() {
case reflect.Array, reflect.Chan, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
panic("Eq called on unsupported type")
case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
return av.Int() == bv.Int()
case reflect.String:
return av.String() == bv.String()
}
return false
}
func rpad(s string, padding int) string {
template := fmt.Sprintf("%%-%ds", padding)
return fmt.Sprintf(template, s)
}
// tmpl executes the given template text on data, writing the result to w.
func tmpl(w io.Writer, text string, data interface{}) error {
t := template.New("top")
t.Funcs(template.FuncMap{
"trim": strings.TrimSpace,
"rpad": rpad,
"gt": Gt,
"eq": Eq,
})
template.Must(t.Parse(text))
return t.Execute(w, data)
}

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package cobra
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"strings"
"testing"
)
var _ = fmt.Println
var tp, te, tt, t1 []string
var flagb1, flagb2, flagb3, flagbr bool
var flags1, flags2, flags3 string
var flagi1, flagi2, flagi3, flagir int
var globalFlag1 bool
var flagEcho, rootcalled bool
var cmdPrint = &Command{
Use: "print [string to print]",
Short: "Print anything to the screen",
Long: `an utterly useless command for testing.`,
Run: func(cmd *Command, args []string) {
tp = args
},
}
var cmdEcho = &Command{
Use: "echo [string to echo]",
Aliases: []string{"say"},
Short: "Echo anything to the screen",
Long: `an utterly useless command for testing.`,
Run: func(cmd *Command, args []string) {
te = args
},
}
var cmdTimes = &Command{
Use: "times [# times] [string to echo]",
Short: "Echo anything to the screen more times",
Long: `an slightly useless command for testing.`,
Run: func(cmd *Command, args []string) {
tt = args
},
}
var cmdRootNoRun = &Command{
Use: "cobra-test",
Short: "The root can run it's own function",
Long: "The root description for help",
}
var cmdRootSameName = &Command{
Use: "print",
Short: "Root with the same name as a subcommand",
Long: "The root description for help",
}
var cmdRootWithRun = &Command{
Use: "cobra-test",
Short: "The root can run it's own function",
Long: "The root description for help",
Run: func(cmd *Command, args []string) {
rootcalled = true
},
}
func flagInit() {
cmdEcho.ResetFlags()
cmdPrint.ResetFlags()
cmdTimes.ResetFlags()
cmdRootNoRun.ResetFlags()
cmdRootSameName.ResetFlags()
cmdRootWithRun.ResetFlags()
cmdEcho.Flags().IntVarP(&flagi1, "intone", "i", 123, "help message for flag intone")
cmdTimes.Flags().IntVarP(&flagi2, "inttwo", "j", 234, "help message for flag inttwo")
cmdPrint.Flags().IntVarP(&flagi3, "intthree", "i", 345, "help message for flag intthree")
cmdEcho.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags1, "strone", "s", "one", "help message for flag strone")
cmdTimes.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags2, "strtwo", "t", "two", "help message for flag strtwo")
cmdPrint.PersistentFlags().StringVarP(&flags3, "strthree", "s", "three", "help message for flag strthree")
cmdEcho.Flags().BoolVarP(&flagb1, "boolone", "b", true, "help message for flag boolone")
cmdTimes.Flags().BoolVarP(&flagb2, "booltwo", "c", false, "help message for flag booltwo")
cmdPrint.Flags().BoolVarP(&flagb3, "boolthree", "b", true, "help message for flag boolthree")
}
func commandInit() {
cmdEcho.ResetCommands()
cmdPrint.ResetCommands()
cmdTimes.ResetCommands()
cmdRootNoRun.ResetCommands()
cmdRootSameName.ResetCommands()
cmdRootWithRun.ResetCommands()
}
func initialize() *Command {
tt, tp, te = nil, nil, nil
var c = cmdRootNoRun
flagInit()
commandInit()
return c
}
func initializeWithSameName() *Command {
tt, tp, te = nil, nil, nil
var c = cmdRootSameName
flagInit()
commandInit()
return c
}
func initializeWithRootCmd() *Command {
cmdRootWithRun.ResetCommands()
tt, tp, te, rootcalled = nil, nil, nil, false
flagInit()
cmdRootWithRun.Flags().BoolVarP(&flagbr, "boolroot", "b", false, "help message for flag boolroot")
cmdRootWithRun.Flags().IntVarP(&flagir, "introot", "i", 321, "help message for flag introot")
commandInit()
return cmdRootWithRun
}
type resulter struct {
Error error
Output string
Command *Command
}
func fullSetupTest(input string) resulter {
c := initializeWithRootCmd()
return fullTester(c, input)
}
func noRRSetupTest(input string) resulter {
c := initialize()
return fullTester(c, input)
}
func fullTester(c *Command, input string) resulter {
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
// Testing flag with invalid input
c.SetOutput(buf)
cmdEcho.AddCommand(cmdTimes)
c.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho)
c.SetArgs(strings.Split(input, " "))
err := c.Execute()
output := buf.String()
return resulter{err, output, c}
}
func checkResultContains(t *testing.T, x resulter, check string) {
if !strings.Contains(x.Output, check) {
t.Errorf("Unexpected response.\nExpecting to contain: \n %q\nGot:\n %q\n", check, x.Output)
}
}
func checkOutputContains(t *testing.T, c *Command, check string) {
buf := new(bytes.Buffer)
c.SetOutput(buf)
c.Execute()
if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), check) {
t.Errorf("Unexpected response.\nExpecting to contain: \n %q\nGot:\n %q\n", check, buf.String())
}
}
func TestSingleCommand(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("print one two")
if te != nil || tt != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tp == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tp, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
}
func TestChildCommand(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("echo times one two")
if te != nil || tp != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tt == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
}
func TestCommandAlias(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("say times one two")
if te != nil || tp != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tt == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
}
func TestPrefixMatching(t *testing.T) {
EnablePrefixMatching = true
noRRSetupTest("ech times one two")
if te != nil || tp != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tt == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
EnablePrefixMatching = false
}
func TestNoPrefixMatching(t *testing.T) {
EnablePrefixMatching = false
noRRSetupTest("ech times one two")
if !(tt == nil && te == nil && tp == nil) {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
}
func TestAliasPrefixMatching(t *testing.T) {
EnablePrefixMatching = true
noRRSetupTest("sa times one two")
if te != nil || tp != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tt == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
EnablePrefixMatching = false
}
func TestChildSameName(t *testing.T) {
c := initializeWithSameName()
c.AddCommand(cmdPrint, cmdEcho)
c.SetArgs(strings.Split("print one two", " "))
c.Execute()
if te != nil || tt != nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if tp == nil {
t.Error("Wrong command called")
}
if strings.Join(tp, " ") != "one two" {
t.Error("Command didn't parse correctly")
}
}
func TestFlagLong(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("echo --intone=13 something here")
if strings.Join(te, " ") != "something here" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", te)
}
if flagi1 != 13 {
t.Errorf("int flag didn't get correct value, had %d", flagi1)
}
if flagi2 != 234 {
t.Errorf("default flag value changed, 234 expected, %d given", flagi2)
}
}
func TestFlagShort(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("echo -i13 something here")
if strings.Join(te, " ") != "something here" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", te)
}
if flagi1 != 13 {
t.Errorf("int flag didn't get correct value, had %d", flagi1)
}
if flagi2 != 234 {
t.Errorf("default flag value changed, 234 expected, %d given", flagi2)
}
noRRSetupTest("echo -i 13 something here")
if strings.Join(te, " ") != "something here" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", te)
}
if flagi1 != 13 {
t.Errorf("int flag didn't get correct value, had %d", flagi1)
}
if flagi2 != 234 {
t.Errorf("default flag value changed, 234 expected, %d given", flagi2)
}
noRRSetupTest("print -i99 one two")
if strings.Join(tp, " ") != "one two" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", tp)
}
if flagi3 != 99 {
t.Errorf("int flag didn't get correct value, had %d", flagi3)
}
if flagi1 != 123 {
t.Errorf("default flag value changed on different command with same shortname, 234 expected, %d given", flagi2)
}
}
func TestChildCommandFlags(t *testing.T) {
noRRSetupTest("echo times -j 99 one two")
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "one two" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", tt)
}
// Testing with flag that shouldn't be persistent
r := noRRSetupTest("echo times -j 99 -i77 one two")
if r.Error == nil {
t.Errorf("invalid flag should generate error")
}
if !strings.Contains(r.Output, "unknown shorthand") {
t.Errorf("Wrong error message displayed, \n %s", r.Output)
}
if flagi2 != 99 {
t.Errorf("flag value should be 99, %d given", flagi2)
}
if flagi1 != 123 {
t.Errorf("unset flag should have default value, expecting 123, given %d", flagi1)
}
// Testing with flag only existing on child
r = noRRSetupTest("echo -j 99 -i77 one two")
if r.Error == nil {
t.Errorf("invalid flag should generate error")
}
if !strings.Contains(r.Output, "intone=123") {
t.Errorf("Wrong error message displayed, \n %s", r.Output)
}
// Testing flag with invalid input
r = noRRSetupTest("echo -i10E")
if r.Error == nil {
t.Errorf("invalid input should generate error")
}
if !strings.Contains(r.Output, "invalid argument \"10E\" for -i10E") {
t.Errorf("Wrong error message displayed, \n %s", r.Output)
}
}
func TestTrailingCommandFlags(t *testing.T) {
x := fullSetupTest("echo two -x")
if x.Error == nil {
t.Errorf("invalid flag should generate error")
}
}
func TestPersistentFlags(t *testing.T) {
fullSetupTest("echo -s something more here")
// persistentFlag should act like normal flag on it's own command
if strings.Join(te, " ") != "more here" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", te)
}
// persistentFlag should act like normal flag on it's own command
if flags1 != "something" {
t.Errorf("string flag didn't get correct value, had %v", flags1)
}
fullSetupTest("echo times -s again -c test here")
if strings.Join(tt, " ") != "test here" {
t.Errorf("flags didn't leave proper args remaining..%s given", tt)
}
if flags1 != "again" {
t.Errorf("string flag didn't get correct value, had %v", flags1)
}
if flagb2 != true {
t.Errorf("local flag not parsed correctly. Expected false, had %v", flagb2)
}
}
func TestHelpCommand(t *testing.T) {
c := fullSetupTest("help echo")
checkResultContains(t, c, cmdEcho.Long)
r := fullSetupTest("help echo times")
checkResultContains(t, r, cmdTimes.Long)
}
func TestRunnableRootCommand(t *testing.T) {
fullSetupTest("")
if rootcalled != true {
t.Errorf("Root Function was not called")
}
}
func TestRootFlags(t *testing.T) {
fullSetupTest("-i 17 -b")
if flagbr != true {
t.Errorf("flag value should be true, %v given", flagbr)
}
if flagir != 17 {
t.Errorf("flag value should be 17, %d given", flagir)
}
}
func TestRootHelp(t *testing.T) {
x := fullSetupTest("--help")
checkResultContains(t, x, "Available Commands:")
if strings.Contains(x.Output, "unknown flag: --help") {
t.Errorf("--help shouldn't trigger an error, Got: \n %s", x.Output)
}
x = fullSetupTest("echo --help")
checkResultContains(t, x, "Available Commands:")
if strings.Contains(x.Output, "unknown flag: --help") {
t.Errorf("--help shouldn't trigger an error, Got: \n %s", x.Output)
}
}
func TestFlagsBeforeCommand(t *testing.T) {
// short without space
x := fullSetupTest("-i10 echo")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %q", x.Error)
}
// short (int) with equals
// It appears that pflags doesn't support this...
// Commenting out until support can be added
//x = noRRSetupTest("echo -i=10")
//if x.Error != nil {
//t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %s", x.Error)
//}
// long with equals
x = noRRSetupTest("--intone=123 echo one two")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %s", x.Error)
}
// With parsing error properly reported
x = fullSetupTest("-i10E echo")
if !strings.Contains(x.Output, "invalid argument \"10E\" for -i10E") {
t.Errorf("Wrong error message displayed, \n %s", x.Output)
}
//With quotes
x = fullSetupTest("-s=\"walking\" echo")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %q", x.Error)
}
//With quotes and space
x = fullSetupTest("-s=\"walking fast\" echo")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %q", x.Error)
}
//With inner quote
x = fullSetupTest("-s=\"walking \\\"Inner Quote\\\" fast\" echo")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %q", x.Error)
}
//With quotes and space
x = fullSetupTest("-s=\"walking \\\"Inner Quote\\\" fast\" echo")
if x.Error != nil {
t.Errorf("Valid Input shouldn't have errors, got:\n %q", x.Error)
}
}

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// Copyright © 2013 Steve Francia <spf@spf13.com>.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
// Commands similar to git, go tools and other modern CLI tools
// inspired by go, go-Commander, gh and subcommand
package cobra
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"strings"
flag "github.com/spf13/pflag"
)
// Command is just that, a command for your application.
// eg. 'go run' ... 'run' is the command. Cobra requires
// you to define the usage and description as part of your command
// definition to ensure usability.
type Command struct {
// Name is the command name, usually the executable's name.
name string
// The one-line usage message.
Use string
// An array of aliases that can be used instead of the first word in Use.
Aliases []string
// The short description shown in the 'help' output.
Short string
// The long message shown in the 'help <this-command>' output.
Long string
// Set of flags specific to this command.
flags *flag.FlagSet
// Set of flags children commands will inherit
pflags *flag.FlagSet
// Run runs the command.
// The args are the arguments after the command name.
Run func(cmd *Command, args []string)
// Commands is the list of commands supported by this program.
commands []*Command
// Parent Command for this command
parent *Command
// max lengths of commands' string lengths for use in padding
commandsMaxUseLen int
commandsMaxCommandPathLen int
flagErrorBuf *bytes.Buffer
args []string
output *io.Writer // nil means stderr; use Out() method instead
usageFunc func(*Command) error // Usage can be defined by application
usageTemplate string // Can be defined by Application
helpTemplate string // Can be defined by Application
helpFunc func(*Command, []string) // Help can be defined by application
helpCommand *Command // The help command
helpFlagVal bool
}
// os.Args[1:] by default, if desired, can be overridden
// particularly useful when testing.
func (c *Command) SetArgs(a []string) {
c.args = a
}
func (c *Command) Out() io.Writer {
if c.output != nil {
return *c.output
}
if c.HasParent() {
return c.parent.Out()
} else {
return os.Stderr
}
}
// SetOutput sets the destination for usage and error messages.
// If output is nil, os.Stderr is used.
func (c *Command) SetOutput(output io.Writer) {
c.output = &output
}
// Usage can be defined by application
func (c *Command) SetUsageFunc(f func(*Command) error) {
c.usageFunc = f
}
// Can be defined by Application
func (c *Command) SetUsageTemplate(s string) {
c.usageTemplate = s
}
// Can be defined by Application
func (c *Command) SetHelpFunc(f func(*Command, []string)) {
c.helpFunc = f
}
func (c *Command) SetHelpCommand(cmd *Command) {
c.helpCommand = cmd
}
// Can be defined by Application
func (c *Command) SetHelpTemplate(s string) {
c.helpTemplate = s
}
func (c *Command) UsageFunc() (f func(*Command) error) {
if c.usageFunc != nil {
return c.usageFunc
}
if c.HasParent() {
return c.parent.UsageFunc()
} else {
return func(c *Command) error {
err := tmpl(c.Out(), c.UsageTemplate(), c)
return err
}
}
}
func (c *Command) HelpFunc() func(*Command, []string) {
if c.helpFunc != nil {
return c.helpFunc
}
if c.HasParent() {
return c.parent.HelpFunc()
} else {
return func(c *Command, args []string) {
if len(args) == 0 {
// Help called without any topic, calling on root
c.Root().Help()
return
}
cmd, _, e := c.Root().Find(args)
if cmd == nil || e != nil {
c.Printf("Unknown help topic %#q.", args)
c.Root().Usage()
} else {
err := cmd.Help()
if err != nil {
c.Println(err)
}
}
}
}
}
var minUsagePadding int = 25
func (c *Command) UsagePadding() int {
if c.parent == nil || minUsagePadding > c.parent.commandsMaxUseLen {
return minUsagePadding
} else {
return c.parent.commandsMaxUseLen
}
}
var minCommandPathPadding int = 11
func (c *Command) CommandPathPadding() int {
if c.parent == nil || minCommandPathPadding > c.parent.commandsMaxCommandPathLen {
return minCommandPathPadding
} else {
return c.parent.commandsMaxCommandPathLen
}
}
func (c *Command) UsageTemplate() string {
if c.usageTemplate != "" {
return c.usageTemplate
}
if c.HasParent() {
return c.parent.UsageTemplate()
} else {
return `{{ $cmd := . }}
Usage: {{if .Runnable}}
{{.UseLine}}{{if .HasFlags}} [flags]{{end}}{{end}}{{if .HasSubCommands}}
{{ .CommandPath}} [command]{{end}}{{if gt .Aliases 0}}
Aliases:
{{.NameAndAliases}}{{end}}
{{ if .HasSubCommands}}
Available Commands: {{range .Commands}}{{if .Runnable}}
{{rpad .Use .UsagePadding }} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}
{{end}}
{{ if .HasFlags}} Available Flags:
{{.Flags.FlagUsages}}{{end}}{{if .HasParent}}{{if and (gt .Commands 0) (gt .Parent.Commands 1) }}
Additional help topics: {{if gt .Commands 0 }}{{range .Commands}}{{if not .Runnable}} {{rpad .CommandPath .CommandPathPadding}} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if gt .Parent.Commands 1 }}{{range .Parent.Commands}}{{if .Runnable}}{{if not (eq .Name $cmd.Name) }}{{end}}
{{rpad .CommandPath .CommandPathPadding}} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}
{{end}}
Use "{{.Root.Name}} help [command]" for more information about that command.
`
}
}
func (c *Command) HelpTemplate() string {
if c.helpTemplate != "" {
return c.helpTemplate
}
if c.HasParent() {
return c.parent.HelpTemplate()
} else {
return `{{.Long | trim}}
{{if or .Runnable .HasSubCommands}}{{.UsageString}}{{end}}
`
}
}
// Really only used when casting a command to a commander
func (c *Command) resetChildrensParents() {
for _, x := range c.commands {
x.parent = c
}
}
func stripFlags(args []string) []string {
if len(args) < 1 {
return args
}
commands := []string{}
inQuote := false
for _, y := range args {
if !inQuote {
switch {
case strings.HasPrefix(y, "\""):
inQuote = true
case strings.Contains(y, "=\""):
inQuote = true
case !strings.HasPrefix(y, "-"):
commands = append(commands, y)
}
}
if strings.HasSuffix(y, "\"") && !strings.HasSuffix(y, "\\\"") {
inQuote = false
}
}
return commands
}
func argsMinusX(args []string, x string) []string {
newargs := []string{}
for _, y := range args {
if x != y {
newargs = append(newargs, y)
}
}
return newargs
}
// find the target command given the args and command tree
// Meant to be run on the highest node. Only searches down.
func (c *Command) Find(arrs []string) (*Command, []string, error) {
if c == nil {
return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Called find() on a nil Command")
}
if len(arrs) == 0 {
return c.Root(), arrs, nil
}
var innerfind func(*Command, []string) (*Command, []string)
innerfind = func(c *Command, args []string) (*Command, []string) {
if len(args) > 0 && c.HasSubCommands() {
argsWOflags := stripFlags(args)
if len(argsWOflags) > 0 {
matches := make([]*Command, 0)
for _, cmd := range c.commands {
if cmd.Name() == argsWOflags[0] || cmd.HasAlias(argsWOflags[0]) { // exact name or alias match
return innerfind(cmd, argsMinusX(args, argsWOflags[0]))
} else if EnablePrefixMatching {
if strings.HasPrefix(cmd.Name(), argsWOflags[0]) { // prefix match
matches = append(matches, cmd)
}
for _, x := range cmd.Aliases {
if strings.HasPrefix(x, argsWOflags[0]) {
matches = append(matches, cmd)
}
}
}
}
// only accept a single prefix match - multiple matches would be ambiguous
if len(matches) == 1 {
return innerfind(matches[0], argsMinusX(args, argsWOflags[0]))
}
}
}
return c, args
}
commandFound, a := innerfind(c, arrs)
// if commander returned and the first argument (if it exists) doesn't
// match the command name, return nil & error
if commandFound.Name() == c.Name() && len(arrs[0]) > 0 && commandFound.Name() != arrs[0] {
return nil, a, fmt.Errorf("unknown command %q\nRun 'help' for usage.\n", a[0])
}
return commandFound, a, nil
}
func (c *Command) Root() *Command {
var findRoot func(*Command) *Command
findRoot = func(x *Command) *Command {
if x.HasParent() {
return findRoot(x.parent)
} else {
return x
}
}
return findRoot(c)
}
// execute the command determined by args and the command tree
func (c *Command) findAndExecute(args []string) (err error) {
cmd, a, e := c.Find(args)
if e != nil {
return e
}
return cmd.execute(a)
}
func (c *Command) execute(a []string) (err error) {
if c == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("Called Execute() on a nil Command")
}
err = c.ParseFlags(a)
if err != nil {
return err
} else {
// If help is called, regardless of other flags, we print that
if c.helpFlagVal {
c.Help()
return nil
}
c.preRun()
argWoFlags := c.Flags().Args()
c.Run(c, argWoFlags)
return nil
}
}
func (c *Command) preRun() {
for _, x := range initializers {
x()
}
}
func (c *Command) errorMsgFromParse() string {
s := c.flagErrorBuf.String()
x := strings.Split(s, "\n")
if len(x) > 0 {
return x[0]
} else {
return ""
}
}
// Call execute to use the args (os.Args[1:] by default)
// and run through the command tree finding appropriate matches
// for commands and then corresponding flags.
func (c *Command) Execute() (err error) {
// Regardless of what command execute is called on, run on Root only
if c.HasParent() {
return c.Root().Execute()
}
// initialize help as the last point possible to allow for user
// overriding
c.initHelp()
var args []string
if len(c.args) == 0 {
args = os.Args[1:]
} else {
args = c.args
}
if len(args) == 0 {
// Only the executable is called and the root is runnable, run it
if c.Runnable() {
err = c.execute([]string(nil))
} else {
c.Help()
}
} else {
err = c.findAndExecute(args)
}
// Now handle the case where the root is runnable and only flags are provided
if err != nil && c.Runnable() {
// This is pretty much a custom version of the *Command.execute method
// with a few differences because it's the final command (no fall back)
e := c.ParseFlags(args)
if e != nil {
// Flags parsing had an error.
// If an error happens here, we have to report it to the user
c.Println(c.errorMsgFromParse())
c.Usage()
return e
} else {
// If help is called, regardless of other flags, we print that
if c.helpFlagVal {
c.Help()
return nil
}
argWoFlags := c.Flags().Args()
if len(argWoFlags) > 0 {
// If there are arguments (not flags) one of the earlier
// cases should have caught it.. It means invalid usage
// print the usage
c.Usage()
} else {
// Only flags left... Call root.Run
c.preRun()
c.Run(c, argWoFlags)
err = nil
}
}
}
if err != nil {
c.Println("Error:", err.Error())
c.Printf("%v: invalid command %#q\n", c.Root().Name(), os.Args[1:])
c.Printf("Run '%v help' for usage\n", c.Root().Name())
}
return
}
func (c *Command) initHelp() {
if c.helpCommand == nil {
c.helpCommand = &Command{
Use: "help [command]",
Short: "Help about any command",
Long: `Help provides help for any command in the application.
Simply type ` + c.Name() + ` help [path to command] for full details.`,
Run: c.HelpFunc(),
}
}
c.AddCommand(c.helpCommand)
}
// Used for testing
func (c *Command) ResetCommands() {
c.commands = nil
}
func (c *Command) Commands() []*Command {
return c.commands
}
// Add one or many commands as children of this
func (c *Command) AddCommand(cmds ...*Command) {
for i, x := range cmds {
if cmds[i] == c {
panic("Command can't be a child of itself")
}
cmds[i].parent = c
// update max lengths
usageLen := len(x.Use)
if usageLen > c.commandsMaxUseLen {
c.commandsMaxUseLen = usageLen
}
commandPathLen := len(x.CommandPath())
if commandPathLen > c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen {
c.commandsMaxCommandPathLen = commandPathLen
}
c.commands = append(c.commands, x)
}
}
// Convenience method to Print to the defined output
func (c *Command) Print(i ...interface{}) {
fmt.Fprint(c.Out(), i...)
}
// Convenience method to Println to the defined output
func (c *Command) Println(i ...interface{}) {
str := fmt.Sprintln(i...)
c.Print(str)
}
// Convenience method to Printf to the defined output
func (c *Command) Printf(format string, i ...interface{}) {
str := fmt.Sprintf(format, i...)
c.Print(str)
}
// Output the usage for the command
// Used when a user provides invalid input
// Can be defined by user by overriding UsageFunc
func (c *Command) Usage() error {
c.mergePersistentFlags()
err := c.UsageFunc()(c)
return err
}
// Output the help for the command
// Used when a user calls help [command]
// by the default HelpFunc in the commander
func (c *Command) Help() error {
c.mergePersistentFlags()
err := tmpl(c.Out(), c.HelpTemplate(), c)
return err
}
func (c *Command) UsageString() string {
tmpOutput := c.output
bb := new(bytes.Buffer)
c.SetOutput(bb)
c.Usage()
c.output = tmpOutput
return bb.String()
}
// The full path to this command
func (c *Command) CommandPath() string {
str := c.Name()
x := c
for x.HasParent() {
str = x.parent.Name() + " " + str
x = x.parent
}
return str
}
//The full usage for a given command (including parents)
func (c *Command) UseLine() string {
str := ""
if c.HasParent() {
str = c.parent.CommandPath() + " "
}
return str + c.Use
}
// For use in determining which flags have been assigned to which commands
// and which persist
func (c *Command) DebugFlags() {
c.Println("DebugFlags called on", c.Name())
var debugflags func(*Command)
debugflags = func(x *Command) {
if x.HasFlags() || x.HasPersistentFlags() {
c.Println(x.Name())
}
if x.HasFlags() {
x.flags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
if x.HasPersistentFlags() {
if x.persistentFlag(f.Name) == nil {
c.Println(" -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, " [L]")
} else {
c.Println(" -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, " [LP]")
}
} else {
c.Println(" -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, " [L]")
}
})
}
if x.HasPersistentFlags() {
x.pflags.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
if x.HasFlags() {
if x.flags.Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
c.Println(" -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, " [P]")
}
} else {
c.Println(" -"+f.Shorthand+",", "--"+f.Name, "["+f.DefValue+"]", "", f.Value, " [P]")
}
})
}
c.Println(x.flagErrorBuf)
if x.HasSubCommands() {
for _, y := range x.commands {
debugflags(y)
}
}
}
debugflags(c)
}
// Name returns the command's name: the first word in the use line.
func (c *Command) Name() string {
if c.name != "" {
return c.name
}
name := c.Use
i := strings.Index(name, " ")
if i >= 0 {
name = name[:i]
}
return name
}
// Determine if a given string is an alias of the command.
func (c *Command) HasAlias(s string) bool {
for _, a := range c.Aliases {
if a == s {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func (c *Command) NameAndAliases() string {
return strings.Join(append([]string{c.Name()}, c.Aliases...), ", ")
}
// Determine if the command is itself runnable
func (c *Command) Runnable() bool {
return c.Run != nil
}
// Determine if the command has children commands
func (c *Command) HasSubCommands() bool {
return len(c.commands) > 0
}
// Determine if the command is a child command
func (c *Command) HasParent() bool {
return c.parent != nil
}
// Get the Commands FlagSet
func (c *Command) Flags() *flag.FlagSet {
if c.flags == nil {
c.flags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
}
c.flags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
c.PersistentFlags().BoolVarP(&c.helpFlagVal, "help", "h", false, "help for "+c.Name())
}
return c.flags
}
// Get the Commands Persistent FlagSet
func (c *Command) PersistentFlags() *flag.FlagSet {
if c.pflags == nil {
c.pflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
if c.flagErrorBuf == nil {
c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
}
c.pflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
}
return c.pflags
}
// For use in testing
func (c *Command) ResetFlags() {
c.flagErrorBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
c.flagErrorBuf.Reset()
c.flags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
c.flags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
c.pflags = flag.NewFlagSet(c.Name(), flag.ContinueOnError)
c.pflags.SetOutput(c.flagErrorBuf)
}
// Does the command contain flags (local not persistent)
func (c *Command) HasFlags() bool {
return c.Flags().HasFlags()
}
// Does the command contain persistent flags
func (c *Command) HasPersistentFlags() bool {
return c.PersistentFlags().HasFlags()
}
// Climbs up the command tree looking for matching flag
func (c *Command) Flag(name string) (flag *flag.Flag) {
flag = c.Flags().Lookup(name)
if flag == nil {
flag = c.persistentFlag(name)
}
return
}
// recursively find matching persistent flag
func (c *Command) persistentFlag(name string) (flag *flag.Flag) {
if c.HasPersistentFlags() {
flag = c.PersistentFlags().Lookup(name)
}
if flag == nil && c.HasParent() {
flag = c.parent.persistentFlag(name)
}
return
}
// Parses persistent flag tree & local flags
func (c *Command) ParseFlags(args []string) (err error) {
c.mergePersistentFlags()
err = c.Flags().Parse(args)
// The upstream library adds spaces to the error
// response regardless of success.
// Handling it here until fixing upstream
if len(strings.TrimSpace(c.flagErrorBuf.String())) > 1 {
return fmt.Errorf("%s", c.flagErrorBuf.String())
}
//always return nil because upstream library is inconsistent & we always check the error buffer anyway
return nil
}
func (c *Command) mergePersistentFlags() {
var rmerge func(x *Command)
rmerge = func(x *Command) {
if x.HasPersistentFlags() {
x.PersistentFlags().VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
if c.Flags().Lookup(f.Name) == nil {
c.Flags().AddFlag(f)
}
})
}
if x.HasParent() {
rmerge(x.parent)
}
}
rmerge(c)
}
func (c *Command) Parent() *Command {
return c.parent
}

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Copyright (c) 2012 Alex Ogier. All rights reserved.
Copyright (c) 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
distribution.
* Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

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## Description
pflag is a drop-in replacement for Go's flag package, implementing
POSIX/GNU-style --flags.
pflag is compatible with the [GNU extensions to the POSIX recommendations
for command-line options][1]. For a more precise description, see the
"Command-line flag syntax" section below.
[1]: http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argument-Syntax.html
pflag is available under the same style of BSD license as the Go language,
which can be found in the LICENSE file.
## Installation
pflag is available using the standard `go get` command.
Install by running:
go get github.com/ogier/pflag
Run tests by running:
go test github.com/ogier/pflag
## Usage
pflag is a drop-in replacement of Go's native flag package. If you import
pflag under the name "flag" then all code should continue to function
with no changes.
``` go
import flag "github.com/ogier/pflag"
```
There is one exception to this: if you directly instantiate the Flag struct
there is one more field "Shorthand" that you will need to set.
Most code never instantiates this struct directly, and instead uses
functions such as String(), BoolVar(), and Var(), and is therefore
unaffected.
Define flags using flag.String(), Bool(), Int(), etc.
This declares an integer flag, -flagname, stored in the pointer ip, with type *int.
``` go
var ip *int = flag.Int("flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname")
```
If you like, you can bind the flag to a variable using the Var() functions.
``` go
var flagvar int
func init() {
flag.IntVar(&flagvar, "flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname")
}
```
Or you can create custom flags that satisfy the Value interface (with
pointer receivers) and couple them to flag parsing by
``` go
flag.Var(&flagVal, "name", "help message for flagname")
```
For such flags, the default value is just the initial value of the variable.
After all flags are defined, call
``` go
flag.Parse()
```
to parse the command line into the defined flags.
Flags may then be used directly. If you're using the flags themselves,
they are all pointers; if you bind to variables, they're values.
``` go
fmt.Println("ip has value ", *ip)
fmt.Println("flagvar has value ", flagvar)
```
After parsing, the arguments after the flag are available as the
slice flag.Args() or individually as flag.Arg(i).
The arguments are indexed from 0 through flag.NArg()-1.
The pflag package also defines some new functions that are not in flag,
that give one-letter shorthands for flags. You can use these by appending
'P' to the name of any function that defines a flag.
``` go
var ip = flag.IntP("flagname", "f", 1234, "help message")
var flagvar bool
func init() {
flag.BoolVarP("boolname", "b", true, "help message")
}
flag.VarP(&flagVar, "varname", "v", 1234, "help message")
```
Shorthand letters can be used with single dashes on the command line.
Boolean shorthand flags can be combined with other shorthand flags.
The default set of command-line flags is controlled by
top-level functions. The FlagSet type allows one to define
independent sets of flags, such as to implement subcommands
in a command-line interface. The methods of FlagSet are
analogous to the top-level functions for the command-line
flag set.
## Command line flag syntax
```
--flag // boolean flags only
--flag=x
```
Unlike the flag package, a single dash before an option means something
different than a double dash. Single dashes signify a series of shorthand
letters for flags. All but the last shorthand letter must be boolean flags.
```
// boolean flags
-f
-abc
// non-boolean flags
-n 1234
-Ifile
// mixed
-abcs "hello"
-abcn1234
```
Flag parsing stops after the terminator "--". Unlike the flag package,
flags can be interspersed with arguments anywhere on the command line
before this terminator.
Integer flags accept 1234, 0664, 0x1234 and may be negative.
Boolean flags (in their long form) accept 1, 0, t, f, true, false,
TRUE, FALSE, True, False.
Duration flags accept any input valid for time.ParseDuration.
## More info
You can see the full reference documentation of the pflag package
[at godoc.org][3], or through go's standard documentation system by
running `godoc -http=:6060` and browsing to
[http://localhost:6060/pkg/github.com/ogier/pflag][2] after
installation.
[2]: http://localhost:6060/pkg/github.com/ogier/pflag
[3]: http://godoc.org/github.com/ogier/pflag

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- bool Value
type boolValue bool
func newBoolValue(val bool, p *bool) *boolValue {
*p = val
return (*boolValue)(p)
}
func (b *boolValue) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseBool(s)
*b = boolValue(v)
return err
}
func (b *boolValue) Type() string {
return "bool"
}
func (b *boolValue) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *b) }
// BoolVar defines a bool flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a bool variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) BoolVar(p *bool, name string, value bool, usage string) {
f.VarP(newBoolValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like BoolVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) BoolVarP(p *bool, name, shorthand string, value bool, usage string) {
f.VarP(newBoolValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// BoolVar defines a bool flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a bool variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func BoolVar(p *bool, name string, value bool, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newBoolValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like BoolVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func BoolVarP(p *bool, name, shorthand string, value bool, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newBoolValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Bool defines a bool flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a bool variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Bool(name string, value bool, usage string) *bool {
p := new(bool)
f.BoolVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Bool, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) BoolP(name, shorthand string, value bool, usage string) *bool {
p := new(bool)
f.BoolVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Bool defines a bool flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a bool variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Bool(name string, value bool, usage string) *bool {
return CommandLine.BoolP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Bool, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func BoolP(name, shorthand string, value bool, usage string) *bool {
return CommandLine.BoolP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import "time"
// -- time.Duration Value
type durationValue time.Duration
func newDurationValue(val time.Duration, p *time.Duration) *durationValue {
*p = val
return (*durationValue)(p)
}
func (d *durationValue) Set(s string) error {
v, err := time.ParseDuration(s)
*d = durationValue(v)
return err
}
func (d *durationValue) Type() string {
return "duration"
}
func (d *durationValue) String() string { return (*time.Duration)(d).String() }
// DurationVar defines a time.Duration flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a time.Duration variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) DurationVar(p *time.Duration, name string, value time.Duration, usage string) {
f.VarP(newDurationValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like DurationVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) DurationVarP(p *time.Duration, name, shorthand string, value time.Duration, usage string) {
f.VarP(newDurationValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// DurationVar defines a time.Duration flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a time.Duration variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func DurationVar(p *time.Duration, name string, value time.Duration, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newDurationValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like DurationVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func DurationVarP(p *time.Duration, name, shorthand string, value time.Duration, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newDurationValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Duration defines a time.Duration flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a time.Duration variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Duration(name string, value time.Duration, usage string) *time.Duration {
p := new(time.Duration)
f.DurationVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Duration, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) DurationP(name, shorthand string, value time.Duration, usage string) *time.Duration {
p := new(time.Duration)
f.DurationVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Duration defines a time.Duration flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a time.Duration variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Duration(name string, value time.Duration, usage string) *time.Duration {
return CommandLine.DurationP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Duration, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func DurationP(name, shorthand string, value time.Duration, usage string) *time.Duration {
return CommandLine.DurationP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// These examples demonstrate more intricate uses of the flag package.
package pflag_test
import (
"errors"
"fmt"
"strings"
"time"
flag "github.com/ogier/pflag"
)
// Example 1: A single string flag called "species" with default value "gopher".
var species = flag.String("species", "gopher", "the species we are studying")
// Example 2: A flag with a shorthand letter.
var gopherType = flag.StringP("gopher_type", "g", "pocket", "the variety of gopher")
// Example 3: A user-defined flag type, a slice of durations.
type interval []time.Duration
// String is the method to format the flag's value, part of the flag.Value interface.
// The String method's output will be used in diagnostics.
func (i *interval) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint(*i)
}
// Set is the method to set the flag value, part of the flag.Value interface.
// Set's argument is a string to be parsed to set the flag.
// It's a comma-separated list, so we split it.
func (i *interval) Set(value string) error {
// If we wanted to allow the flag to be set multiple times,
// accumulating values, we would delete this if statement.
// That would permit usages such as
// -deltaT 10s -deltaT 15s
// and other combinations.
if len(*i) > 0 {
return errors.New("interval flag already set")
}
for _, dt := range strings.Split(value, ",") {
duration, err := time.ParseDuration(dt)
if err != nil {
return err
}
*i = append(*i, duration)
}
return nil
}
// Define a flag to accumulate durations. Because it has a special type,
// we need to use the Var function and therefore create the flag during
// init.
var intervalFlag interval
func init() {
// Tie the command-line flag to the intervalFlag variable and
// set a usage message.
flag.Var(&intervalFlag, "deltaT", "comma-separated list of intervals to use between events")
}
func Example() {
// All the interesting pieces are with the variables declared above, but
// to enable the flag package to see the flags defined there, one must
// execute, typically at the start of main (not init!):
// flag.Parse()
// We don't run it here because this is not a main function and
// the testing suite has already parsed the flags.
}

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// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package pflag
import (
"io/ioutil"
"os"
)
// Additional routines compiled into the package only during testing.
// ResetForTesting clears all flag state and sets the usage function as directed.
// After calling ResetForTesting, parse errors in flag handling will not
// exit the program.
func ResetForTesting(usage func()) {
CommandLine = &FlagSet{
name: os.Args[0],
errorHandling: ContinueOnError,
output: ioutil.Discard,
}
Usage = usage
}
// GetCommandLine returns the default FlagSet.
func GetCommandLine() *FlagSet {
return CommandLine
}

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// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
/*
pflag is a drop-in replacement for Go's flag package, implementing
POSIX/GNU-style --flags.
pflag is compatible with the GNU extensions to the POSIX recommendations
for command-line options. See
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Argument-Syntax.html
Usage:
pflag is a drop-in replacement of Go's native flag package. If you import
pflag under the name "flag" then all code should continue to function
with no changes.
import flag "github.com/ogier/pflag"
There is one exception to this: if you directly instantiate the Flag struct
there is one more field "Shorthand" that you will need to set.
Most code never instantiates this struct directly, and instead uses
functions such as String(), BoolVar(), and Var(), and is therefore
unaffected.
Define flags using flag.String(), Bool(), Int(), etc.
This declares an integer flag, -flagname, stored in the pointer ip, with type *int.
var ip = flag.Int("flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname")
If you like, you can bind the flag to a variable using the Var() functions.
var flagvar int
func init() {
flag.IntVar(&flagvar, "flagname", 1234, "help message for flagname")
}
Or you can create custom flags that satisfy the Value interface (with
pointer receivers) and couple them to flag parsing by
flag.Var(&flagVal, "name", "help message for flagname")
For such flags, the default value is just the initial value of the variable.
After all flags are defined, call
flag.Parse()
to parse the command line into the defined flags.
Flags may then be used directly. If you're using the flags themselves,
they are all pointers; if you bind to variables, they're values.
fmt.Println("ip has value ", *ip)
fmt.Println("flagvar has value ", flagvar)
After parsing, the arguments after the flag are available as the
slice flag.Args() or individually as flag.Arg(i).
The arguments are indexed from 0 through flag.NArg()-1.
The pflag package also defines some new functions that are not in flag,
that give one-letter shorthands for flags. You can use these by appending
'P' to the name of any function that defines a flag.
var ip = flag.IntP("flagname", "f", 1234, "help message")
var flagvar bool
func init() {
flag.BoolVarP("boolname", "b", true, "help message")
}
flag.VarP(&flagVar, "varname", "v", 1234, "help message")
Shorthand letters can be used with single dashes on the command line.
Boolean shorthand flags can be combined with other shorthand flags.
Command line flag syntax:
--flag // boolean flags only
--flag=x
Unlike the flag package, a single dash before an option means something
different than a double dash. Single dashes signify a series of shorthand
letters for flags. All but the last shorthand letter must be boolean flags.
// boolean flags
-f
-abc
// non-boolean flags
-n 1234
-Ifile
// mixed
-abcs "hello"
-abcn1234
Flag parsing stops after the terminator "--". Unlike the flag package,
flags can be interspersed with arguments anywhere on the command line
before this terminator.
Integer flags accept 1234, 0664, 0x1234 and may be negative.
Boolean flags (in their long form) accept 1, 0, t, f, true, false,
TRUE, FALSE, True, False.
Duration flags accept any input valid for time.ParseDuration.
The default set of command-line flags is controlled by
top-level functions. The FlagSet type allows one to define
independent sets of flags, such as to implement subcommands
in a command-line interface. The methods of FlagSet are
analogous to the top-level functions for the command-line
flag set.
*/
package pflag
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"sort"
"strings"
)
// ErrHelp is the error returned if the flag -help is invoked but no such flag is defined.
var ErrHelp = errors.New("pflag: help requested")
// ErrorHandling defines how to handle flag parsing errors.
type ErrorHandling int
const (
ContinueOnError ErrorHandling = iota
ExitOnError
PanicOnError
)
// A FlagSet represents a set of defined flags.
type FlagSet struct {
// Usage is the function called when an error occurs while parsing flags.
// The field is a function (not a method) that may be changed to point to
// a custom error handler.
Usage func()
name string
parsed bool
actual map[string]*Flag
formal map[string]*Flag
shorthands map[byte]*Flag
args []string // arguments after flags
exitOnError bool // does the program exit if there's an error?
errorHandling ErrorHandling
output io.Writer // nil means stderr; use out() accessor
interspersed bool // allow interspersed option/non-option args
}
// A Flag represents the state of a flag.
type Flag struct {
Name string // name as it appears on command line
Shorthand string // one-letter abbreviated flag
Usage string // help message
Value Value // value as set
DefValue string // default value (as text); for usage message
Changed bool // If the user set the value (or if left to default)
}
// Value is the interface to the dynamic value stored in a flag.
// (The default value is represented as a string.)
type Value interface {
String() string
Set(string) error
Type() string
}
// sortFlags returns the flags as a slice in lexicographical sorted order.
func sortFlags(flags map[string]*Flag) []*Flag {
list := make(sort.StringSlice, len(flags))
i := 0
for _, f := range flags {
list[i] = f.Name
i++
}
list.Sort()
result := make([]*Flag, len(list))
for i, name := range list {
result[i] = flags[name]
}
return result
}
func (f *FlagSet) out() io.Writer {
if f.output == nil {
return os.Stderr
}
return f.output
}
// SetOutput sets the destination for usage and error messages.
// If output is nil, os.Stderr is used.
func (f *FlagSet) SetOutput(output io.Writer) {
f.output = output
}
// VisitAll visits the flags in lexicographical order, calling fn for each.
// It visits all flags, even those not set.
func (f *FlagSet) VisitAll(fn func(*Flag)) {
for _, flag := range sortFlags(f.formal) {
fn(flag)
}
}
func (f *FlagSet) HasFlags() bool {
return len(f.formal) > 0
}
// VisitAll visits the command-line flags in lexicographical order, calling
// fn for each. It visits all flags, even those not set.
func VisitAll(fn func(*Flag)) {
CommandLine.VisitAll(fn)
}
// Visit visits the flags in lexicographical order, calling fn for each.
// It visits only those flags that have been set.
func (f *FlagSet) Visit(fn func(*Flag)) {
for _, flag := range sortFlags(f.actual) {
fn(flag)
}
}
// Visit visits the command-line flags in lexicographical order, calling fn
// for each. It visits only those flags that have been set.
func Visit(fn func(*Flag)) {
CommandLine.Visit(fn)
}
// Lookup returns the Flag structure of the named flag, returning nil if none exists.
func (f *FlagSet) Lookup(name string) *Flag {
return f.formal[name]
}
// Lookup returns the Flag structure of the named command-line flag,
// returning nil if none exists.
func Lookup(name string) *Flag {
return CommandLine.formal[name]
}
// Set sets the value of the named flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Set(name, value string) error {
flag, ok := f.formal[name]
if !ok {
return fmt.Errorf("no such flag -%v", name)
}
err := flag.Value.Set(value)
if err != nil {
return err
}
if f.actual == nil {
f.actual = make(map[string]*Flag)
}
f.actual[name] = flag
f.Lookup(name).Changed = true
return nil
}
// Set sets the value of the named command-line flag.
func Set(name, value string) error {
return CommandLine.Set(name, value)
}
// PrintDefaults prints, to standard error unless configured
// otherwise, the default values of all defined flags in the set.
func (f *FlagSet) PrintDefaults() {
f.VisitAll(func(flag *Flag) {
format := "--%s=%s: %s\n"
if _, ok := flag.Value.(*stringValue); ok {
// put quotes on the value
format = "--%s=%q: %s\n"
}
if len(flag.Shorthand) > 0 {
format = " -%s, " + format
} else {
format = " %s " + format
}
fmt.Fprintf(f.out(), format, flag.Shorthand, flag.Name, flag.DefValue, flag.Usage)
})
}
func (f *FlagSet) FlagUsages() string {
x := new(bytes.Buffer)
f.VisitAll(func(flag *Flag) {
format := "--%s=%s: %s\n"
if _, ok := flag.Value.(*stringValue); ok {
// put quotes on the value
format = "--%s=%q: %s\n"
}
if len(flag.Shorthand) > 0 {
format = " -%s, " + format
} else {
format = " %s " + format
}
fmt.Fprintf(x, format, flag.Shorthand, flag.Name, flag.DefValue, flag.Usage)
})
return x.String()
}
// PrintDefaults prints to standard error the default values of all defined command-line flags.
func PrintDefaults() {
CommandLine.PrintDefaults()
}
// defaultUsage is the default function to print a usage message.
func defaultUsage(f *FlagSet) {
fmt.Fprintf(f.out(), "Usage of %s:\n", f.name)
f.PrintDefaults()
}
// NOTE: Usage is not just defaultUsage(CommandLine)
// because it serves (via godoc flag Usage) as the example
// for how to write your own usage function.
// Usage prints to standard error a usage message documenting all defined command-line flags.
// The function is a variable that may be changed to point to a custom function.
var Usage = func() {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Usage of %s:\n", os.Args[0])
PrintDefaults()
}
// NFlag returns the number of flags that have been set.
func (f *FlagSet) NFlag() int { return len(f.actual) }
// NFlag returns the number of command-line flags that have been set.
func NFlag() int { return len(CommandLine.actual) }
// Arg returns the i'th argument. Arg(0) is the first remaining argument
// after flags have been processed.
func (f *FlagSet) Arg(i int) string {
if i < 0 || i >= len(f.args) {
return ""
}
return f.args[i]
}
// Arg returns the i'th command-line argument. Arg(0) is the first remaining argument
// after flags have been processed.
func Arg(i int) string {
return CommandLine.Arg(i)
}
// NArg is the number of arguments remaining after flags have been processed.
func (f *FlagSet) NArg() int { return len(f.args) }
// NArg is the number of arguments remaining after flags have been processed.
func NArg() int { return len(CommandLine.args) }
// Args returns the non-flag arguments.
func (f *FlagSet) Args() []string { return f.args }
// Args returns the non-flag command-line arguments.
func Args() []string { return CommandLine.args }
// Var defines a flag with the specified name and usage string. The type and
// value of the flag are represented by the first argument, of type Value, which
// typically holds a user-defined implementation of Value. For instance, the
// caller could create a flag that turns a comma-separated string into a slice
// of strings by giving the slice the methods of Value; in particular, Set would
// decompose the comma-separated string into the slice.
func (f *FlagSet) Var(value Value, name string, usage string) {
f.VarP(value, name, "", usage)
}
// Like Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) VarP(value Value, name, shorthand, usage string) {
// Remember the default value as a string; it won't change.
flag := &Flag{name, shorthand, usage, value, value.String(), false}
f.AddFlag(flag)
}
func (f *FlagSet) AddFlag(flag *Flag) {
_, alreadythere := f.formal[flag.Name]
if alreadythere {
msg := fmt.Sprintf("%s flag redefined: %s", f.name, flag.Name)
fmt.Fprintln(f.out(), msg)
panic(msg) // Happens only if flags are declared with identical names
}
if f.formal == nil {
f.formal = make(map[string]*Flag)
}
f.formal[flag.Name] = flag
if len(flag.Shorthand) == 0 {
return
}
if len(flag.Shorthand) > 1 {
fmt.Fprintf(f.out(), "%s shorthand more than ASCII character: %s\n", f.name, flag.Shorthand)
panic("shorthand is more than one character")
}
if f.shorthands == nil {
f.shorthands = make(map[byte]*Flag)
}
c := flag.Shorthand[0]
old, alreadythere := f.shorthands[c]
if alreadythere {
fmt.Fprintf(f.out(), "%s shorthand reused: %q for %s already used for %s\n", f.name, c, flag.Name, old.Name)
panic("shorthand redefinition")
}
f.shorthands[c] = flag
}
// Var defines a flag with the specified name and usage string. The type and
// value of the flag are represented by the first argument, of type Value, which
// typically holds a user-defined implementation of Value. For instance, the
// caller could create a flag that turns a comma-separated string into a slice
// of strings by giving the slice the methods of Value; in particular, Set would
// decompose the comma-separated string into the slice.
func Var(value Value, name string, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(value, name, "", usage)
}
// Like Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func VarP(value Value, name, shorthand, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(value, name, shorthand, usage)
}
// failf prints to standard error a formatted error and usage message and
// returns the error.
func (f *FlagSet) failf(format string, a ...interface{}) error {
err := fmt.Errorf(format, a...)
fmt.Fprintln(f.out(), err)
f.usage()
return err
}
// usage calls the Usage method for the flag set, or the usage function if
// the flag set is CommandLine.
func (f *FlagSet) usage() {
if f == CommandLine {
Usage()
} else if f.Usage == nil {
defaultUsage(f)
} else {
f.Usage()
}
}
func (f *FlagSet) setFlag(flag *Flag, value string, origArg string) error {
if err := flag.Value.Set(value); err != nil {
return f.failf("invalid argument %q for %s: %v", value, origArg, err)
}
// mark as visited for Visit()
if f.actual == nil {
f.actual = make(map[string]*Flag)
}
f.actual[flag.Name] = flag
flag.Changed = true
return nil
}
func (f *FlagSet) parseLongArg(s string, args []string) (a []string, err error) {
a = args
if len(s) == 2 { // "--" terminates the flags
f.args = append(f.args, args...)
return
}
name := s[2:]
if len(name) == 0 || name[0] == '-' || name[0] == '=' {
err = f.failf("bad flag syntax: %s", s)
return
}
split := strings.SplitN(name, "=", 2)
name = split[0]
m := f.formal
flag, alreadythere := m[name] // BUG
if !alreadythere {
if name == "help" { // special case for nice help message.
f.usage()
return args, ErrHelp
}
err = f.failf("unknown flag: --%s", name)
return
}
if len(split) == 1 {
if _, ok := flag.Value.(*boolValue); !ok {
err = f.failf("flag needs an argument: %s", s)
return
}
f.setFlag(flag, "true", s)
} else {
if e := f.setFlag(flag, split[1], s); e != nil {
err = e
return
}
}
return args, nil
}
func (f *FlagSet) parseShortArg(s string, args []string) (a []string, err error) {
a = args
shorthands := s[1:]
for i := 0; i < len(shorthands); i++ {
c := shorthands[i]
flag, alreadythere := f.shorthands[c]
if !alreadythere {
if c == 'h' { // special case for nice help message.
f.usage()
err = ErrHelp
return
}
//TODO continue on error
err = f.failf("unknown shorthand flag: %q in -%s", c, shorthands)
if len(args) == 0 {
return
}
}
if alreadythere {
if _, ok := flag.Value.(*boolValue); ok {
f.setFlag(flag, "true", s)
continue
}
if i < len(shorthands)-1 {
if e := f.setFlag(flag, shorthands[i+1:], s); e != nil {
err = e
return
}
break
}
if len(args) == 0 {
err = f.failf("flag needs an argument: %q in -%s", c, shorthands)
return
}
if e := f.setFlag(flag, args[0], s); e != nil {
err = e
return
}
}
a = args[1:]
break // should be unnecessary
}
return
}
func (f *FlagSet) parseArgs(args []string) (err error) {
for len(args) > 0 {
s := args[0]
args = args[1:]
if len(s) == 0 || s[0] != '-' || len(s) == 1 {
if !f.interspersed {
f.args = append(f.args, s)
f.args = append(f.args, args...)
return nil
}
f.args = append(f.args, s)
continue
}
if s[1] == '-' {
args, err = f.parseLongArg(s, args)
} else {
args, err = f.parseShortArg(s, args)
}
}
return
}
// Parse parses flag definitions from the argument list, which should not
// include the command name. Must be called after all flags in the FlagSet
// are defined and before flags are accessed by the program.
// The return value will be ErrHelp if -help was set but not defined.
func (f *FlagSet) Parse(arguments []string) error {
f.parsed = true
f.args = make([]string, 0, len(arguments))
err := f.parseArgs(arguments)
if err != nil {
switch f.errorHandling {
case ContinueOnError:
return err
case ExitOnError:
os.Exit(2)
case PanicOnError:
panic(err)
}
}
return nil
}
// Parsed reports whether f.Parse has been called.
func (f *FlagSet) Parsed() bool {
return f.parsed
}
// Parse parses the command-line flags from os.Args[1:]. Must be called
// after all flags are defined and before flags are accessed by the program.
func Parse() {
// Ignore errors; CommandLine is set for ExitOnError.
CommandLine.Parse(os.Args[1:])
}
// Whether to support interspersed option/non-option arguments.
func SetInterspersed(interspersed bool) {
CommandLine.SetInterspersed(interspersed)
}
// Parsed returns true if the command-line flags have been parsed.
func Parsed() bool {
return CommandLine.Parsed()
}
// The default set of command-line flags, parsed from os.Args.
var CommandLine = NewFlagSet(os.Args[0], ExitOnError)
// NewFlagSet returns a new, empty flag set with the specified name and
// error handling property.
func NewFlagSet(name string, errorHandling ErrorHandling) *FlagSet {
f := &FlagSet{
name: name,
errorHandling: errorHandling,
interspersed: true,
}
return f
}
// Whether to support interspersed option/non-option arguments.
func (f *FlagSet) SetInterspersed(interspersed bool) {
f.interspersed = interspersed
}
// Init sets the name and error handling property for a flag set.
// By default, the zero FlagSet uses an empty name and the
// ContinueOnError error handling policy.
func (f *FlagSet) Init(name string, errorHandling ErrorHandling) {
f.name = name
f.errorHandling = errorHandling
}

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// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package pflag_test
import (
"bytes"
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"sort"
"strings"
"testing"
"time"
. "github.com/spf13/pflag"
)
var (
test_bool = Bool("test_bool", false, "bool value")
test_int = Int("test_int", 0, "int value")
test_int64 = Int64("test_int64", 0, "int64 value")
test_uint = Uint("test_uint", 0, "uint value")
test_uint64 = Uint64("test_uint64", 0, "uint64 value")
test_string = String("test_string", "0", "string value")
test_float64 = Float64("test_float64", 0, "float64 value")
test_duration = Duration("test_duration", 0, "time.Duration value")
)
func boolString(s string) string {
if s == "0" {
return "false"
}
return "true"
}
func TestEverything(t *testing.T) {
m := make(map[string]*Flag)
desired := "0"
visitor := func(f *Flag) {
if len(f.Name) > 5 && f.Name[0:5] == "test_" {
m[f.Name] = f
ok := false
switch {
case f.Value.String() == desired:
ok = true
case f.Name == "test_bool" && f.Value.String() == boolString(desired):
ok = true
case f.Name == "test_duration" && f.Value.String() == desired+"s":
ok = true
}
if !ok {
t.Error("Visit: bad value", f.Value.String(), "for", f.Name)
}
}
}
VisitAll(visitor)
if len(m) != 8 {
t.Error("VisitAll misses some flags")
for k, v := range m {
t.Log(k, *v)
}
}
m = make(map[string]*Flag)
Visit(visitor)
if len(m) != 0 {
t.Errorf("Visit sees unset flags")
for k, v := range m {
t.Log(k, *v)
}
}
// Now set all flags
Set("test_bool", "true")
Set("test_int", "1")
Set("test_int64", "1")
Set("test_uint", "1")
Set("test_uint64", "1")
Set("test_string", "1")
Set("test_float64", "1")
Set("test_duration", "1s")
desired = "1"
Visit(visitor)
if len(m) != 8 {
t.Error("Visit fails after set")
for k, v := range m {
t.Log(k, *v)
}
}
// Now test they're visited in sort order.
var flagNames []string
Visit(func(f *Flag) { flagNames = append(flagNames, f.Name) })
if !sort.StringsAreSorted(flagNames) {
t.Errorf("flag names not sorted: %v", flagNames)
}
}
func TestUsage(t *testing.T) {
called := false
ResetForTesting(func() { called = true })
if GetCommandLine().Parse([]string{"--x"}) == nil {
t.Error("parse did not fail for unknown flag")
}
if !called {
t.Error("did not call Usage for unknown flag")
}
}
func testParse(f *FlagSet, t *testing.T) {
if f.Parsed() {
t.Error("f.Parse() = true before Parse")
}
boolFlag := f.Bool("bool", false, "bool value")
bool2Flag := f.Bool("bool2", false, "bool2 value")
bool3Flag := f.Bool("bool3", false, "bool3 value")
intFlag := f.Int("int", 0, "int value")
int64Flag := f.Int64("int64", 0, "int64 value")
uintFlag := f.Uint("uint", 0, "uint value")
uint64Flag := f.Uint64("uint64", 0, "uint64 value")
stringFlag := f.String("string", "0", "string value")
float64Flag := f.Float64("float64", 0, "float64 value")
durationFlag := f.Duration("duration", 5*time.Second, "time.Duration value")
extra := "one-extra-argument"
args := []string{
"--bool",
"--bool2=true",
"--bool3=false",
"--int=22",
"--int64=0x23",
"--uint=24",
"--uint64=25",
"--string=hello",
"--float64=2718e28",
"--duration=2m",
extra,
}
if err := f.Parse(args); err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
if !f.Parsed() {
t.Error("f.Parse() = false after Parse")
}
if *boolFlag != true {
t.Error("bool flag should be true, is ", *boolFlag)
}
if *bool2Flag != true {
t.Error("bool2 flag should be true, is ", *bool2Flag)
}
if *bool3Flag != false {
t.Error("bool3 flag should be false, is ", *bool2Flag)
}
if *intFlag != 22 {
t.Error("int flag should be 22, is ", *intFlag)
}
if *int64Flag != 0x23 {
t.Error("int64 flag should be 0x23, is ", *int64Flag)
}
if *uintFlag != 24 {
t.Error("uint flag should be 24, is ", *uintFlag)
}
if *uint64Flag != 25 {
t.Error("uint64 flag should be 25, is ", *uint64Flag)
}
if *stringFlag != "hello" {
t.Error("string flag should be `hello`, is ", *stringFlag)
}
if *float64Flag != 2718e28 {
t.Error("float64 flag should be 2718e28, is ", *float64Flag)
}
if *durationFlag != 2*time.Minute {
t.Error("duration flag should be 2m, is ", *durationFlag)
}
if len(f.Args()) != 1 {
t.Error("expected one argument, got", len(f.Args()))
} else if f.Args()[0] != extra {
t.Errorf("expected argument %q got %q", extra, f.Args()[0])
}
}
func TestShorthand(t *testing.T) {
f := NewFlagSet("shorthand", ContinueOnError)
if f.Parsed() {
t.Error("f.Parse() = true before Parse")
}
boolaFlag := f.BoolP("boola", "a", false, "bool value")
boolbFlag := f.BoolP("boolb", "b", false, "bool2 value")
boolcFlag := f.BoolP("boolc", "c", false, "bool3 value")
stringFlag := f.StringP("string", "s", "0", "string value")
extra := "interspersed-argument"
notaflag := "--i-look-like-a-flag"
args := []string{
"-ab",
extra,
"-cs",
"hello",
"--",
notaflag,
}
f.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
if err := f.Parse(args); err == nil {
t.Error("--i-look-like-a-flag should throw an error")
}
if !f.Parsed() {
t.Error("f.Parse() = false after Parse")
}
if *boolaFlag != true {
t.Error("boola flag should be true, is ", *boolaFlag)
}
if *boolbFlag != true {
t.Error("boolb flag should be true, is ", *boolbFlag)
}
if *boolcFlag != true {
t.Error("boolc flag should be true, is ", *boolcFlag)
}
if *stringFlag != "hello" {
t.Error("string flag should be `hello`, is ", *stringFlag)
}
if len(f.Args()) != 2 {
t.Error("expected one argument, got", len(f.Args()))
} else if f.Args()[0] != extra {
t.Errorf("expected argument %q got %q", extra, f.Args()[0])
} else if f.Args()[1] != notaflag {
t.Errorf("expected argument %q got %q", notaflag, f.Args()[1])
}
}
func TestParse(t *testing.T) {
ResetForTesting(func() { t.Error("bad parse") })
testParse(GetCommandLine(), t)
}
func TestFlagSetParse(t *testing.T) {
testParse(NewFlagSet("test", ContinueOnError), t)
}
// Declare a user-defined flag type.
type flagVar []string
func (f *flagVar) String() string {
return fmt.Sprint([]string(*f))
}
func (f *flagVar) Set(value string) error {
*f = append(*f, value)
return nil
}
func TestUserDefined(t *testing.T) {
var flags FlagSet
flags.Init("test", ContinueOnError)
var v flagVar
flags.VarP(&v, "v", "v", "usage")
if err := flags.Parse([]string{"--v=1", "-v2", "-v", "3"}); err != nil {
t.Error(err)
}
if len(v) != 3 {
t.Fatal("expected 3 args; got ", len(v))
}
expect := "[1 2 3]"
if v.String() != expect {
t.Errorf("expected value %q got %q", expect, v.String())
}
}
func TestSetOutput(t *testing.T) {
var flags FlagSet
var buf bytes.Buffer
flags.SetOutput(&buf)
flags.Init("test", ContinueOnError)
flags.Parse([]string{"--unknown"})
if out := buf.String(); !strings.Contains(out, "--unknown") {
t.Logf("expected output mentioning unknown; got %q", out)
}
}
// This tests that one can reset the flags. This still works but not well, and is
// superseded by FlagSet.
func TestChangingArgs(t *testing.T) {
ResetForTesting(func() { t.Fatal("bad parse") })
oldArgs := os.Args
defer func() { os.Args = oldArgs }()
os.Args = []string{"cmd", "--before", "subcmd"}
before := Bool("before", false, "")
if err := GetCommandLine().Parse(os.Args[1:]); err != nil {
t.Fatal(err)
}
cmd := Arg(0)
os.Args = []string{"subcmd", "--after", "args"}
after := Bool("after", false, "")
Parse()
args := Args()
if !*before || cmd != "subcmd" || !*after || len(args) != 1 || args[0] != "args" {
t.Fatalf("expected true subcmd true [args] got %v %v %v %v", *before, cmd, *after, args)
}
}
// Test that -help invokes the usage message and returns ErrHelp.
func TestHelp(t *testing.T) {
var helpCalled = false
fs := NewFlagSet("help test", ContinueOnError)
fs.Usage = func() { helpCalled = true }
var flag bool
fs.BoolVar(&flag, "flag", false, "regular flag")
// Regular flag invocation should work
err := fs.Parse([]string{"--flag=true"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatal("expected no error; got ", err)
}
if !flag {
t.Error("flag was not set by --flag")
}
if helpCalled {
t.Error("help called for regular flag")
helpCalled = false // reset for next test
}
// Help flag should work as expected.
err = fs.Parse([]string{"--help"})
if err == nil {
t.Fatal("error expected")
}
if err != ErrHelp {
t.Fatal("expected ErrHelp; got ", err)
}
if !helpCalled {
t.Fatal("help was not called")
}
// If we define a help flag, that should override.
var help bool
fs.BoolVar(&help, "help", false, "help flag")
helpCalled = false
err = fs.Parse([]string{"--help"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatal("expected no error for defined --help; got ", err)
}
if helpCalled {
t.Fatal("help was called; should not have been for defined help flag")
}
}
func TestNoInterspersed(t *testing.T) {
f := NewFlagSet("test", ContinueOnError)
f.SetInterspersed(false)
f.Bool("true", true, "always true")
f.Bool("false", false, "always false")
err := f.Parse([]string{"--true", "break", "--false"})
if err != nil {
t.Fatal("expected no error; got ", err)
}
args := f.Args()
if len(args) != 2 || args[0] != "break" || args[1] != "--false" {
t.Fatal("expected interspersed options/non-options to fail")
}
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- float32 Value
type float32Value float32
func newFloat32Value(val float32, p *float32) *float32Value {
*p = val
return (*float32Value)(p)
}
func (f *float32Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 32)
*f = float32Value(v)
return err
}
func (f *float32Value) Type() string {
return "float32"
}
func (f *float32Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *f) }
// Float32Var defines a float32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a float32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Float32Var(p *float32, name string, value float32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newFloat32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Float32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Float32VarP(p *float32, name, shorthand string, value float32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newFloat32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Float32Var defines a float32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a float32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Float32Var(p *float32, name string, value float32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newFloat32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Float32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Float32VarP(p *float32, name, shorthand string, value float32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newFloat32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Float32 defines a float32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a float32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Float32(name string, value float32, usage string) *float32 {
p := new(float32)
f.Float32VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Float32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Float32P(name, shorthand string, value float32, usage string) *float32 {
p := new(float32)
f.Float32VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Float32 defines a float32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a float32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Float32(name string, value float32, usage string) *float32 {
return CommandLine.Float32P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Float32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Float32P(name, shorthand string, value float32, usage string) *float32 {
return CommandLine.Float32P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- float64 Value
type float64Value float64
func newFloat64Value(val float64, p *float64) *float64Value {
*p = val
return (*float64Value)(p)
}
func (f *float64Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64)
*f = float64Value(v)
return err
}
func (f *float64Value) Type() string {
return "float64"
}
func (f *float64Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *f) }
// Float64Var defines a float64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a float64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Float64Var(p *float64, name string, value float64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newFloat64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Float64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Float64VarP(p *float64, name, shorthand string, value float64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newFloat64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Float64Var defines a float64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a float64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Float64Var(p *float64, name string, value float64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newFloat64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Float64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Float64VarP(p *float64, name, shorthand string, value float64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newFloat64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Float64 defines a float64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a float64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Float64(name string, value float64, usage string) *float64 {
p := new(float64)
f.Float64VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Float64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Float64P(name, shorthand string, value float64, usage string) *float64 {
p := new(float64)
f.Float64VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Float64 defines a float64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a float64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Float64(name string, value float64, usage string) *float64 {
return CommandLine.Float64P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Float64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Float64P(name, shorthand string, value float64, usage string) *float64 {
return CommandLine.Float64P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- int Value
type intValue int
func newIntValue(val int, p *int) *intValue {
*p = val
return (*intValue)(p)
}
func (i *intValue) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, 64)
*i = intValue(v)
return err
}
func (i *intValue) Type() string {
return "int"
}
func (i *intValue) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// IntVar defines an int flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) IntVar(p *int, name string, value int, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIntValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IntVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IntVarP(p *int, name, shorthand string, value int, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIntValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// IntVar defines an int flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func IntVar(p *int, name string, value int, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIntValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IntVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IntVarP(p *int, name, shorthand string, value int, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIntValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int defines an int flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int(name string, value int, usage string) *int {
p := new(int)
f.IntVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Int, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IntP(name, shorthand string, value int, usage string) *int {
p := new(int)
f.IntVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Int defines an int flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Int(name string, value int, usage string) *int {
return CommandLine.IntP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Int, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IntP(name, shorthand string, value int, usage string) *int {
return CommandLine.IntP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

74
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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- int32 Value
type int32Value int32
func newInt32Value(val int32, p *int32) *int32Value {
*p = val
return (*int32Value)(p)
}
func (i *int32Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, 32)
*i = int32Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *int32Value) Type() string {
return "int32"
}
func (i *int32Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// Int32Var defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32Var(p *int32, name string, value int32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32VarP(p *int32, name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int32Var defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Int32Var(p *int32, name string, value int32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int32VarP(p *int32, name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int32 defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32(name string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
p := new(int32)
f.Int32VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Int32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int32P(name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
p := new(int32)
f.Int32VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Int32 defines an int32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Int32(name string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
return CommandLine.Int32P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Int32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int32P(name, shorthand string, value int32, usage string) *int32 {
return CommandLine.Int32P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- int64 Value
type int64Value int64
func newInt64Value(val int64, p *int64) *int64Value {
*p = val
return (*int64Value)(p)
}
func (i *int64Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, 64)
*i = int64Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *int64Value) Type() string {
return "int64"
}
func (i *int64Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// Int64Var defines an int64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int64Var(p *int64, name string, value int64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int64VarP(p *int64, name, shorthand string, value int64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int64Var defines an int64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Int64Var(p *int64, name string, value int64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int64VarP(p *int64, name, shorthand string, value int64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int64 defines an int64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int64(name string, value int64, usage string) *int64 {
p := new(int64)
f.Int64VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Int64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int64P(name, shorthand string, value int64, usage string) *int64 {
p := new(int64)
f.Int64VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Int64 defines an int64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Int64(name string, value int64, usage string) *int64 {
return CommandLine.Int64P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Int64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int64P(name, shorthand string, value int64, usage string) *int64 {
return CommandLine.Int64P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

74
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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- int8 Value
type int8Value int8
func newInt8Value(val int8, p *int8) *int8Value {
*p = val
return (*int8Value)(p)
}
func (i *int8Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 0, 8)
*i = int8Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *int8Value) Type() string {
return "int8"
}
func (i *int8Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// Int8Var defines an int8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int8 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int8Var(p *int8, name string, value int8, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt8Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int8Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int8VarP(p *int8, name, shorthand string, value int8, usage string) {
f.VarP(newInt8Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int8Var defines an int8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an int8 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Int8Var(p *int8, name string, value int8, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt8Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Int8Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int8VarP(p *int8, name, shorthand string, value int8, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newInt8Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Int8 defines an int8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int8 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Int8(name string, value int8, usage string) *int8 {
p := new(int8)
f.Int8VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Int8, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Int8P(name, shorthand string, value int8, usage string) *int8 {
p := new(int8)
f.Int8VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Int8 defines an int8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an int8 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Int8(name string, value int8, usage string) *int8 {
return CommandLine.Int8P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Int8, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Int8P(name, shorthand string, value int8, usage string) *int8 {
return CommandLine.Int8P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"net"
)
// -- net.IP value
type ipValue net.IP
func newIPValue(val net.IP, p *net.IP) *ipValue {
*p = val
return (*ipValue)(p)
}
func (i *ipValue) String() string { return net.IP(*i).String() }
func (i *ipValue) Set(s string) error {
ip := net.ParseIP(s)
if ip == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse IP: %q", s)
}
*i = ipValue(ip)
return nil
}
func (i *ipValue) Get() interface{} {
return net.IP(*i)
}
func (i *ipValue) Type() string {
return "ip"
}
// IPVar defines an net.IP flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an net.IP variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) IPVar(p *net.IP, name string, value net.IP, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIPValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IPVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IPVarP(p *net.IP, name, shorthand string, value net.IP, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIPValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// IPVar defines an net.IP flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an net.IP variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func IPVar(p *net.IP, name string, value net.IP, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIPValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IPVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IPVarP(p *net.IP, name, shorthand string, value net.IP, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIPValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// IP defines an net.IP flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an net.IP variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) IP(name string, value net.IP, usage string) *net.IP {
p := new(net.IP)
f.IPVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like IP, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IPP(name, shorthand string, value net.IP, usage string) *net.IP {
p := new(net.IP)
f.IPVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// IP defines an net.IP flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an net.IP variable that stores the value of the flag.
func IP(name string, value net.IP, usage string) *net.IP {
return CommandLine.IPP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like IP, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IPP(name, shorthand string, value net.IP, usage string) *net.IP {
return CommandLine.IPP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"net"
)
// -- net.IPMask value
type ipMaskValue net.IPMask
func newIPMaskValue(val net.IPMask, p *net.IPMask) *ipMaskValue {
*p = val
return (*ipMaskValue)(p)
}
func (i *ipMaskValue) String() string { return net.IPMask(*i).String() }
func (i *ipMaskValue) Set(s string) error {
ip := ParseIPv4Mask(s)
if ip == nil {
return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse IP mask: %q", s)
}
*i = ipMaskValue(ip)
return nil
}
func (i *ipMaskValue) Get() interface{} {
return net.IPMask(*i)
}
func (i *ipMaskValue) Type() string {
return "ipMask"
}
// Parse IPv4 netmask written in IP form (e.g. 255.255.255.0).
// This function should really belong to the net package.
func ParseIPv4Mask(s string) net.IPMask {
mask := net.ParseIP(s)
if mask == nil {
return nil
}
return net.IPv4Mask(mask[12], mask[13], mask[14], mask[15])
}
// IPMaskVar defines an net.IPMask flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an net.IPMask variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) IPMaskVar(p *net.IPMask, name string, value net.IPMask, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIPMaskValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IPMaskVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IPMaskVarP(p *net.IPMask, name, shorthand string, value net.IPMask, usage string) {
f.VarP(newIPMaskValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// IPMaskVar defines an net.IPMask flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to an net.IPMask variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func IPMaskVar(p *net.IPMask, name string, value net.IPMask, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIPMaskValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like IPMaskVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IPMaskVarP(p *net.IPMask, name, shorthand string, value net.IPMask, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newIPMaskValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// IPMask defines an net.IPMask flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an net.IPMask variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) IPMask(name string, value net.IPMask, usage string) *net.IPMask {
p := new(net.IPMask)
f.IPMaskVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like IPMask, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) IPMaskP(name, shorthand string, value net.IPMask, usage string) *net.IPMask {
p := new(net.IPMask)
f.IPMaskVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// IPMask defines an net.IPMask flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of an net.IPMask variable that stores the value of the flag.
func IPMask(name string, value net.IPMask, usage string) *net.IPMask {
return CommandLine.IPMaskP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like IP, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func IPMaskP(name, shorthand string, value net.IPMask, usage string) *net.IPMask {
return CommandLine.IPMaskP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import "fmt"
// -- string Value
type stringValue string
func newStringValue(val string, p *string) *stringValue {
*p = val
return (*stringValue)(p)
}
func (s *stringValue) Set(val string) error {
*s = stringValue(val)
return nil
}
func (s *stringValue) Type() string {
return "string"
}
func (s *stringValue) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%s", *s) }
// StringVar defines a string flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a string variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) StringVar(p *string, name string, value string, usage string) {
f.VarP(newStringValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like StringVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) StringVarP(p *string, name, shorthand string, value string, usage string) {
f.VarP(newStringValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// StringVar defines a string flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a string variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func StringVar(p *string, name string, value string, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newStringValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like StringVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func StringVarP(p *string, name, shorthand string, value string, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newStringValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// String defines a string flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a string variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) String(name string, value string, usage string) *string {
p := new(string)
f.StringVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like String, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) StringP(name, shorthand string, value string, usage string) *string {
p := new(string)
f.StringVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// String defines a string flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a string variable that stores the value of the flag.
func String(name string, value string, usage string) *string {
return CommandLine.StringP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like String, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func StringP(name, shorthand string, value string, usage string) *string {
return CommandLine.StringP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- uint Value
type uintValue uint
func newUintValue(val uint, p *uint) *uintValue {
*p = val
return (*uintValue)(p)
}
func (i *uintValue) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, 64)
*i = uintValue(v)
return err
}
func (i *uintValue) Type() string {
return "uint"
}
func (i *uintValue) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// UintVar defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) UintVar(p *uint, name string, value uint, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUintValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like UintVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) UintVarP(p *uint, name, shorthand string, value uint, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUintValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// UintVar defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func UintVar(p *uint, name string, value uint, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUintValue(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like UintVar, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func UintVarP(p *uint, name, shorthand string, value uint, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUintValue(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint(name string, value uint, usage string) *uint {
p := new(uint)
f.UintVarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Uint, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) UintP(name, shorthand string, value uint, usage string) *uint {
p := new(uint)
f.UintVarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Uint defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Uint(name string, value uint, usage string) *uint {
return CommandLine.UintP(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Uint, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func UintP(name, shorthand string, value uint, usage string) *uint {
return CommandLine.UintP(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- uint16 value
type uint16Value uint16
func newUint16Value(val uint16, p *uint16) *uint16Value {
*p = val
return (*uint16Value)(p)
}
func (i *uint16Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *i) }
func (i *uint16Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, 16)
*i = uint16Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *uint16Value) Get() interface{} {
return uint16(*i)
}
func (i *uint16Value) Type() string {
return "uint16"
}
// Uint16Var defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint16Var(p *uint16, name string, value uint16, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint16Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint16Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint16VarP(p *uint16, name, shorthand string, value uint16, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint16Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint16Var defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Uint16Var(p *uint16, name string, value uint16, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint16Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint16Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint16VarP(p *uint16, name, shorthand string, value uint16, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint16Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint16 defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint16(name string, value uint16, usage string) *uint16 {
p := new(uint16)
f.Uint16VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Uint16, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint16P(name, shorthand string, value uint16, usage string) *uint16 {
p := new(uint16)
f.Uint16VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Uint16 defines a uint flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Uint16(name string, value uint16, usage string) *uint16 {
return CommandLine.Uint16P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Uint16, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint16P(name, shorthand string, value uint16, usage string) *uint16 {
return CommandLine.Uint16P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- uint16 value
type uint32Value uint32
func newUint32Value(val uint32, p *uint32) *uint32Value {
*p = val
return (*uint32Value)(p)
}
func (i *uint32Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *i) }
func (i *uint32Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, 32)
*i = uint32Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *uint32Value) Get() interface{} {
return uint32(*i)
}
func (i *uint32Value) Type() string {
return "uint32"
}
// Uint32Var defines a uint32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint32Var(p *uint32, name string, value uint32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint32VarP(p *uint32, name, shorthand string, value uint32, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint32Var defines a uint32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint32 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Uint32Var(p *uint32, name string, value uint32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint32Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint32Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint32VarP(p *uint32, name, shorthand string, value uint32, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint32Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint32 defines a uint32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint32(name string, value uint32, usage string) *uint32 {
p := new(uint32)
f.Uint32VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Uint32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint32P(name, shorthand string, value uint32, usage string) *uint32 {
p := new(uint32)
f.Uint32VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Uint32 defines a uint32 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint32 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Uint32(name string, value uint32, usage string) *uint32 {
return CommandLine.Uint32P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Uint32, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint32P(name, shorthand string, value uint32, usage string) *uint32 {
return CommandLine.Uint32P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- uint64 Value
type uint64Value uint64
func newUint64Value(val uint64, p *uint64) *uint64Value {
*p = val
return (*uint64Value)(p)
}
func (i *uint64Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, 64)
*i = uint64Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *uint64Value) Type() string {
return "uint64"
}
func (i *uint64Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// Uint64Var defines a uint64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint64Var(p *uint64, name string, value uint64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint64VarP(p *uint64, name, shorthand string, value uint64, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint64Var defines a uint64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint64 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Uint64Var(p *uint64, name string, value uint64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint64Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint64Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint64VarP(p *uint64, name, shorthand string, value uint64, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint64Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint64 defines a uint64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint64(name string, value uint64, usage string) *uint64 {
p := new(uint64)
f.Uint64VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Uint64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint64P(name, shorthand string, value uint64, usage string) *uint64 {
p := new(uint64)
f.Uint64VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Uint64 defines a uint64 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint64 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Uint64(name string, value uint64, usage string) *uint64 {
return CommandLine.Uint64P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Uint64, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint64P(name, shorthand string, value uint64, usage string) *uint64 {
return CommandLine.Uint64P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}

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package pflag
import (
"fmt"
"strconv"
)
// -- uint8 Value
type uint8Value uint8
func newUint8Value(val uint8, p *uint8) *uint8Value {
*p = val
return (*uint8Value)(p)
}
func (i *uint8Value) Set(s string) error {
v, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 0, 8)
*i = uint8Value(v)
return err
}
func (i *uint8Value) Type() string {
return "uint8"
}
func (i *uint8Value) String() string { return fmt.Sprintf("%v", *i) }
// Uint8Var defines a uint8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint8 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint8Var(p *uint8, name string, value uint8, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint8Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint8Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint8VarP(p *uint8, name, shorthand string, value uint8, usage string) {
f.VarP(newUint8Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint8Var defines a uint8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The argument p points to a uint8 variable in which to store the value of the flag.
func Uint8Var(p *uint8, name string, value uint8, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint8Value(value, p), name, "", usage)
}
// Like Uint8Var, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint8VarP(p *uint8, name, shorthand string, value uint8, usage string) {
CommandLine.VarP(newUint8Value(value, p), name, shorthand, usage)
}
// Uint8 defines a uint8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint8 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint8(name string, value uint8, usage string) *uint8 {
p := new(uint8)
f.Uint8VarP(p, name, "", value, usage)
return p
}
// Like Uint8, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func (f *FlagSet) Uint8P(name, shorthand string, value uint8, usage string) *uint8 {
p := new(uint8)
f.Uint8VarP(p, name, shorthand, value, usage)
return p
}
// Uint8 defines a uint8 flag with specified name, default value, and usage string.
// The return value is the address of a uint8 variable that stores the value of the flag.
func Uint8(name string, value uint8, usage string) *uint8 {
return CommandLine.Uint8P(name, "", value, usage)
}
// Like Uint8, but accepts a shorthand letter that can be used after a single dash.
func Uint8P(name, shorthand string, value uint8, usage string) *uint8 {
return CommandLine.Uint8P(name, shorthand, value, usage)
}