Bump to version v0.1.36

Signed-off-by: Daniel J Walsh <dwalsh@redhat.com>

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-/docs/skopeo.1
+*.1
 /layers-*
 /skopeo

.travis.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,25 @@
-sudo: required
+language: go
 
-services:
-  - docker
+matrix:
+  include:
+  -  os: linux
+     sudo: required
+     services:
+       - docker
+  -  os: osx
 
 notifications:
   email: false
 
+install:
+  # NOTE: The (brew update) should not be necessary, and slows things down;
+  # we include it as a workaround for https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/issues/3299
+  # ideally Travis should bake the (brew update) into its images
+  # (https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/8552 ), but that’s only going
+  # to happen around November 2017 per https://blog.travis-ci.com/2017-10-16-a-new-default-os-x-image-is-coming .
+  # Remove the (brew update) at that time.
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew update && brew install gpgme ; fi
+
 script:
-  - make check
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]];   then hack/travis_osx.sh ; fi
+  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then make vendor && ./hack/tree_status.sh && make check ; fi

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ that we follow.
 * [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
 * [Submitting Pull Requests](#submitting-pull-requests)
 * [Communications](#communications)
-* [Becomign a Maintainer](#becoming-a-maintainer)
+<!--
+* [Becoming a Maintainer](#becoming-a-maintainer)
+-->
 
 ## Reporting Issues
 
 Before reporting an issue, check our backlog of 
-[open issues](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/issues)
+[open issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues)
 to see if someone else has already reported it. If so, feel free to add
 your scenario, or additional information, to the discussion. Or simply 
 "subscribe" to it to be notified when it is updated.
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@ It's ok to just open up a PR with the fix, but make sure you include the same
 information you would have included in an issue - like how to reproduce it.
 
 PRs for new features should include some background on what use cases the
-new code is trying to address. And, when possible and it makes, try to break-up
+new code is trying to address. When possible and when it makes sense, try to break-up
 larger PRs into smaller ones - it's easier to review smaller
-code changes. But, only if those smaller ones make sense as stand-alone PRs.
+code changes. But only if those smaller ones make sense as stand-alone PRs.
 
 Regardless of the type of PR, all PRs should include:
 * well documented code changes
@@ -47,9 +49,9 @@ Regardless of the type of PR, all PRs should include:
 * documentation changes
 
 Squash your commits into logical pieces of work that might want to be reviewed
-separate from the rest of the PRs. But, squashing down to just one commit is ok
-too since in the end the entire PR will be reviewed anyway. When in doubt, 
-squash.
+separate from the rest of the PRs. Ideally, each commit should implement a single
+idea, and the PR branch should pass the tests at every commit.  GitHub makes it easy
+to review the cumulative effect of many commits; so, when in doubt, use smaller commits.
 
 PRs that fix issues should include a reference like `Closes #XXXX` in the
 commit message so that github will automatically close the referenced issue
@@ -113,16 +115,45 @@ Use your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.)
 If you set your `user.name` and `user.email` git configs, you can sign your
 commit automatically with `git commit -s`.
 
+### Dependencies management
+
+Make sure [`vndr`](https://github.com/LK4D4/vndr) is installed.
+
+In order to add a new dependency to this project:
+
+- add a new line to `vendor.conf` according to `vndr` rules (e.g. `github.com/pkg/errors master`)
+- run `make vendor`
+
+In order to update an existing dependency:
+
+- update the relevant dependency line in `vendor.conf`
+- run `make vendor`
+
+When new PRs for [containers/image](https://github.com/containers/image) break `skopeo` (i.e. `containers/image` tests fail in `make test-skopeo`):
+
+- create out a new branch in your `skopeo` checkout and switch to it
+- update `vendor.conf`. Find out the `containers/image` dependency; update it to vendor from your own branch and your own repository fork (e.g. `github.com/containers/image my-branch https://github.com/runcom/image`)
+- run `make vendor`
+- make any other necessary changes in the skopeo repo (e.g. add other dependencies now requied by `containers/image`, or update skopeo for changed `containers/image` API)
+- optionally add new integration tests to the skopeo repo
+- submit the resulting branch as a skopeo PR, marked “DO NOT MERGE”
+- iterate until tests pass and the PR is reviewed
+- then the original `containers/image` PR can be merged, disregarding its `make test-skopeo` failure
+- as soon as possible after that, in the skopeo PR, restore the `containers/image` line in `vendor.conf` to use `containers/image:master`
+- run `make vendor`
+- update the skopeo PR with the result, drop the “DO NOT MERGE” marking
+- after tests complete succcesfully again, merge the skopeo PR
+
 ## Communications
 
-For general questions, or dicsussions, please use the 
+For general questions, or discussions, please use the 
 IRC group on `irc.freenode.net` called `container-projects`
 that has been setup.
 
 For discussions around issues/bugs and features, you can use the github
-[issues](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/issues)
+[issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues)
 and
-[PRs](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/pulls)
+[PRs](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/pulls)
 tracking system.
 
 <!--

Dockerfile

@@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
 FROM fedora
 
 RUN dnf -y update && dnf install -y make git golang golang-github-cpuguy83-go-md2man \
+	# storage deps
+	btrfs-progs-devel \
+	device-mapper-devel \
 	# gpgme bindings deps
 	libassuan-devel gpgme-devel \
+	ostree-devel \
 	gnupg \
-	# registry v1 deps
-	xz-devel \
-	python-devel \
-	python-pip \
-	swig \
-	redhat-rpm-config \
-	openssl-devel \
-	patch
+	# OpenShift deps
+	which tar wget hostname util-linux bsdtar socat ethtool device-mapper iptables tree findutils nmap-ncat e2fsprogs xfsprogs lsof docker iproute \
+	&& dnf clean all
 
-# Install three versions of the registry. The first is an older version that
+# Install two versions of the registry. The first is an older version that
 # only supports schema1 manifests. The second is a newer version that supports
 # both. This allows integration-cli tests to cover push/pull with both schema1
-# and schema2 manifests. Install registry v1 also.
-ENV REGISTRY_COMMIT_SCHEMA1 ec87e9b6971d831f0eff752ddb54fb64693e51cd
-ENV REGISTRY_COMMIT 47a064d4195a9b56133891bbb13620c3ac83a827
+# and schema2 manifests.
 RUN set -x \
+	&& REGISTRY_COMMIT_SCHEMA1=ec87e9b6971d831f0eff752ddb54fb64693e51cd \
+	&& REGISTRY_COMMIT=47a064d4195a9b56133891bbb13620c3ac83a827 \
 	&& export GOPATH="$(mktemp -d)" \
 	&& git clone https://github.com/docker/distribution.git "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" \
 	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" && git checkout -q "$REGISTRY_COMMIT") \
@@ -28,31 +27,24 @@ RUN set -x \
 	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" && git checkout -q "$REGISTRY_COMMIT_SCHEMA1") \
 	&& GOPATH="$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution/Godeps/_workspace:$GOPATH" \
 		go build -o /usr/local/bin/registry-v2-schema1 github.com/docker/distribution/cmd/registry \
-	&& rm -rf "$GOPATH" \
-	&& export DRV1="$(mktemp -d)" \
-	&& git clone https://github.com/docker/docker-registry.git "$DRV1" \
-	# no need for setuptools since we have a version conflict with fedora
-	&& sed -i.bak s/setuptools==5.8//g "$DRV1/requirements/main.txt" \
-	&& sed -i.bak s/setuptools==5.8//g "$DRV1/depends/docker-registry-core/requirements/main.txt" \
-	&& pip install "$DRV1/depends/docker-registry-core" \
-	&& pip install file://"$DRV1#egg=docker-registry[bugsnag,newrelic,cors]" \
-	&& patch $(python -c 'import boto; import os; print os.path.dirname(boto.__file__)')/connection.py \
-		< "$DRV1/contrib/boto_header_patch.diff" \
-	&& dnf -y update && dnf install -y m2crypto
+	&& rm -rf "$GOPATH"
 
 RUN set -x \
-	&& yum install -y which git tar wget hostname util-linux bsdtar socat ethtool device-mapper iptables tree findutils nmap-ncat e2fsprogs xfsprogs lsof docker iproute \
 	&& export GOPATH=$(mktemp -d) \
-	&& git clone -b v1.3.0-alpha.3 git://github.com/openshift/origin "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin" \
+	&& git clone --depth 1 -b v1.5.0-alpha.3 git://github.com/openshift/origin "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin" \
+	# The sed edits out a "go < 1.5" check which works incorrectly with go ≥ 1.10. \
+	&& sed -i -e 's/\[\[ "\${go_version\[2]}" < "go1.5" ]]/false/' "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin/hack/common.sh" \
 	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin" && make clean build && make all WHAT=cmd/dockerregistry) \
 	&& cp -a "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin/_output/local/bin/linux"/*/* /usr/local/bin \
 	&& cp "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin/images/dockerregistry/config.yml" /atomic-registry-config.yml \
+	&& rm -rf "$GOPATH" \
 	&& mkdir /registry
 
 ENV GOPATH /usr/share/gocode:/go
 ENV PATH $GOPATH/bin:/usr/share/gocode/bin:$PATH
-RUN go get github.com/golang/lint/golint
-WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-COPY . /go/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
+RUN go version
+RUN go get golang.org/x/lint/golint
+WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/containers/skopeo
+COPY . /go/src/github.com/containers/skopeo
 
 #ENTRYPOINT ["hack/dind"]

Dockerfile.build

@@ -1,5 +1,14 @@
-FROM ubuntu:16.04
-RUN apt-get update
-RUN apt-get install -y golang git-core libgpgme11-dev
+FROM ubuntu:18.10
+
+RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
+    golang \
+    btrfs-tools \
+    git-core \
+    libdevmapper-dev \
+    libgpgme11-dev \
+    go-md2man \
+    libglib2.0-dev \
+    libostree-dev
+
 ENV GOPATH=/
-WORKDIR /src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
+WORKDIR /src/github.com/containers/skopeo

Makefile

@@ -1,94 +1,155 @@
-.PHONY: all binary build-container build-local clean install install-binary install-completions shell test-integration
+.PHONY: all binary build-container docs docs-in-container build-local clean install install-binary install-completions shell test-integration .install.vndr vendor
 
 export GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
 
+ifeq ($(shell uname),Darwin)
+PREFIX ?= ${DESTDIR}/usr/local
+DARWIN_BUILD_TAG=containers_image_ostree_stub
+# On macOS, (brew install gpgme) installs it within /usr/local, but /usr/local/include is not in the default search path.
+# Rather than hard-code this directory, use gpgme-config. Sadly that must be done at the top-level user
+# instead of locally in the gpgme subpackage, because cgo supports only pkg-config, not general shell scripts,
+# and gpgme does not install a pkg-config file.
+# If gpgme is not installed or gpgme-config can’t be found for other reasons, the error is silently ignored
+# (and the user will probably find out because the cgo compilation will fail).
+GPGME_ENV := CGO_CFLAGS="$(shell gpgme-config --cflags 2>/dev/null)" CGO_LDFLAGS="$(shell gpgme-config --libs 2>/dev/null)"
+else
 PREFIX ?= ${DESTDIR}/usr
+endif
+
 INSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/bin
 MANINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/man
 CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR=${DESTDIR}/etc/containers
 REGISTRIESDDIR=${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}/registries.d
+SIGSTOREDIR=${DESTDIR}/var/lib/atomic/sigstore
 BASHINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/bash-completion/completions
-GO_MD2MAN ?= /usr/bin/go-md2man
+GO ?= go
+CONTAINER_RUNTIME := $(shell command -v podman 2> /dev/null || echo docker)
+GOMD2MAN ?= $(shell command -v go-md2man || echo '$(GOBIN)/go-md2man')
 
 ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
   override GOGCFLAGS += -N -l
 endif
 
+ifeq ($(shell $(GO) env GOOS), linux)
+  GO_DYN_FLAGS="-buildmode=pie"
+endif
+
 GIT_BRANCH := $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-DOCKER_IMAGE := skopeo-dev$(if $(GIT_BRANCH),:$(GIT_BRANCH))
+IMAGE := skopeo-dev$(if $(GIT_BRANCH),:$(GIT_BRANCH))
 # set env like gobuildtag?
-DOCKER_FLAGS := docker run --rm -i #$(DOCKER_ENVS)
+CONTAINER_CMD := ${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} run --rm -i -e TESTFLAGS="$(TESTFLAGS)" #$(CONTAINER_ENVS)
 # if this session isn't interactive, then we don't want to allocate a
 # TTY, which would fail, but if it is interactive, we do want to attach
 # so that the user can send e.g. ^C through.
 INTERACTIVE := $(shell [ -t 0 ] && echo 1 || echo 0)
 ifeq ($(INTERACTIVE), 1)
-	DOCKER_FLAGS += -t
+	CONTAINER_CMD += -t
 endif
-DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER := $(DOCKER_FLAGS) "$(DOCKER_IMAGE)"
+CONTAINER_RUN := $(CONTAINER_CMD) "$(IMAGE)"
 
 GIT_COMMIT := $(shell git rev-parse HEAD 2> /dev/null || true)
 
 MANPAGES_MD = $(wildcard docs/*.md)
+MANPAGES ?= $(MANPAGES_MD:%.md=%)
+
+BTRFS_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/btrfs_tag.sh) $(shell hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh)
+LIBDM_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/libdm_tag.sh)
+OSTREE_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/ostree_tag.sh)
+LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS = $(BTRFS_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBDM_BUILD_TAG) $(OSTREE_BUILD_TAG) $(DARWIN_BUILD_TAG)
+BUILDTAGS += $(LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS)
+
+ifeq ($(DISABLE_CGO), 1)
+	override BUILDTAGS = containers_image_ostree_stub exclude_graphdriver_devicemapper exclude_graphdriver_btrfs containers_image_openpgp
+endif
 
 #   make all DEBUG=1
 #     Note: Uses the -N -l go compiler options to disable compiler optimizations
 #           and inlining. Using these build options allows you to subsequently
 #           use source debugging tools like delve.
-all: binary docs
+all: binary docs-in-container
 
-# Build a docker image (skopeobuild) that has everything we need to build.
+help:
+	@echo "Usage: make <target>"
+	@echo
+	@echo " * 'install' - Install binaries and documents to system locations"
+	@echo " * 'binary' - Build skopeo with a container"
+	@echo " * 'binary-local' - Build skopeo locally"
+	@echo " * 'test-unit' - Execute unit tests"
+	@echo " * 'test-integration' - Execute integration tests"
+	@echo " * 'validate' - Verify whether there is no conflict and all Go source files have been formatted, linted and vetted"
+	@echo " * 'check' - Including above validate, test-integration and test-unit"
+	@echo " * 'shell' - Run the built image and attach to a shell"
+	@echo " * 'clean' - Clean artifacts"
+
+# Build a container image (skopeobuild) that has everything we need to build.
 # Then do the build and the output (skopeo) should appear in current dir
 binary: cmd/skopeo
-	docker build ${DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
-	docker run --rm --security-opt label:disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo \
-		skopeobuildimage make binary-local $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG))
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} build ${BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} run --rm --security-opt label=disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/containers/skopeo \
+		skopeobuildimage make binary-local $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
 
-# Build w/o using Docker containers
+binary-static: cmd/skopeo
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} build ${BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} run --rm --security-opt label=disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/containers/skopeo \
+		skopeobuildimage make binary-local-static $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
+
+# Build w/o using containers
 binary-local:
-	go build -ldflags "-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT}" -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -o skopeo ./cmd/skopeo
+	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) build ${GO_DYN_FLAGS} -ldflags "-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT}" -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o skopeo ./cmd/skopeo
 
+binary-local-static:
+	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) build -ldflags "-extldflags \"-static\" -X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT}" -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o skopeo ./cmd/skopeo
 
 build-container:
-	docker build ${DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS} -t "$(DOCKER_IMAGE)" .
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} build ${BUILD_ARGS} -t "$(IMAGE)" .
 
-docs/%.1: docs/%.1.md
-	$(GO_MD2MAN) -in $< -out $@.tmp && touch $@.tmp && mv $@.tmp $@
+$(MANPAGES): %: %.md
+	@sed -e 's/\((skopeo.*\.md)\)//' -e 's/\[\(skopeo.*\)\]/\1/' $<  | $(GOMD2MAN) -in /dev/stdin -out $@
 
-.PHONY: docs
-docs: $(MANPAGES_MD:%.md=%)
+docs: $(MANPAGES)
+
+docs-in-container:
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} build ${BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
+	${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} run --rm --security-opt label=disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/containers/skopeo \
+		skopeobuildimage make docs $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
 
 clean:
 	rm -f skopeo docs/*.1
 
 install: install-binary install-docs install-completions
-	install -D -m 644 default-policy.json ${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}/policy.json
+	install -d -m 755 ${SIGSTOREDIR}
+	install -d -m 755 ${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}
+	install -m 644 default-policy.json ${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}/policy.json
 	install -d -m 755 ${REGISTRIESDDIR}
+	install -m 644 default.yaml ${REGISTRIESDDIR}/default.yaml
 
 install-binary: ./skopeo
-	install -D -m 755 skopeo ${INSTALLDIR}/skopeo
+	install -d -m 755 ${INSTALLDIR}
+	install -m 755 skopeo ${INSTALLDIR}/skopeo
 
-install-docs: docs/skopeo.1
-	install -D -m 644 docs/skopeo.1 ${MANINSTALLDIR}/man1/skopeo.1
+install-docs: docs
+	install -d -m 755 ${MANINSTALLDIR}/man1
+	install -m 644 docs/*.1 ${MANINSTALLDIR}/man1/
 
 install-completions:
-	install -m 644 -D hack/make/bash_autocomplete ${BASHINSTALLDIR}/skopeo
+	install -m 755 -d ${BASHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -m 644 completions/bash/skopeo ${BASHINSTALLDIR}/skopeo
 
 shell: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) bash
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) bash
 
 check: validate test-unit test-integration
 
 # The tests can run out of entropy and block in containers, so replace /dev/random.
 test-integration: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) bash -c 'rm -f /dev/random; ln -sf /dev/urandom /dev/random; SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 hack/make.sh test-integration'
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) bash -c 'rm -f /dev/random; ln -sf /dev/urandom /dev/random; SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 BUILDTAGS="$(BUILDTAGS)" hack/make.sh test-integration'
 
 test-unit: build-container
 	# Just call (make test unit-local) here instead of worrying about environment differences, e.g. GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT.
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) make test-unit-local
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) make test-unit-local BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
 
 validate: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
 
 # This target is only intended for development, e.g. executing it from an IDE. Use (make test) for CI or pre-release testing.
 test-all-local: validate-local test-unit-local
@@ -97,4 +158,12 @@ validate-local:
 	hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
 
 test-unit-local:
-	go test $$(go list -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/projectatomic/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
+	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) test -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" $$($(GO) list -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/containers/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
+
+.install.vndr:
+	$(GO) get -u github.com/LK4D4/vndr
+
+vendor: vendor.conf .install.vndr
+	$(GOPATH)/bin/vndr \
+		-whitelist '^github.com/containers/image/docs/.*' \
+		-whitelist '^github.com/containers/image/registries.conf'

README.md

@@ -1,16 +1,53 @@
-skopeo [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/projectatomic/skopeo.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/projectatomic/skopeo)
+skopeo [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/containers/skopeo.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/containers/skopeo)
 =
 
-_Please be aware `skopeo` is still work in progress and it currently supports only registry API V2_
+<img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/skopeo/master/docs/skopeo.svg" width="250">
 
-`skopeo` is a command line utility for various operations on container images and image repositories.
+----
+
+`skopeo` is a command line utility that performs various operations on container images and image repositories.
+
+`skopeo` can work with [OCI images](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec) as well as the original Docker v2 images.
+
+Skopeo works with API V2 registries such as Docker registries, the Atomic registry, private registries, local directories and local OCI-layout directories.  Skopeo does not require a daemon to be running to perform these operations which consist of:
+
+ * Copying an image from and to various storage mechanisms.
+   For example you can copy images from one registry to another, without requiring privilege.
+ * Inspecting a remote image showing its properties including its layers, without requiring you to pull the image to the host.
+ * Deleting an image from an image repository.
+ * When required by the repository, skopeo can pass the appropriate credentials and certificates for authentication.
+
+ Skopeo operates on the following image and repository types:
+
+ * containers-storage:docker-reference
+         An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Location and image store specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf
+
+ * dir:path
+         An existing local directory path storing the manifest, layer tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or noninvasive container inspection.
+
+ * docker://docker-reference
+         An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in $HOME/.docker/config.json, which is set e.g. using (docker login).
+
+ * docker-archive:path[:docker-reference]
+         An image is stored in the `docker save` formated file.  docker-reference is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
+
+ * docker-daemon:docker-reference
+         An image docker-reference stored in the docker daemon internal storage.  docker-reference must contain either a tag or a digest.  Alternatively, when reading images, the format can also be docker-daemon:algo:digest (an image ID).
+
+ * oci:path:tag
+         An image tag in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at path.
+
+ * ostree:image[@/absolute/repo/path]
+         An image in local OSTree repository.  /absolute/repo/path defaults to /ostree/repo.
 
 Inspecting a repository
 -
 `skopeo` is able to _inspect_ a repository on a Docker registry and fetch images layers.
-By _inspect_ I mean it fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like
+The _inspect_ command fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like
 json output about a whole repository or a tag. This tool, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about
-a repository or a tag before pulling it (using disk space) - e.g. - which tags are available for the given repository? which labels the image has?
+a repository or a tag before pulling it (using disk space).  The inspect command can show you which tags are available for the given 
+repository, the labels the image has, the creation date and operating system of the image and more.  
+
 
 Examples:
 ```sh
@@ -47,13 +84,25 @@ $ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora:rawhide | jq '.Digest'
 
 Copying images
 -
-`skopeo` can copy container images between various storage mechanisms,
-e.g. Docker registries (including the Docker Hub), the Atomic Registry,
-and local directories:
+`skopeo` can copy container images between various storage mechanisms, including:
+* Docker distribution based registries
+
+  -  The Docker Hub, OpenShift, GCR, Artifactory, Quay ...
+
+* Container Storage backends
+
+  -  Docker daemon storage
+
+  -  github.com/containers/storage (Backend for CRI-O, Buildah and friends)
+
+* Local directories
+
+* Local OCI-layout directories
 
 ```sh
 $ skopeo copy docker://busybox:1-glibc atomic:myns/unsigned:streaming
 $ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:existingemptydirectory
+$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest oci:busybox_ocilayout:latest
 ```
 
 Deleting images
@@ -65,14 +114,10 @@ $ skopeo delete docker://localhost:5000/imagename:latest
 
 Private registries with authentication
 -
-When interacting with private registries, `skopeo` first looks for the Docker's cli config file (usually located at `$HOME/.docker/config.json`) to get the credentials needed to authenticate. When the file isn't available it falls back looking for `--username` and `--password` flags. The ultimate fallback, as Docker does, is to provide an empty authentication when interacting with those registries.
+When interacting with private registries, `skopeo` first looks for `--creds` (for `skopeo inspect|delete`) or `--src-creds|--dest-creds` (for `skopeo copy`) flags. If those aren't provided, it looks for the Docker's cli config file (usually located at `$HOME/.docker/config.json`) to get the credentials needed to authenticate. The ultimate fallback, as Docker does, is to provide an empty authentication when interacting with those registries.
 
 Examples:
 ```sh
-# on my system
-$ skopeo --help | grep docker-cfg
-   --docker-cfg "/home/runcom/.docker"	Docker's cli config for auth
-
 $ cat /home/runcom/.docker/config.json
 {
 	"auths": {
@@ -88,55 +133,104 @@ $ skopeo inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
 {"Tag":"latest","Digest":"sha256:473bb2189d7b913ed7187a33d11e743fdc2f88931122a44d91a301b64419f092","RepoTags":["latest"],"Comment":"","Created":"2016-01-15T18:06:41.282540103Z","ContainerConfig":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["/bin/sh","-c","#(nop) CMD [\"sh\"]"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"DockerVersion":"1.8.3","Author":"","Config":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["sh"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"Architecture":"amd64","Os":"linux"}
 
 # let's try now to fake a non existent Docker's config file
-$ skopeo --docker-cfg="" inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
-FATA[0000] Get https://myregistrydomain.com:5000/v2/busybox/manifests/latest: no basic auth credentials
+$ cat /home/runcom/.docker/config.json
+{}
 
-# passing --username and --password - we can see that everything goes fine
-$ skopeo --docker-cfg="" --username=testuser --password=testpassword inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
+$ skopeo inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
+FATA[0000] unauthorized: authentication required
+
+# passing --creds - we can see that everything goes fine
+$ skopeo inspect --creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
 {"Tag":"latest","Digest":"sha256:473bb2189d7b913ed7187a33d11e743fdc2f88931122a44d91a301b64419f092","RepoTags":["latest"],"Comment":"","Created":"2016-01-15T18:06:41.282540103Z","ContainerConfig":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["/bin/sh","-c","#(nop) CMD [\"sh\"]"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"DockerVersion":"1.8.3","Author":"","Config":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["sh"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"Architecture":"amd64","Os":"linux"}
+
+# skopeo copy example:
+$ skopeo copy --src-creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/private oci:local_oci_image
 ```
 If your cli config is found but it doesn't contain the necessary credentials for the queried registry
-you'll get an error. You can fix this by either logging in (via `docker login`) or providing `--username`
-and `--password`.
-Building
+you'll get an error. You can fix this by either logging in (via `docker login`) or providing `--creds` or `--src-creds|--dest-creds`.
+
+
+Obtaining skopeo
 -
-To build the manual you will need go-md2man.
+`skopeo` may already be packaged in your distribution, for example on Fedora 23 and later you can install it using
 ```sh
-$ sudo apt-get install go-md2man
-```
-To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.5 because it uses the latest `GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT` flag. Also, make sure to clone the repository in your `GOPATH` - otherwise compilation fails.  
-```sh
-$ git clone https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo $GOPATH/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo && make all
+$ sudo dnf install skopeo
 ```
 
-You may need to install additional development packages: gpgme-devel and libassuan-devel
+Otherwise, read on for building and installing it from source:
+
+To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.5 because it uses the latest `GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT` flag.
+
+There are two ways to build skopeo: in a container, or locally without a container.  Choose the one which better matches your needs and environment.
+
+### Building without a container
+Building without a container requires a bit more manual work and setup in your environment, but it is more flexible:
+- It should work in more environments (e.g. for native macOS builds)
+- It does not require root privileges (after dependencies are installed)
+- It is faster, therefore more convenient for developing `skopeo`.
+
+Install the necessary dependencies:
 ```sh
-$ dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel
+Fedora$ sudo dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel btrfs-progs-devel device-mapper-devel ostree-devel
+Ubuntu$ sudo apt install libgpgme-dev libassuan-dev btrfs-progs libdevmapper-dev libostree-dev
+macOS$ brew install gpgme
 ```
-Installing
--
-If you built from source:
+
+Make sure to clone this repository in your `GOPATH` - otherwise compilation fails.
+
+```sh
+$ git clone https://github.com/containers/skopeo $GOPATH/src/github.com/containers/skopeo
+$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/containers/skopeo && make binary-local
+```
+
+### Building in a container
+Building in a container is simpler, but more restrictive:
+- It requires the `docker` command and the ability to run Linux containers
+- The created executable is a Linux executable, and depends on dynamic libraries which may only be available only in a container of a similar Linux distribution.
+
+```sh
+$ make binary # Or (make all) to also build documentation, see below.
+```
+
+To build a pure-Go static binary (disables ostree, devicemapper, btrfs, and gpgme):
+
+```sh
+$ make binary-static DISABLE_CGO=1
+```
+
+### Building documentation
+To build the manual you will need go-md2man.
+```sh
+Debian$ sudo apt-get install go-md2man
+Fedora$ sudo dnf install go-md2man
+```
+Then
+```sh
+$ make docs
+```
+
+### Installation
+Finally, after the binary and documentation is built:
 ```sh
 $ sudo make install
 ```
-`skopeo` is also available from Fedora 23:
-```sh
-sudo dnf install skopeo
-```
+
 TODO
 -
 - list all images on registry?
 - registry v2 search?
-- support output to docker load tar(s)
 - show repo tags via flag or when reference isn't tagged or digested
-- add tests (integration with deployed registries in container - Docker-like)
 - support rkt/appc image spec
 
 NOT TODO
 -
 - provide a _format_ flag - just use the awesome [jq](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/)
 
+CONTRIBUTING
+-
+
+Please read the [contribution guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) if you want to collaborate in the project.
+
 License
 -
 skopeo is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See

cmd/skopeo/cgo_pthread_ordering_workaround.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// +build !containers_image_openpgp
+
 package main
 
 /*

cmd/skopeo/copy.go

@@ -3,56 +3,157 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/copy"
+	"github.com/containers/image/docker/reference"
+	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
 	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
+	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-func copyHandler(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 2 {
-		return errors.New("Usage: copy source destination")
+type copyOptions struct {
+	global            *globalOptions
+	srcImage          *imageOptions
+	destImage         *imageDestOptions
+	additionalTags    cli.StringSlice // For docker-archive: destinations, in addition to the name:tag specified as destination, also add these
+	removeSignatures  bool            // Do not copy signatures from the source image
+	signByFingerprint string          // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
+	format            optionalString  // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
+	quiet             bool            // Suppress output information when copying images
+
+}
+
+func copyCmd(global *globalOptions) cli.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	srcFlags, srcOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, "src-", "screds")
+	destFlags, destOpts := imageDestFlags(global, sharedOpts, "dest-", "dcreds")
+	opts := copyOptions{global: global,
+		srcImage:  srcOpts,
+		destImage: destOpts,
 	}
 
-	policyContext, err := getPolicyContext(context)
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:  "copy",
+		Usage: "Copy an IMAGE-NAME from one location to another",
+		Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
+
+	Container "IMAGE-NAME" uses a "transport":"details" format.
+
+	Supported transports:
+	%s
+
+	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		ArgsUsage: "SOURCE-IMAGE DESTINATION-IMAGE",
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		// FIXME: Do we need to namespace the GPG aspect?
+		Flags: append(append(append([]cli.Flag{
+			cli.StringSliceFlag{
+				Name:  "additional-tag",
+				Usage: "additional tags (supports docker-archive)",
+				Value: &opts.additionalTags, // Surprisingly StringSliceFlag does not support Destination:, but modifies Value: in place.
+			},
+			cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:        "quiet, q",
+				Usage:       "Suppress output information when copying images",
+				Destination: &opts.quiet,
+			},
+			cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:        "remove-signatures",
+				Usage:       "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE-IMAGE",
+				Destination: &opts.removeSignatures,
+			},
+			cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:        "sign-by",
+				Usage:       "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`",
+				Destination: &opts.signByFingerprint,
+			},
+			cli.GenericFlag{
+				Name:  "format, f",
+				Usage: "`MANIFEST TYPE` (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use when saving image to directory using the 'dir:' transport (default is manifest type of source)",
+				Value: newOptionalStringValue(&opts.format),
+			},
+		}, sharedFlags...), srcFlags...), destFlags...),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *copyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		return errorShouldDisplayUsage{errors.New("Exactly two arguments expected")}
+	}
+	imageNames := args
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageNames...); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	policyContext, err := opts.global.getPolicyContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error loading trust policy: %v", err)
 	}
 	defer policyContext.Destroy()
 
-	srcRef, err := transports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[0])
+	srcRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageNames[0])
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", context.Args()[0], err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", imageNames[0], err)
 	}
-	destRef, err := transports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[1])
+	destRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageNames[1])
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid destination name %s: %v", context.Args()[1], err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid destination name %s: %v", imageNames[1], err)
 	}
-	signBy := context.String("sign-by")
-	removeSignatures := context.Bool("remove-signatures")
 
-	return copy.Image(contextFromGlobalOptions(context), policyContext, destRef, srcRef, &copy.Options{
-		RemoveSignatures: removeSignatures,
-		SignBy:           signBy,
-		ReportWriter:     os.Stdout,
+	sourceCtx, err := opts.srcImage.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	destinationCtx, err := opts.destImage.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var manifestType string
+	if opts.format.present {
+		switch opts.format.value {
+		case "oci":
+			manifestType = imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest
+		case "v2s1":
+			manifestType = manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType
+		case "v2s2":
+			manifestType = manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("unknown format %q. Choose one of the supported formats: 'oci', 'v2s1', or 'v2s2'", opts.format.value)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, image := range opts.additionalTags {
+		ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error parsing additional-tag '%s': %v", image, err)
+		}
+		namedTagged, isNamedTagged := ref.(reference.NamedTagged)
+		if !isNamedTagged {
+			return fmt.Errorf("additional-tag '%s' must be a tagged reference", image)
+		}
+		destinationCtx.DockerArchiveAdditionalTags = append(destinationCtx.DockerArchiveAdditionalTags, namedTagged)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if opts.quiet {
+		stdout = nil
+	}
+	_, err = copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, srcRef, &copy.Options{
+		RemoveSignatures:      opts.removeSignatures,
+		SignBy:                opts.signByFingerprint,
+		ReportWriter:          stdout,
+		SourceCtx:             sourceCtx,
+		DestinationCtx:        destinationCtx,
+		ForceManifestMIMEType: manifestType,
 	})
-}
-
-var copyCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "copy",
-	Usage:     "Copy an image from one location to another",
-	ArgsUsage: "SOURCE-IMAGE DESTINATION-IMAGE",
-	Action:    copyHandler,
-	// FIXME: Do we need to namespace the GPG aspect?
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "remove-signatures",
-			Usage: "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE-IMAGE",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "sign-by",
-			Usage: "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`",
-		},
-	},
+	return err
 }

cmd/skopeo/delete.go

@@ -3,30 +3,64 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-func deleteHandler(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 1 {
+type deleteOptions struct {
+	global *globalOptions
+	image  *imageOptions
+}
+
+func deleteCmd(global *globalOptions) cli.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, "", "")
+	opts := deleteOptions{
+		global: global,
+		image:  imageOpts,
+	}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:  "delete",
+		Usage: "Delete image IMAGE-NAME",
+		Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
+	Delete an "IMAGE_NAME" from a transport
+
+	Supported transports:
+	%s
+
+	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Flags:     append(sharedFlags, imageFlags...),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *deleteOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: delete imageReference")
 	}
+	imageName := args[0]
 
-	ref, err := transports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", context.Args()[0], err)
-	}
-
-	if err := ref.DeleteImage(contextFromGlobalOptions(context)); err != nil {
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return nil
-}
 
-var deleteCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "delete",
-	Usage:     "Delete image IMAGE-NAME",
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
-	Action:    deleteHandler,
+	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", imageName, err)
+	}
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+	return ref.DeleteImage(ctx, sys)
 }

cmd/skopeo/flag.go

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"strconv"
+
+	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+)
+
+// optionalBool is a boolean with a separate presence flag.
+type optionalBool struct {
+	present bool
+	value   bool
+}
+
+// optionalBool is a cli.Generic == flag.Value implementation equivalent to
+// the one underlying flag.Bool, except that it records whether the flag has been set.
+// This is distinct from optionalBool to (pretend to) force callers to use
+// newOptionalBool
+type optionalBoolValue optionalBool
+
+func newOptionalBoolValue(p *optionalBool) cli.Generic {
+	p.present = false
+	return (*optionalBoolValue)(p)
+}
+
+func (ob *optionalBoolValue) Set(s string) error {
+	v, err := strconv.ParseBool(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	ob.value = v
+	ob.present = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ob *optionalBoolValue) String() string {
+	if !ob.present {
+		return "" // This is, sadly, not round-trip safe: --flag is interpreted as --flag=true
+	}
+	return strconv.FormatBool(ob.value)
+}
+
+func (ob *optionalBoolValue) IsBoolFlag() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+// optionalString is a string with a separate presence flag.
+type optionalString struct {
+	present bool
+	value   string
+}
+
+// optionalString is a cli.Generic == flag.Value implementation equivalent to
+// the one underlying flag.String, except that it records whether the flag has been set.
+// This is distinct from optionalString to (pretend to) force callers to use
+// newoptionalString
+type optionalStringValue optionalString
+
+func newOptionalStringValue(p *optionalString) cli.Generic {
+	p.present = false
+	return (*optionalStringValue)(p)
+}
+
+func (ob *optionalStringValue) Set(s string) error {
+	ob.value = s
+	ob.present = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (ob *optionalStringValue) String() string {
+	if !ob.present {
+		return "" // This is, sadly, not round-trip safe: --flag= is interpreted as {present:true, value:""}
+	}
+	return ob.value
+}

cmd/skopeo/flag_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+)
+
+func TestOptionalBoolSet(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input    string
+		accepted bool
+		value    bool
+	}{
+		// Valid inputs documented for strconv.ParseBool == flag.BoolVar
+		{"1", true, true},
+		{"t", true, true},
+		{"T", true, true},
+		{"TRUE", true, true},
+		{"true", true, true},
+		{"True", true, true},
+		{"0", true, false},
+		{"f", true, false},
+		{"F", true, false},
+		{"FALSE", true, false},
+		{"false", true, false},
+		{"False", true, false},
+		// A few invalid inputs
+		{"", false, false},
+		{"yes", false, false},
+		{"no", false, false},
+		{"2", false, false},
+	} {
+		var ob optionalBool
+		v := newOptionalBoolValue(&ob)
+		require.False(t, ob.present)
+		err := v.Set(c.input)
+		if c.accepted {
+			assert.NoError(t, err, c.input)
+			assert.Equal(t, c.value, ob.value)
+		} else {
+			assert.Error(t, err, c.input)
+			assert.False(t, ob.present) // Just to be extra paranoid.
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Nothing actually explicitly says that .Set() is never called when the flag is not present on the command line;
+	// so, check that it is not being called, at least in the straightforward case (it's not possible to test that it
+	// is not called in any possible situation).
+	var globalOB, commandOB optionalBool
+	actionRun := false
+	app := cli.NewApp()
+	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
+	app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
+		cli.GenericFlag{
+			Name:  "global-OB",
+			Value: newOptionalBoolValue(&globalOB),
+		},
+	}
+	app.Commands = []cli.Command{{
+		Name: "cmd",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			cli.GenericFlag{
+				Name:  "command-OB",
+				Value: newOptionalBoolValue(&commandOB),
+			},
+		},
+		Action: func(*cli.Context) error {
+			assert.False(t, globalOB.present)
+			assert.False(t, commandOB.present)
+			actionRun = true
+			return nil
+		},
+	}}
+	err := app.Run([]string{"app", "cmd"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, actionRun)
+}
+
+func TestOptionalBoolString(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input    optionalBool
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{optionalBool{present: true, value: true}, "true"},
+		{optionalBool{present: true, value: false}, "false"},
+		{optionalBool{present: false, value: true}, ""},
+		{optionalBool{present: false, value: false}, ""},
+	} {
+		var ob optionalBool
+		v := newOptionalBoolValue(&ob)
+		ob = c.input
+		res := v.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expected, res)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOptionalBoolIsBoolFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	// IsBoolFlag means that the argument value must either be part of the same argument, with =;
+	// if there is no =, the value is set to true.
+	// This differs form other flags, where the argument is required and may be either separated with = or supplied in the next argument.
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input        []string
+		expectedOB   optionalBool
+		expectedArgs []string
+	}{
+		{[]string{"1", "2"}, optionalBool{present: false}, []string{"1", "2"}},                                       // Flag not present
+		{[]string{"--OB=true", "1", "2"}, optionalBool{present: true, value: true}, []string{"1", "2"}},              // --OB=true
+		{[]string{"--OB=false", "1", "2"}, optionalBool{present: true, value: false}, []string{"1", "2"}},            // --OB=false
+		{[]string{"--OB", "true", "1", "2"}, optionalBool{present: true, value: true}, []string{"true", "1", "2"}},   // --OB true
+		{[]string{"--OB", "false", "1", "2"}, optionalBool{present: true, value: true}, []string{"false", "1", "2"}}, // --OB false
+	} {
+		var ob optionalBool
+		actionRun := false
+		app := cli.NewApp()
+		app.Commands = []cli.Command{{
+			Name: "cmd",
+			Flags: []cli.Flag{
+				cli.GenericFlag{
+					Name:  "OB",
+					Value: newOptionalBoolValue(&ob),
+				},
+			},
+			Action: func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedOB, ob)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedArgs, ([]string)(ctx.Args()))
+				actionRun = true
+				return nil
+			},
+		}}
+		err := app.Run(append([]string{"app", "cmd"}, c.input...))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, actionRun)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOptionalStringSet(t *testing.T) {
+	// Really just a smoke test, but differentiating between not present and empty.
+	for _, c := range []string{"", "hello"} {
+		var os optionalString
+		v := newOptionalStringValue(&os)
+		require.False(t, os.present)
+		err := v.Set(c)
+		assert.NoError(t, err, c)
+		assert.Equal(t, c, os.value)
+	}
+
+	// Nothing actually explicitly says that .Set() is never called when the flag is not present on the command line;
+	// so, check that it is not being called, at least in the straightforward case (it's not possible to test that it
+	// is not called in any possible situation).
+	var globalOS, commandOS optionalString
+	actionRun := false
+	app := cli.NewApp()
+	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
+	app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
+		cli.GenericFlag{
+			Name:  "global-OS",
+			Value: newOptionalStringValue(&globalOS),
+		},
+	}
+	app.Commands = []cli.Command{{
+		Name: "cmd",
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			cli.GenericFlag{
+				Name:  "command-OS",
+				Value: newOptionalStringValue(&commandOS),
+			},
+		},
+		Action: func(*cli.Context) error {
+			assert.False(t, globalOS.present)
+			assert.False(t, commandOS.present)
+			actionRun = true
+			return nil
+		},
+	}}
+	err := app.Run([]string{"app", "cmd"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.True(t, actionRun)
+}
+
+func TestOptionalStringString(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input    optionalString
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{optionalString{present: true, value: "hello"}, "hello"},
+		{optionalString{present: true, value: ""}, ""},
+		{optionalString{present: false, value: "hello"}, ""},
+		{optionalString{present: false, value: ""}, ""},
+	} {
+		var os optionalString
+		v := newOptionalStringValue(&os)
+		os = c.input
+		res := v.String()
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expected, res)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOptionalStringIsBoolFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	// NOTE: optionalStringValue does not implement IsBoolFlag!
+	// IsBoolFlag means that the argument value must either be part of the same argument, with =;
+	// if there is no =, the value is set to true.
+	// This differs form other flags, where the argument is required and may be either separated with = or supplied in the next argument.
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input        []string
+		expectedOS   optionalString
+		expectedArgs []string
+	}{
+		{[]string{"1", "2"}, optionalString{present: false}, []string{"1", "2"}},                                 // Flag not present
+		{[]string{"--OS=hello", "1", "2"}, optionalString{present: true, value: "hello"}, []string{"1", "2"}},    // --OS=true
+		{[]string{"--OS=", "1", "2"}, optionalString{present: true, value: ""}, []string{"1", "2"}},              // --OS=false
+		{[]string{"--OS", "hello", "1", "2"}, optionalString{present: true, value: "hello"}, []string{"1", "2"}}, // --OS true
+		{[]string{"--OS", "", "1", "2"}, optionalString{present: true, value: ""}, []string{"1", "2"}},           // --OS false
+	} {
+		var os optionalString
+		actionRun := false
+		app := cli.NewApp()
+		app.Commands = []cli.Command{{
+			Name: "cmd",
+			Flags: []cli.Flag{
+				cli.GenericFlag{
+					Name:  "OS",
+					Value: newOptionalStringValue(&os),
+				},
+			},
+			Action: func(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedOS, os)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedArgs, ([]string)(ctx.Args()))
+				actionRun = true
+				return nil
+			},
+		}}
+		err := app.Run(append([]string{"app", "cmd"}, c.input...))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.True(t, actionRun)
+	}
+}

cmd/skopeo/inspect.go

@@ -3,10 +3,16 @@ package main
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/docker"
 	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
@@ -14,9 +20,9 @@ import (
 type inspectOutput struct {
 	Name          string `json:",omitempty"`
 	Tag           string `json:",omitempty"`
-	Digest        string
+	Digest        digest.Digest
 	RepoTags      []string
-	Created       time.Time
+	Created       *time.Time
 	DockerVersion string
 	Labels        map[string]string
 	Architecture  string
@@ -24,66 +30,146 @@ type inspectOutput struct {
 	Layers        []string
 }
 
-var inspectCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "inspect",
-	Usage:     "Inspect image IMAGE-NAME",
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "raw",
-			Usage: "output raw manifest",
-		},
-	},
-	Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-		img, err := parseImage(c)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer img.Close()
+type inspectOptions struct {
+	global *globalOptions
+	image  *imageOptions
+	raw    bool // Output the raw manifest instead of parsing information about the image
+	config bool // Output the raw config blob instead of parsing information about the image
+}
 
-		rawManifest, _, err := img.Manifest()
+func inspectCmd(global *globalOptions) cli.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, "", "")
+	opts := inspectOptions{
+		global: global,
+		image:  imageOpts,
+	}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:  "inspect",
+		Usage: "Inspect image IMAGE-NAME",
+		Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
+	Return low-level information about "IMAGE-NAME" in a registry/transport
+
+	Supported transports:
+	%s
+
+	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
+		Flags: append(append([]cli.Flag{
+			cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:        "raw",
+				Usage:       "output raw manifest or configuration",
+				Destination: &opts.raw,
+			},
+			cli.BoolFlag{
+				Name:        "config",
+				Usage:       "output configuration",
+				Destination: &opts.config,
+			},
+		}, sharedFlags...), imageFlags...),
+		Action: commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return errors.New("Exactly one argument expected")
+	}
+	imageName := args[0]
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	img, err := parseImage(ctx, opts.image, imageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := img.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, fmt.Sprintf("(could not close image: %v) ", err))
+		}
+	}()
+
+	rawManifest, _, err := img.Manifest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if opts.config && opts.raw {
+		configBlob, err := img.ConfigBlob(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading configuration blob: %v", err)
+		}
+		_, err = stdout.Write(configBlob)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing configuration blob to standard output: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	} else if opts.raw {
+		_, err := stdout.Write(rawManifest)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing manifest to standard output: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	} else if opts.config {
+		config, err := img.OCIConfig(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading OCI-formatted configuration data: %v", err)
+		}
+		err = json.NewEncoder(stdout).Encode(config)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing OCI-formatted configuration data to standard output: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	imgInspect, err := img.Inspect(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	outputData := inspectOutput{
+		Name: "", // Set below if DockerReference() is known
+		Tag:  imgInspect.Tag,
+		// Digest is set below.
+		RepoTags:      []string{}, // Possibly overriden for docker.Transport.
+		Created:       imgInspect.Created,
+		DockerVersion: imgInspect.DockerVersion,
+		Labels:        imgInspect.Labels,
+		Architecture:  imgInspect.Architecture,
+		Os:            imgInspect.Os,
+		Layers:        imgInspect.Layers,
+	}
+	outputData.Digest, err = manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error computing manifest digest: %v", err)
+	}
+	if dockerRef := img.Reference().DockerReference(); dockerRef != nil {
+		outputData.Name = dockerRef.Name()
+	}
+	if img.Reference().Transport() == docker.Transport {
+		sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if c.Bool("raw") {
-			_, err := c.App.Writer.Write(rawManifest)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("Error writing manifest to standard output: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-		imgInspect, err := img.Inspect()
+		outputData.RepoTags, err = docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sys, img.Reference())
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		outputData := inspectOutput{
-			Name: "", // Possibly overridden for a docker.Image.
-			Tag:  imgInspect.Tag,
-			// Digest is set below.
-			RepoTags:      []string{}, // Possibly overriden for a docker.Image.
-			Created:       imgInspect.Created,
-			DockerVersion: imgInspect.DockerVersion,
-			Labels:        imgInspect.Labels,
-			Architecture:  imgInspect.Architecture,
-			Os:            imgInspect.Os,
-			Layers:        imgInspect.Layers,
-		}
-		outputData.Digest, err = manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Error computing manifest digest: %v", err)
-		}
-		if dockerImg, ok := img.(*docker.Image); ok {
-			outputData.Name = dockerImg.SourceRefFullName()
-			outputData.RepoTags, err = dockerImg.GetRepositoryTags()
-			if err != nil {
+			// some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint
+			// gracefully allow the inspect to continue in this case. Currently
+			// the IBM Bluemix container registry has this restriction.
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "401") {
 				return fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags: %v", err)
 			}
+			logrus.Warnf("Registry disallows tag list retrieval; skipping")
 		}
-		out, err := json.MarshalIndent(outputData, "", "    ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, string(out))
-		return nil
-	},
+	}
+	out, err := json.MarshalIndent(outputData, "", "    ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", string(out))
+	return nil
 }

cmd/skopeo/layers.go

@@ -1,97 +1,150 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/directory"
 	"github.com/containers/image/image"
-	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/pkg/blobinfocache"
 	"github.com/containers/image/types"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-// TODO(runcom): document args and usage
-var layersCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "layers",
-	Usage:     "Get layers of IMAGE-NAME",
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
-	Action: func(c *cli.Context) error {
-		rawSource, err := parseImageSource(c, c.Args()[0], []string{
-			// TODO: skopeo layers only support these now
-			// eventually we'll remove this command altogether...
-			manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType,
-			manifest.DockerV2Schema1MediaType,
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		src := image.FromSource(rawSource)
-		defer src.Close()
-
-		blobDigests := c.Args().Tail()
-		if len(blobDigests) == 0 {
-			layers, err := src.LayerInfos()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			seenLayers := map[string]struct{}{}
-			for _, info := range layers {
-				if _, ok := seenLayers[info.Digest]; !ok {
-					blobDigests = append(blobDigests, info.Digest)
-					seenLayers[info.Digest] = struct{}{}
-				}
-			}
-			configInfo, err := src.ConfigInfo()
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if configInfo.Digest != "" {
-				blobDigests = append(blobDigests, configInfo.Digest)
-			}
-		}
-
-		tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir(".", "layers-")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		tmpDirRef, err := directory.NewReference(tmpDir)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		dest, err := tmpDirRef.NewImageDestination(nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer dest.Close()
-
-		for _, digest := range blobDigests {
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(digest, "sha256:") {
-				digest = "sha256:" + digest
-			}
-			r, blobSize, err := rawSource.GetBlob(digest)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if _, err := dest.PutBlob(r, types.BlobInfo{Digest: digest, Size: blobSize}); err != nil {
-				r.Close()
-				return err
-			}
-			r.Close()
-		}
-
-		manifest, _, err := src.Manifest()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := dest.PutManifest(manifest); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		if err := dest.Commit(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	},
+type layersOptions struct {
+	global *globalOptions
+	image  *imageOptions
+}
+
+func layersCmd(global *globalOptions) cli.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, "", "")
+	opts := layersOptions{
+		global: global,
+		image:  imageOpts,
+	}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:      "layers",
+		Usage:     "Get layers of IMAGE-NAME",
+		ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME [LAYER...]",
+		Hidden:    true,
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Flags:     append(sharedFlags, imageFlags...),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *layersOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, `DEPRECATED: skopeo layers is deprecated in favor of skopeo copy`)
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("Usage: layers imageReference [layer...]")
+	}
+	imageName := args[0]
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	cache := blobinfocache.DefaultCache(sys)
+	rawSource, err := parseImageSource(ctx, opts.image, imageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	src, err := image.FromSource(ctx, sys, rawSource)
+	if err != nil {
+		if closeErr := rawSource.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, " (close error: %v)", closeErr)
+		}
+
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := src.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, " (close error: %v)", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	type blobDigest struct {
+		digest   digest.Digest
+		isConfig bool
+	}
+	var blobDigests []blobDigest
+	for _, dString := range args[1:] {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dString, "sha256:") {
+			dString = "sha256:" + dString
+		}
+		d, err := digest.Parse(dString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: d, isConfig: false})
+	}
+
+	if len(blobDigests) == 0 {
+		layers := src.LayerInfos()
+		seenLayers := map[digest.Digest]struct{}{}
+		for _, info := range layers {
+			if _, ok := seenLayers[info.Digest]; !ok {
+				blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: info.Digest, isConfig: false})
+				seenLayers[info.Digest] = struct{}{}
+			}
+		}
+		configInfo := src.ConfigInfo()
+		if configInfo.Digest != "" {
+			blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: configInfo.Digest, isConfig: true})
+		}
+	}
+
+	tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir(".", "layers-")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	tmpDirRef, err := directory.NewReference(tmpDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dest, err := tmpDirRef.NewImageDestination(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := dest.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, " (close error: %v)", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for _, bd := range blobDigests {
+		r, blobSize, err := rawSource.GetBlob(ctx, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: -1}, cache)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := dest.PutBlob(ctx, r, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: blobSize}, cache, bd.isConfig); err != nil {
+			if closeErr := r.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, " (close error: %v)", closeErr)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	manifest, _, err := src.Manifest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := dest.PutManifest(ctx, manifest); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return dest.Commit(ctx)
 }

cmd/skopeo/main.go

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/Sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
-	"github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/version"
+	"github.com/containers/skopeo/version"
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/reexec"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
@@ -14,8 +17,22 @@ import (
 // and will be populated by the Makefile
 var gitCommit = ""
 
-// createApp returns a cli.App to be run or tested.
-func createApp() *cli.App {
+type globalOptions struct {
+	debug              bool          // Enable debug output
+	tlsVerify          optionalBool  // Require HTTPS and verify certificates (for docker: and docker-daemon:)
+	policyPath         string        // Path to a signature verification policy file
+	insecurePolicy     bool          // Use an "allow everything" signature verification policy
+	registriesDirPath  string        // Path to a "registries.d" registry configuratio directory
+	overrideArch       string        // Architecture to use for choosing images, instead of the runtime one
+	overrideOS         string        // OS to use for choosing images, instead of the runtime one
+	commandTimeout     time.Duration // Timeout for the command execution
+	registriesConfPath string        // Path to the "registries.conf" file
+}
+
+// createApp returns a cli.App, and the underlying globalOptions object, to be run or tested.
+func createApp() (*cli.App, *globalOptions) {
+	opts := globalOptions{}
+
 	app := cli.NewApp()
 	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
 	app.Name = "skopeo"
@@ -25,80 +42,114 @@ func createApp() *cli.App {
 		app.Version = version.Version
 	}
 	app.Usage = "Various operations with container images and container image registries"
-	// TODO(runcom)
-	//app.EnableBashCompletion = true
 	app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
 		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "debug",
-			Usage: "enable debug output",
+			Name:        "debug",
+			Usage:       "enable debug output",
+			Destination: &opts.debug,
+		},
+		cli.GenericFlag{
+			Name:   "tls-verify",
+			Usage:  "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)",
+			Hidden: true,
+			Value:  newOptionalBoolValue(&opts.tlsVerify),
 		},
 		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "username",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use `USERNAME` for accessing the registry",
+			Name:        "policy",
+			Usage:       "Path to a trust policy file",
+			Destination: &opts.policyPath,
+		},
+		cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:        "insecure-policy",
+			Usage:       "run the tool without any policy check",
+			Destination: &opts.insecurePolicy,
 		},
 		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "password",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use `PASSWORD` for accessing the registry",
+			Name:        "registries.d",
+			Usage:       "use registry configuration files in `DIR` (e.g. for container signature storage)",
+			Destination: &opts.registriesDirPath,
 		},
 		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "cert-path",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use certificates at `PATH` (cert.pem, key.pem) to connect to the registry",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:  "tls-verify",
-			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to docker registries (defaults to true)",
+			Name:        "override-arch",
+			Usage:       "use `ARCH` instead of the architecture of the machine for choosing images",
+			Destination: &opts.overrideArch,
 		},
 		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "policy",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Path to a trust policy file",
+			Name:        "override-os",
+			Usage:       "use `OS` instead of the running OS for choosing images",
+			Destination: &opts.overrideOS,
+		},
+		cli.DurationFlag{
+			Name:        "command-timeout",
+			Usage:       "timeout for the command execution",
+			Destination: &opts.commandTimeout,
 		},
 		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "registries.d",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use registry configuration files in `DIR` (e.g. for docker signature storage)",
+			Name:        "registries-conf",
+			Usage:       "path to the registries.conf file",
+			Destination: &opts.registriesConfPath,
+			Hidden:      true,
 		},
 	}
-	app.Before = func(c *cli.Context) error {
-		if c.GlobalBool("debug") {
-			logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
+	app.Before = opts.before
 	app.Commands = []cli.Command{
-		copyCmd,
-		inspectCmd,
-		layersCmd,
-		deleteCmd,
-		manifestDigestCmd,
-		standaloneSignCmd,
-		standaloneVerifyCmd,
+		copyCmd(&opts),
+		inspectCmd(&opts),
+		layersCmd(&opts),
+		deleteCmd(&opts),
+		manifestDigestCmd(),
+		standaloneSignCmd(),
+		standaloneVerifyCmd(),
+		untrustedSignatureDumpCmd(),
 	}
-	return app
+	return app, &opts
+}
+
+// before is run by the cli package for any command, before running the command-specific handler.
+func (opts *globalOptions) before(ctx *cli.Context) error {
+	if opts.debug {
+		logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
+	}
+	if opts.tlsVerify.present {
+		logrus.Warn("'--tls-verify' is deprecated, please set this on the specific subcommand")
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 func main() {
-	app := createApp()
+	if reexec.Init() {
+		return
+	}
+	app, _ := createApp()
 	if err := app.Run(os.Args); err != nil {
 		logrus.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }
 
-// getPolicyContext handles the global "policy" flag.
-func getPolicyContext(c *cli.Context) (*signature.PolicyContext, error) {
-	policyPath := c.GlobalString("policy")
-	var policy *signature.Policy // This could be cached across calls, if we had an application context.
+// getPolicyContext returns a *signature.PolicyContext based on opts.
+func (opts *globalOptions) getPolicyContext() (*signature.PolicyContext, error) {
+	var policy *signature.Policy // This could be cached across calls in opts.
 	var err error
-	if policyPath == "" {
+	if opts.insecurePolicy {
+		policy = &signature.Policy{Default: []signature.PolicyRequirement{signature.NewPRInsecureAcceptAnything()}}
+	} else if opts.policyPath == "" {
 		policy, err = signature.DefaultPolicy(nil)
 	} else {
-		policy, err = signature.NewPolicyFromFile(policyPath)
+		policy, err = signature.NewPolicyFromFile(opts.policyPath)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return signature.NewPolicyContext(policy)
 }
+
+// commandTimeoutContext returns a context.Context and a cancellation callback based on opts.
+// The caller should usually "defer cancel()" immediately after calling this.
+func (opts *globalOptions) commandTimeoutContext() (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	var cancel context.CancelFunc = func() {}
+	if opts.commandTimeout > 0 {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, opts.commandTimeout)
+	}
+	return ctx, cancel
+}

cmd/skopeo/main_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import "bytes"
 // runSkopeo creates an app object and runs it with args, with an implied first "skopeo".
 // Returns output intended for stdout and the returned error, if any.
 func runSkopeo(args ...string) (string, error) {
-	app := createApp()
+	app, _ := createApp()
 	stdout := bytes.Buffer{}
 	app.Writer = &stdout
 	args = append([]string{"skopeo"}, args...)

cmd/skopeo/manifest.go

@@ -3,17 +3,31 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-func manifestDigest(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 1 {
+type manifestDigestOptions struct {
+}
+
+func manifestDigestCmd() cli.Command {
+	opts := manifestDigestOptions{}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:      "manifest-digest",
+		Usage:     "Compute a manifest digest of a file",
+		ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST",
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *manifestDigestOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo manifest-digest manifest")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
 
 	man, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -23,13 +37,6 @@ func manifestDigest(context *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error computing digest: %v", err)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(context.App.Writer, "%s\n", digest)
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", digest)
 	return nil
 }
-
-var manifestDigestCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "manifest-digest",
-	Usage:     "Compute a manifest digest of a file",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST",
-	Action:    manifestDigest,
-}

cmd/skopeo/manifest_test.go

@@ -27,5 +27,5 @@ func TestManifestDigest(t *testing.T) {
 	// Success
 	out, err = runSkopeo("manifest-digest", "fixtures/image.manifest.json")
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, fixturesTestImageManifestDigest+"\n", out)
+	assert.Equal(t, fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
 }

cmd/skopeo/signing.go

@@ -1,22 +1,44 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-func standaloneSign(context *cli.Context) error {
-	outputFile := context.String("output")
-	if len(context.Args()) != 3 || outputFile == "" {
+type standaloneSignOptions struct {
+	output string // Output file path
+}
+
+func standaloneSignCmd() cli.Command {
+	opts := standaloneSignOptions{}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:      "standalone-sign",
+		Usage:     "Create a signature using local files",
+		ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT",
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Flags: []cli.Flag{
+			cli.StringFlag{
+				Name:        "output, o",
+				Usage:       "output the signature to `SIGNATURE`",
+				Destination: &opts.output,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *standaloneSignOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 3 || opts.output == "" {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo standalone-sign manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint -o signature")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
-	dockerReference := context.Args()[1]
-	fingerprint := context.Args()[2]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
+	dockerReference := args[1]
+	fingerprint := args[2]
 
 	manifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -27,38 +49,39 @@ func standaloneSign(context *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
 	}
+	defer mech.Close()
 	signature, err := signature.SignDockerManifest(manifest, dockerReference, mech, fingerprint)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating signature: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(outputFile, signature, 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %v", outputFile, err)
+	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(opts.output, signature, 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %v", opts.output, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-var standaloneSignCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "standalone-sign",
-	Usage:     "Create a signature using local files",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT",
-	Action:    standaloneSign,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "output, o",
-			Usage: "output the signature to `SIGNATURE`",
-		},
-	},
+type standaloneVerifyOptions struct {
 }
 
-func standaloneVerify(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 4 {
+func standaloneVerifyCmd() cli.Command {
+	opts := standaloneVerifyOptions{}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:      "standalone-verify",
+		Usage:     "Verify a signature using local files",
+		ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT SIGNATURE",
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *standaloneVerifyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 4 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo standalone-verify manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint signature")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
-	expectedDockerReference := context.Args()[1]
-	expectedFingerprint := context.Args()[2]
-	signaturePath := context.Args()[3]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
+	expectedDockerReference := args[1]
+	expectedFingerprint := args[2]
+	signaturePath := args[3]
 
 	unverifiedManifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -73,18 +96,55 @@ func standaloneVerify(context *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
 	}
+	defer mech.Close()
 	sig, err := signature.VerifyDockerManifestSignature(unverifiedSignature, unverifiedManifest, expectedDockerReference, mech, expectedFingerprint)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying signature: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(context.App.Writer, "Signature verified, digest %s\n", sig.DockerManifestDigest)
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Signature verified, digest %s\n", sig.DockerManifestDigest)
 	return nil
 }
 
-var standaloneVerifyCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "standalone-verify",
-	Usage:     "Verify a signature using local files",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT SIGNATURE",
-	Action:    standaloneVerify,
+// WARNING: Do not use the contents of this for ANY security decisions,
+// and be VERY CAREFUL about showing this information to humans in any way which suggest that these values “are probably” reliable.
+// There is NO REASON to expect the values to be correct, or not intentionally misleading
+// (including things like “✅ Verified by $authority”)
+//
+// The subcommand is undocumented, and it may be renamed or entirely disappear in the future.
+type untrustedSignatureDumpOptions struct {
+}
+
+func untrustedSignatureDumpCmd() cli.Command {
+	opts := untrustedSignatureDumpOptions{}
+	return cli.Command{
+		Name:      "untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification",
+		Usage:     "Dump contents of a signature WITHOUT VERIFYING IT",
+		ArgsUsage: "SIGNATURE",
+		Hidden:    true,
+		Action:    commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *untrustedSignatureDumpOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification signature")
+	}
+	untrustedSignaturePath := args[0]
+
+	untrustedSignature, err := ioutil.ReadFile(untrustedSignaturePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading untrusted signature from %s: %v", untrustedSignaturePath, err)
+	}
+
+	untrustedInfo, err := signature.GetUntrustedSignatureInformationWithoutVerifying(untrustedSignature)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error decoding untrusted signature: %v", err)
+	}
+	untrustedOut, err := json.MarshalIndent(untrustedInfo, "", "    ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintln(stdout, string(untrustedOut))
+	return nil
 }

cmd/skopeo/signing_test.go

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"encoding/json"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 const (
 	// fixturesTestImageManifestDigest is the Docker manifest digest of "image.manifest.json"
-	fixturesTestImageManifestDigest = "sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55"
+	fixturesTestImageManifestDigest = digest.Digest("sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55")
 	// fixturesTestKeyFingerprint is the fingerprint of the private key.
 	fixturesTestKeyFingerprint = "1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8"
+	// fixturesTestKeyFingerprint is the key ID of the private key.
+	fixturesTestKeyShortID = "DB72F2188BB46CC8"
 )
 
 // Test that results of runSkopeo failed with nothing on stdout, and substring
@@ -26,6 +31,13 @@ func assertTestFailed(t *testing.T, stdout string, err error, substring string)
 }
 
 func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("Signing not supported: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	manifestPath := "fixtures/image.manifest.json"
 	dockerReference := "testing/manifest"
 	os.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "fixtures")
@@ -54,7 +66,7 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 		manifestPath, "" /* empty reference */, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint)
 	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "empty signature content")
 
-	// Unknown key. (FIXME? The error is 'Error creating signature: End of file")
+	// Unknown key.
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-sign", "-o", "/dev/null",
 		manifestPath, dockerReference, "UNKNOWN GPG FINGERPRINT")
 	assert.Error(t, err)
@@ -71,17 +83,18 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 	defer os.Remove(sigOutput.Name())
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-sign", "-o", sigOutput.Name(),
 		manifestPath, dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, out)
 
 	sig, err := ioutil.ReadFile(sigOutput.Name())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	manifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	mech, err := signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
+	mech, err = signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer mech.Close()
 	verified, err := signature.VerifyDockerManifestSignature(sig, manifest, dockerReference, mech, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, dockerReference, verified.DockerReference)
 	assert.Equal(t, fixturesTestImageManifestDigest, verified.DockerManifestDigest)
 }
@@ -122,5 +135,44 @@ func TestStandaloneVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified, digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest+"\n", out)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified, digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+}
+
+func TestUntrustedSignatureDump(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1", "a2"},
+		{"a1", "a2", "a3", "a4"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Usage")
+	}
+
+	// Error reading manifest
+	out, err := runSkopeo("untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification",
+		"/this/doesnt/exist")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+
+	// Error reading signature (input is not a signature)
+	out, err = runSkopeo("untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification", "fixtures/image.manifest.json")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Error decoding untrusted signature")
+
+	// Success
+	for _, path := range []string{"fixtures/image.signature", "fixtures/corrupt.signature"} {
+		// Success
+		out, err = runSkopeo("untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification", path)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		var info signature.UntrustedSignatureInformation
+		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(out), &info)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, fixturesTestImageManifestDigest, info.UntrustedDockerManifestDigest)
+		assert.Equal(t, "testing/manifest", info.UntrustedDockerReference)
+		assert.NotNil(t, info.UntrustedCreatorID)
+		assert.Equal(t, "atomic ", *info.UntrustedCreatorID)
+		assert.NotNil(t, info.UntrustedTimestamp)
+		assert.True(t, time.Unix(1458239713, 0).Equal(*info.UntrustedTimestamp))
+		assert.Equal(t, fixturesTestKeyShortID, info.UntrustedShortKeyIdentifier)
+	}
 }

cmd/skopeo/unshare.go

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// +build !linux
+
+package main
+
+func maybeReexec() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(inputImageNames ...string) error {
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/unshare_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare"
+	"github.com/containers/image/storage"
+	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/syndtr/gocapability/capability"
+)
+
+var neededCapabilities = []capability.Cap{
+	capability.CAP_CHOWN,
+	capability.CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE,
+	capability.CAP_FOWNER,
+	capability.CAP_FSETID,
+	capability.CAP_MKNOD,
+	capability.CAP_SETFCAP,
+}
+
+func maybeReexec() error {
+	// With Skopeo we need only the subset of the root capabilities necessary
+	// for pulling an image to the storage.  Do not attempt to create a namespace
+	// if we already have the capabilities we need.
+	capabilities, err := capability.NewPid(0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading the current capabilities sets")
+	}
+	for _, cap := range neededCapabilities {
+		if !capabilities.Get(capability.EFFECTIVE, cap) {
+			// We miss a capability we need, create a user namespaces
+			unshare.MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(true)
+			return nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageNames ...string) error {
+	// Check if container-storage are used before doing unshare
+	for _, imageName := range imageNames {
+		if alltransports.TransportFromImageName(imageName).Name() == storage.Transport.Name() {
+			return maybeReexec()
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/utils.go

@@ -1,39 +1,243 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/types"
 	"github.com/urfave/cli"
 )
 
-// contextFromGlobalOptions returns a types.SystemContext depending on c.
-func contextFromGlobalOptions(c *cli.Context) *types.SystemContext {
-	tlsVerify := c.GlobalBoolT("tls-verify")
-	return &types.SystemContext{
-		RegistriesDirPath:           c.GlobalString("registries.d"),
-		DockerCertPath:              c.GlobalString("cert-path"),
-		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify: !tlsVerify,
+// errorShouldDisplayUsage is a subtype of error used by command handlers to indicate that cli.ShowSubcommandHelp should be called.
+type errorShouldDisplayUsage struct {
+	error
+}
+
+// commandAction intermediates between the cli.ActionFunc interface and the real handler,
+// primarily to ensure that cli.Context is not available to the handler, which in turn
+// makes sure that the cli.String() etc. flag access functions are not used,
+// and everything is done using the *Options structures and the Destination: members of cli.Flag.
+// handler may return errorShouldDisplayUsage to cause cli.ShowSubcommandHelp to be called.
+func commandAction(handler func(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error) cli.ActionFunc {
+	return func(c *cli.Context) error {
+		err := handler(([]string)(c.Args()), c.App.Writer)
+		if _, ok := err.(errorShouldDisplayUsage); ok {
+			cli.ShowSubcommandHelp(c)
+		}
+		return err
 	}
 }
 
-// ParseImage converts image URL-like string to an initialized handler for that image.
-// The caller must call .Close() on the returned Image.
-func parseImage(c *cli.Context) (types.Image, error) {
-	imgName := c.Args().First()
-	ref, err := transports.ParseImageName(imgName)
+// sharedImageOptions collects CLI flags which are image-related, but do not change across images.
+// This really should be a part of globalOptions, but that would break existing users of (skopeo copy --authfile=).
+type sharedImageOptions struct {
+	authFilePath string // Path to a */containers/auth.json
+}
+
+// imageFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into sharedImageOptions, and the managed sharedImageOptions structure.
+func sharedImageFlags() ([]cli.Flag, *sharedImageOptions) {
+	opts := sharedImageOptions{}
+	return []cli.Flag{
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:        "authfile",
+			Usage:       "path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json",
+			Destination: &opts.authFilePath,
+		},
+	}, &opts
+}
+
+// imageOptions collects CLI flags which are the same across subcommands, but may be different for each image
+// (e.g. may differ between the source and destination of a copy)
+type imageOptions struct {
+	global           *globalOptions      // May be shared across several imageOptions instances.
+	shared           *sharedImageOptions // May be shared across several imageOptions instances.
+	credsOption      optionalString      // username[:password] for accessing a registry
+	dockerCertPath   string              // A directory using Docker-like *.{crt,cert,key} files for connecting to a registry or a daemon
+	tlsVerify        optionalBool        // Require HTTPS and verify certificates (for docker: and docker-daemon:)
+	sharedBlobDir    string              // A directory to use for OCI blobs, shared across repositories
+	dockerDaemonHost string              // docker-daemon: host to connect to
+	noCreds          bool                // Access the registry anonymously
+}
+
+// imageFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into imageOptions, and the managed imageOptions structure.
+func imageFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) ([]cli.Flag, *imageOptions) {
+	opts := imageOptions{
+		global: global,
+		shared: shared,
+	}
+
+	// This is horribly ugly, but we need to support the old option forms of (skopeo copy) for compatibility.
+	// Don't add any more cases like this.
+	credsOptionExtra := ""
+	if credsOptionAlias != "" {
+		credsOptionExtra += "," + credsOptionAlias
+	}
+
+	return []cli.Flag{
+		cli.GenericFlag{
+			Name:  flagPrefix + "creds" + credsOptionExtra,
+			Usage: "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry",
+			Value: newOptionalStringValue(&opts.credsOption),
+		},
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "cert-dir",
+			Usage:       "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry or daemon",
+			Destination: &opts.dockerCertPath,
+		},
+		cli.GenericFlag{
+			Name:  flagPrefix + "tls-verify",
+			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon (defaults to true)",
+			Value: newOptionalBoolValue(&opts.tlsVerify),
+		},
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "shared-blob-dir",
+			Usage:       "`DIRECTORY` to use to share blobs across OCI repositories",
+			Destination: &opts.sharedBlobDir,
+		},
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "daemon-host",
+			Usage:       "use docker daemon host at `HOST` (docker-daemon: only)",
+			Destination: &opts.dockerDaemonHost,
+		},
+		cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "no-creds",
+			Usage:       "Access the registry anonymously",
+			Destination: &opts.noCreds,
+		},
+	}, &opts
+}
+
+// newSystemContext returns a *types.SystemContext corresponding to opts.
+// It is guaranteed to return a fresh instance, so it is safe to make additional updates to it.
+func (opts *imageOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
+	ctx := &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:        opts.global.registriesDirPath,
+		ArchitectureChoice:       opts.global.overrideArch,
+		OSChoice:                 opts.global.overrideOS,
+		DockerCertPath:           opts.dockerCertPath,
+		OCISharedBlobDirPath:     opts.sharedBlobDir,
+		AuthFilePath:             opts.shared.authFilePath,
+		DockerDaemonHost:         opts.dockerDaemonHost,
+		DockerDaemonCertPath:     opts.dockerCertPath,
+		SystemRegistriesConfPath: opts.global.registriesConfPath,
+	}
+	if opts.tlsVerify.present {
+		ctx.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify = !opts.tlsVerify.value
+	}
+	// DEPRECATED: We support this for backward compatibility, but override it if a per-image flag is provided.
+	if opts.global.tlsVerify.present {
+		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.global.tlsVerify.value)
+	}
+	if opts.tlsVerify.present {
+		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.tlsVerify.value)
+	}
+	if opts.credsOption.present && opts.noCreds {
+		return nil, errors.New("creds and no-creds cannot be specified at the same time")
+	}
+	if opts.credsOption.present {
+		var err error
+		ctx.DockerAuthConfig, err = getDockerAuth(opts.credsOption.value)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if opts.noCreds {
+		ctx.DockerAuthConfig = &types.DockerAuthConfig{}
+	}
+	return ctx, nil
+}
+
+// imageDestOptions is a superset of imageOptions specialized for iamge destinations.
+type imageDestOptions struct {
+	*imageOptions
+	osTreeTmpDir        string // A directory to use for OSTree temporary files
+	dirForceCompression bool   // Compress layers when saving to the dir: transport
+}
+
+// imageDestFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into imageDestOptions, and the managed imageDestOptions structure.
+func imageDestFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) ([]cli.Flag, *imageDestOptions) {
+	genericFlags, genericOptions := imageFlags(global, shared, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias)
+	opts := imageDestOptions{imageOptions: genericOptions}
+
+	return append(genericFlags, []cli.Flag{
+		cli.StringFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "ostree-tmp-dir",
+			Usage:       "`DIRECTORY` to use for OSTree temporary files",
+			Destination: &opts.osTreeTmpDir,
+		},
+		cli.BoolFlag{
+			Name:        flagPrefix + "compress",
+			Usage:       "Compress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source)",
+			Destination: &opts.dirForceCompression,
+		},
+	}...), &opts
+}
+
+// newSystemContext returns a *types.SystemContext corresponding to opts.
+// It is guaranteed to return a fresh instance, so it is safe to make additional updates to it.
+func (opts *imageDestOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
+	ctx, err := opts.imageOptions.newSystemContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return ref.NewImage(contextFromGlobalOptions(c))
+
+	ctx.OSTreeTmpDirPath = opts.osTreeTmpDir
+	ctx.DirForceCompress = opts.dirForceCompression
+	return ctx, err
+}
+
+func parseCreds(creds string) (string, string, error) {
+	if creds == "" {
+		return "", "", errors.New("credentials can't be empty")
+	}
+	up := strings.SplitN(creds, ":", 2)
+	if len(up) == 1 {
+		return up[0], "", nil
+	}
+	if up[0] == "" {
+		return "", "", errors.New("username can't be empty")
+	}
+	return up[0], up[1], nil
+}
+
+func getDockerAuth(creds string) (*types.DockerAuthConfig, error) {
+	username, password, err := parseCreds(creds)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return &types.DockerAuthConfig{
+		Username: username,
+		Password: password,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// parseImage converts image URL-like string to an initialized handler for that image.
+// The caller must call .Close() on the returned ImageCloser.
+func parseImage(ctx context.Context, opts *imageOptions, name string) (types.ImageCloser, error) {
+	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	sys, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ref.NewImage(ctx, sys)
 }
 
 // parseImageSource converts image URL-like string to an ImageSource.
-// requestedManifestMIMETypes is as in types.ImageReference.NewImageSource.
 // The caller must call .Close() on the returned ImageSource.
-func parseImageSource(c *cli.Context, name string, requestedManifestMIMETypes []string) (types.ImageSource, error) {
-	ref, err := transports.ParseImageName(name)
+func parseImageSource(ctx context.Context, opts *imageOptions, name string) (types.ImageSource, error) {
+	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return ref.NewImageSource(contextFromGlobalOptions(c), requestedManifestMIMETypes)
+	sys, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return ref.NewImageSource(ctx, sys)
 }

cmd/skopeo/utils_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// fakeGlobalOptions creates globalOptions and sets it according to flags.
+// NOTE: This is QUITE FAKE; none of the urfave/cli normalization and the like happens.
+func fakeGlobalOptions(t *testing.T, flags []string) *globalOptions {
+	app, opts := createApp()
+
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet(app.Name, flag.ContinueOnError)
+	for _, f := range app.Flags {
+		f.Apply(flagSet)
+	}
+	err := flagSet.Parse(flags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	return opts
+}
+
+// fakeImageOptions creates imageOptions and sets it according to globalFlags/cmdFlags.
+// NOTE: This is QUITE FAKE; none of the urfave/cli normalization and the like happens.
+func fakeImageOptions(t *testing.T, flagPrefix string, globalFlags []string, cmdFlags []string) *imageOptions {
+	globalOpts := fakeGlobalOptions(t, globalFlags)
+
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(globalOpts, sharedOpts, flagPrefix, "")
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("fakeImageOptions", flag.ContinueOnError)
+	for _, f := range append(sharedFlags, imageFlags...) {
+		f.Apply(flagSet)
+	}
+	err := flagSet.Parse(cmdFlags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return imageOpts
+}
+
+func TestImageOptionsNewSystemContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// Default state
+	opts := fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", []string{}, []string{})
+	res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{}, res)
+
+	// Set everything to non-default values.
+	opts = fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", []string{
+		"--registries.d", "/srv/registries.d",
+		"--override-arch", "overridden-arch",
+		"--override-os", "overridden-os",
+	}, []string{
+		"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+		"--dest-cert-dir", "/srv/cert-dir",
+		"--dest-shared-blob-dir", "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		"--dest-daemon-host", "daemon-host.example.com",
+		"--dest-tls-verify=false",
+		"--dest-creds", "creds-user:creds-password",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:                 "/srv/registries.d",
+		AuthFilePath:                      "/srv/authfile",
+		ArchitectureChoice:                "overridden-arch",
+		OSChoice:                          "overridden-os",
+		OCISharedBlobDirPath:              "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		DockerCertPath:                    "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify:       types.OptionalBoolTrue,
+		DockerAuthConfig:                  &types.DockerAuthConfig{Username: "creds-user", Password: "creds-password"},
+		DockerDaemonCertPath:              "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerDaemonHost:                  "daemon-host.example.com",
+		DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify: true,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Global/per-command tlsVerify behavior
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		global, cmd          string
+		expectedDocker       types.OptionalBool
+		expectedDockerDaemon bool
+	}{
+		{"", "", types.OptionalBoolUndefined, false},
+		{"", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+		{"", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+		{"false", "", types.OptionalBoolTrue, false},
+		{"false", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+		{"false", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+		{"true", "", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+		{"true", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+		{"true", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+	} {
+		globalFlags := []string{}
+		if c.global != "" {
+			globalFlags = append(globalFlags, "--tls-verify="+c.global)
+		}
+		cmdFlags := []string{}
+		if c.cmd != "" {
+			cmdFlags = append(cmdFlags, "--dest-tls-verify="+c.cmd)
+		}
+		opts := fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", globalFlags, cmdFlags)
+		res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDocker, res.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDockerDaemon, res.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+	}
+
+	// Invalid option values
+	opts = fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", []string{}, []string{"--dest-creds", ""})
+	_, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+// fakeImageDestOptions creates imageDestOptions and sets it according to globalFlags/cmdFlags.
+// NOTE: This is QUITE FAKE; none of the urfave/cli normalization and the like happens.
+func fakeImageDestOptions(t *testing.T, flagPrefix string, globalFlags []string, cmdFlags []string) *imageDestOptions {
+	globalOpts := fakeGlobalOptions(t, globalFlags)
+
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageDestFlags(globalOpts, sharedOpts, flagPrefix, "")
+	flagSet := flag.NewFlagSet("fakeImageDestOptions", flag.ContinueOnError)
+	for _, f := range append(sharedFlags, imageFlags...) {
+		f.Apply(flagSet)
+	}
+	err := flagSet.Parse(cmdFlags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return imageOpts
+}
+
+func TestImageDestOptionsNewSystemContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// Default state
+	opts := fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", []string{}, []string{})
+	res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{}, res)
+
+	// Explicitly set everything to default, except for when the default is “not present”
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", []string{}, []string{
+		"--dest-compress=false",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{}, res)
+
+	// Set everything to non-default values.
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", []string{
+		"--registries.d", "/srv/registries.d",
+		"--override-arch", "overridden-arch",
+		"--override-os", "overridden-os",
+	}, []string{
+		"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+		"--dest-cert-dir", "/srv/cert-dir",
+		"--dest-ostree-tmp-dir", "/srv/ostree-tmp-dir",
+		"--dest-shared-blob-dir", "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		"--dest-compress=true",
+		"--dest-daemon-host", "daemon-host.example.com",
+		"--dest-tls-verify=false",
+		"--dest-creds", "creds-user:creds-password",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:                 "/srv/registries.d",
+		AuthFilePath:                      "/srv/authfile",
+		ArchitectureChoice:                "overridden-arch",
+		OSChoice:                          "overridden-os",
+		OCISharedBlobDirPath:              "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		DockerCertPath:                    "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify:       types.OptionalBoolTrue,
+		DockerAuthConfig:                  &types.DockerAuthConfig{Username: "creds-user", Password: "creds-password"},
+		OSTreeTmpDirPath:                  "/srv/ostree-tmp-dir",
+		DockerDaemonCertPath:              "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerDaemonHost:                  "daemon-host.example.com",
+		DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify: true,
+		DirForceCompress:                  true,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Invalid option values in imageOptions
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", []string{}, []string{"--dest-creds", ""})
+	_, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}

completions/bash/skopeo

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+#! /bin/bash
+
+: ${PROG:=$(basename ${BASH_SOURCE})}
+
+_complete_() {
+    local options_with_args=$1
+    local boolean_options="$2 -h --help"
+    local transports=$3
+
+    local option_with_args
+    for option_with_args in $options_with_args $transports
+    do
+        if [ "$option_with_args" == "$prev" -o "$option_with_args" == "$cur" ]
+        then
+            return
+        fi
+    done
+
+    case "$cur" in
+        -*)
+            COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$boolean_options $options_with_args" -- "$cur" ) )
+            ;;
+        *)
+            if [ -n "$transports" ]
+            then
+                compopt -o nospace
+                COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$transports" -- "$cur" ) )
+            fi
+            ;;
+    esac
+}
+
+_skopeo_supported_transports() {
+    local subcommand=$1
+
+    ${PROG} $subcommand --help | grep "Supported transports" -A 1 | tail -n 1 | sed -e 's/,/:/g' -e 's/$/:/'
+}
+
+_skopeo_copy() {
+    local options_with_args="
+    --authfile
+    --format -f
+    --sign-by
+    --src-creds --screds
+    --src-cert-dir
+    --src-tls-verify
+    --dest-creds --dcreds
+    --dest-cert-dir
+    --dest-ostree-tmp-dir
+    --dest-tls-verify
+    --src-daemon-host
+    --dest-daemon-host
+    "
+
+    local boolean_options="
+    --dest-compress
+    --remove-signatures
+    --src-no-creds
+    --dest-no-creds
+    "
+
+    local transports="
+    $(_skopeo_supported_transports $(echo $FUNCNAME | sed 's/_skopeo_//'))
+    "
+
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options" "$transports"
+}
+
+_skopeo_inspect() {
+     local options_with_args="
+     --authfile
+     --creds
+     --cert-dir
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+     --config
+     --raw
+     --tls-verify
+     --no-creds
+    "
+
+    local transports="
+    $(_skopeo_supported_transports $(echo $FUNCNAME | sed 's/_skopeo_//'))
+    "
+
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options" "$transports"
+}
+
+_skopeo_standalone_sign() {
+     local options_with_args="
+       -o --output
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+     "
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
+}
+
+_skopeo_standalone_verify() {
+     local options_with_args="
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+     "
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
+}
+
+_skopeo_manifest_digest() {
+     local options_with_args="
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+     "
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
+}
+
+_skopeo_delete() {
+     local options_with_args="
+     --authfile
+     --creds
+     --cert-dir
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+     --tls-verify
+     --no-creds
+     "
+
+    local transports="
+    $(_skopeo_supported_transports $(echo $FUNCNAME | sed 's/_skopeo_//'))
+    "
+
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options" "$transports"
+}
+
+_skopeo_layers() {
+     local options_with_args="
+       --creds
+       --cert-dir
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+       --tls-verify
+     "
+    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
+}
+
+_skopeo_skopeo() {
+     local options_with_args="
+       --policy
+       --registries.d
+       --override-arch
+       --override-os
+       --command-timeout
+     "
+     local boolean_options="
+       --insecure-policy
+       --debug
+       --version -v
+       --help -h
+     "
+     commands=$( ${COMP_WORDS[@]:0:$COMP_CWORD} --generate-bash-completion )
+
+     case "$prev" in
+         $main_options_with_args_glob )
+             return
+             ;;
+     esac
+
+     case "$cur" in
+         -*)
+             COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$boolean_options $options_with_args" -- "$cur" ) )
+             ;;
+         *)
+             COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "${commands[*]} help" -- "$cur" ) )
+             ;;
+     esac
+}
+
+_cli_bash_autocomplete() {
+     local cur opts base
+
+     COMPREPLY=()
+     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
+     COMPREPLY=()
+     local cur prev words cword
+
+     _get_comp_words_by_ref -n : cur prev words cword
+
+     local command=${PROG} cpos=0
+     local counter=1
+     counter=1
+     while [ $counter -lt $cword ]; do
+         case "${words[$counter]}" in
+             -*)
+                ;;
+             *)
+                 command=$(echo "${words[$counter]}" | sed 's/-/_/g')
+                 cpos=$counter
+                 (( cpos++ ))
+                 break
+                 ;;
+         esac
+         (( counter++ ))
+     done
+
+     local completions_func=_skopeo_${command}
+     declare -F $completions_func >/dev/null && $completions_func
+
+     eval "$previous_extglob_setting"
+     return 0
+}
+
+ complete -F _cli_bash_autocomplete $PROG

contrib/containers-storage.conf.5.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+% storage.conf(5) Container Storage Configuration File
+% Dan Walsh
+% May 2017
+
+# NAME
+storage.conf - Syntax of Container Storage configuration file
+
+# DESCRIPTION
+The STORAGE configuration file specifies all of the available container storage options
+for tools using shared container storage.
+
+# FORMAT
+The [TOML format][toml] is used as the encoding of the configuration file.
+Every option and subtable listed here is nested under a global "storage" table.
+No bare options are used. The format of TOML can be simplified to:
+
+    [table]
+    option = value
+
+    [table.subtable1]
+    option = value
+
+    [table.subtable2]
+    option = value
+
+## STORAGE TABLE
+
+The `storage` table supports the following options:
+
+**graphroot**=""
+  container storage graph dir (default: "/var/lib/containers/storage")
+  Default directory to store all writable content created by container storage programs.
+
+**runroot**=""
+  container storage run dir (default: "/var/run/containers/storage")
+  Default directory to store all temporary writable content created by container storage programs.
+
+**driver**=""
+  container storage driver (default is "overlay")
+  Default Copy On Write (COW) container storage driver.
+
+### STORAGE OPTIONS TABLE
+
+The `storage.options` table supports the following options:
+
+**additionalimagestores**=[]
+  Paths to additional container image stores. Usually these are read-only and stored on remote network shares.
+
+**size**=""
+  Maximum size of a container image.  Default is 10GB.  This flag can be used to set quota
+  on the size of container images.
+
+**override_kernel_check**=""
+  Tell storage drivers to ignore kernel version checks.  Some storage drivers assume that if a kernel is too
+  old, the driver is not supported.  But for kernels that have had the drivers backported, this flag
+  allows users to override the checks.
+
+# HISTORY
+May 2017, Originally compiled by Dan Walsh <dwalsh@redhat.com>
+Format copied from crio.conf man page created by Aleksa Sarai <asarai@suse.de>

contrib/storage.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# storage.conf is the configuration file for all tools
+# that share the containers/storage libraries
+# See man 5 containers-storage.conf for more information
+
+# The "container storage" table contains all of the server options.
+[storage]
+
+# Default Storage Driver
+driver = "overlay"
+
+# Temporary storage location
+runroot = "/var/run/containers/storage"
+
+# Primary read-write location of container storage
+graphroot = "/var/lib/containers/storage"
+
+[storage.options]
+# AdditionalImageStores is used to pass paths to additional read-only image stores
+# Must be comma separated list.
+additionalimagestores = [
+]
+
+# Size is used to set a maximum size of the container image.  Only supported by
+# certain container storage drivers (currently overlay, zfs, vfs, btrfs)
+size = ""
+
+# OverrideKernelCheck tells the driver to ignore kernel checks based on kernel version
+override_kernel_check = "true"

default-policy.json

@@ -3,5 +3,12 @@
         {
             "type": "insecureAcceptAnything"
         }
-    ]
-}
+    ],
+    "transports":
+        {
+            "docker-daemon":
+                {
+                    "": [{"type":"insecureAcceptAnything"}]
+                }
+        }
+}

default.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# This is a default registries.d configuration file.  You may
+# add to this file or create additional files in registries.d/.
+#
+# sigstore: indicates a location that is read and write
+# sigstore-staging: indicates a location that is only for write
+#
+# sigstore and sigstore-staging take a value of the following:
+#   sigstore:  {schema}://location
+#
+# For reading signatures, schema may be http, https, or file.
+# For writing signatures, schema may only be file.
+
+# This is the default signature write location for docker registries.
+default-docker:
+#  sigstore: file:///var/lib/atomic/sigstore
+  sigstore-staging: file:///var/lib/atomic/sigstore
+
+# The 'docker' indicator here is the start of the configuration
+# for docker registries.
+#
+# docker:
+#
+#   privateregistry.com:
+#    sigstore: http://privateregistry.com/sigstore/
+#    sigstore-staging: /mnt/nfs/privateregistry/sigstore
+

docs/skopeo-copy.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+% skopeo-copy(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-copy - Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo copy** [**--sign-by=**_key-ID_] _source-image destination-image_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
+
+Uses the system's trust policy to validate images, rejects images not trusted by the policy.
+
+  _source-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+
+  _destination-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `podman login`.
+If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--format, -f** _manifest-type_ Manifest type (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use when saving image to directory using the 'dir:' transport (default is manifest type of source)
+
+**--quiet, -q** suppress output information when copying images
+
+**--remove-signatures** do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. Necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
+
+**--sign-by=**_key-id_ add a signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+
+**--src-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the source registry
+
+**--dest-compress** _bool-value_ Compress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source)
+
+**--dest-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the destination registry
+
+**--src-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the source registry or daemon
+
+**--src-no-creds** _bool-value_ Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--src-tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container source registry or daemon (defaults to true)
+
+**--dest-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the destination registry or daemon
+
+**--dest-no-creds** _bool-value_  Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--dest-ostree-tmp-dir** _path_ Directory to use for OSTree temporary files.
+
+**--dest-tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container destination registry or daemon (defaults to true)
+
+**--src-daemon-host** _host_ Copy from docker daemon at _host_. If _host_ starts with `tcp://`, HTTPS is enabled by default. To use plain HTTP, use the form `http://` (default is `unix:///var/run/docker.sock`).
+
+**--dest-daemon-host** _host_ Copy to docker daemon at _host_. If _host_ starts with `tcp://`, HTTPS is enabled by default. To use plain HTTP, use the form `http://` (default is `unix:///var/run/docker.sock`).
+
+Existing signatures, if any, are preserved as well.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+To copy the layers of the docker.io busybox image to a local directory:
+```sh
+$ mkdir -p /var/lib/images/busybox
+$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:/var/lib/images/busybox
+$ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
+  /tmp/busybox/2b8fd9751c4c0f5dd266fcae00707e67a2545ef34f9a29354585f93dac906749.tar
+  /tmp/busybox/manifest.json
+  /tmp/busybox/8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
+```
+
+To copy and sign an image:
+
+```sh
+$ skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com atomic:example/busybox:streaming atomic:example/busybox:gold
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), podman-login(1), docker-login(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo-delete.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+% skopeo-delete(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-delete - Mark _image-name_ for deletion.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo delete** _image-name_
+
+Mark _image-name_ for deletion.  To release the allocated disk space, you must login to the container registry server and execute the container registry garbage collector. E.g.,
+
+```
+/usr/bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker-distribution/registry/config.yml
+
+Note: sometimes the config.yml is stored in /etc/docker/registry/config.yml
+
+If you are running the container registry inside of a container you would execute something like:
+
+$ docker exec -it registry /usr/bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker-distribution/registry/config.yml
+
+```
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+  Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `podman login`.
+  If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry
+
+**--cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry
+
+**--tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)
+
+**--no-creds** _bool-value_ Access the registry anonymously.
+
+Additionally, the registry must allow deletions by setting `REGISTRY_STORAGE_DELETE_ENABLED=true` for the registry daemon.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+Mark image example/pause for deletion from the registry.example.com registry:
+```sh
+$ skopeo delete --force docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest
+```
+See above for additional details on using the command **delete**.
+
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), podman-login(1), docker-login(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo-inspect.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+% skopeo-inspect(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-inspect - Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo inspect** [**--raw**] [**--config**] _image-name_
+
+Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry
+
+  **--raw** output raw manifest, default is to format in JSON
+
+  _image-name_ name of image to retrieve information about
+
+  **--config** output configuration in OCI format, default is to format in JSON
+
+  _image-name_ name of image to retrieve configuration for
+
+  **--config** **--raw** output configuration in raw format
+
+  _image-name_ name of image to retrieve configuration for
+
+  **--authfile** _path_
+
+  Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `podman login`.
+  If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+  **--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry
+
+  **--cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry
+
+  **--tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)
+
+  **--no-creds** _bool-value_ Access the registry anonymously.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+To review information for the image fedora from the docker.io registry:
+```sh
+$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
+{
+    "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
+    "Digest": "sha256:a97914edb6ba15deb5c5acf87bd6bd5b6b0408c96f48a5cbd450b5b04509bb7d",
+    "RepoTags": [
+        "20",
+        "21",
+        "22",
+        "23",
+        "24",
+        "heisenbug",
+        "latest",
+        "rawhide"
+    ],
+    "Created": "2016-06-20T19:33:43.220526898Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "1.10.3",
+    "Labels": {},
+    "Architecture": "amd64",
+    "Os": "linux",
+    "Layers": [
+        "sha256:7c91a140e7a1025c3bc3aace4c80c0d9933ac4ee24b8630a6b0b5d8b9ce6b9d4"
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+# SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), podman-login(1), docker-login(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+% skopeo-manifest-digest(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-manifest\-digest -Compute a manifest digest of manifest-file and write it to standard output.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo manifest-digest** _manifest-file_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Compute a manifest digest of _manifest-file_ and write it to standard output.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```sh
+$ skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json
+sha256:a59906e33509d14c036c8678d687bd4eec81ed7c4b8ce907b888c607f6a1e0e6
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+% skopeo-standalone-sign(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-standalone-sign - Simple Sign an image
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo standalone-sign** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint_ **--output**|**-o** _signature_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+This is primarily a debugging tool, or useful for special cases,
+and usually should not be a part of your normal operational workflow; use `skopeo copy --sign-by` instead to publish and sign an image in one step.
+
+  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
+
+  _docker-reference_ A docker reference to identify the image with
+
+  _key-fingerprint_ Key identity to use for signing
+
+  **--output**|**-o** output file
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```sh
+$ skopeo standalone-sign busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8 --output busybox.signature
+$
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-copy(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+% skopeo-standalone-verify(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-standalone\-verify - Verify an image signature
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint signature_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Verify a signature using local files, digest will be printed on success.
+
+  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
+
+  _docker-reference_ A docker reference expected to identify the image in the signature
+
+  _key-fingerprint_ Expected identity of the signing key
+
+  _signature_ Path to signature file
+
+**Note:** If you do use this, make sure that the image can not be changed at the source location between the times of its verification and use.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```sh
+$ skopeo standalone-verify busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8  busybox.signature
+Signature verified, digest sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
+

docs/skopeo.1.md

@@ -1,230 +1,95 @@
 % SKOPEO(1) Skopeo Man Pages
 % Jhon Honce
 % August 2016
-# NAME
-skopeo -- Various operations with container images images and container image registries
-# SYNOPSIS
-**skopeo** [_global options_] _command_ [_command options_]
-# DESCRIPTION
-`skopeo` is a command line utility providing various operations with container images and container image registries. For example, it is able to inspect a repository on a Docker registry and fetch image. It fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like json output about a whole repository or a tag. This tool, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about a repository or a tag without requiring you to run `docker pull` - e.g. - which tags are available for the given repository? which labels the image has?
+## NAME
+skopeo -- Command line utility used to interact with local and remote container images and container image registries
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo** [_global options_] _command_ [_command options_]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+`skopeo` is a command line utility providing various operations with container images and container image registries.
+
+`skopeo` can copy container images between various containers image stores, converting them as necessary.  For example you can use `skopeo` to copy container images from one container registry to another.
+
+`skopeo` can convert a Docker schema 2 or schema 1 container image to an OCI image.
+
+`skopeo` can inspect a repository on a container registry without needlessly pulling the image. Pulling an image from a repository, especially a remote repository, is an expensive network and storage operation. Skopeo fetches the repository's manifest and displays a `docker inspect`-like json output about the repository or a tag. `skopeo`, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about a repository or a tag without requiring you to run `docker pull` - e.g. - Which tags are available for the given repository? Which labels does the image have?
+
+`skopeo` can sign and verify container images.
+
+`skopeo` can delete container images from a remote container registry.
+
+Note: `skopeo` does not require any container runtimes to be running, to do most of
+its functionality.  It also does not require root, unless you are copying images into a container runtime storage backend, like the docker daemon or github.com/containers/storage.
 
-It also allows you to copy container images between various registries, possibly converting them as necessary, and to sign and verify images.
 ## IMAGE NAMES
 Most commands refer to container images, using a _transport_`:`_details_ format. The following formats are supported:
 
-  **atomic:**_namespace_**/**_stream_**:**_tag_
-  An image in the current project of the current default Atomic
-  Registry. The current project and Atomic Registry instance are by
-  default read from `$HOME/.kube/config`, which is set e.g. using
-  `(oc login)`.
+  **containers-storage:**_docker-reference_
+  An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Location and image store specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf
 
   **dir:**_path_
-  An existing local directory _path_ storing the manifest, layer
-  tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a
-  non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or
-  noninvasive container inspection.
+  An existing local directory _path_ storing the manifest, layer tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or noninvasive container inspection.
 
   **docker://**_docker-reference_
-  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2".
-  By default, uses the authorization state in `$HOME/.docker/config.json`,
-  which is set e.g. using `(docker login)`.
+  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in either `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `(podman login)`. If the authorization state is not found there, `$HOME/.docker/config.json` is checked, which is set using `(docker login)`.
+
+  **docker-archive:**_path_[**:**_docker-reference_]
+  An image is stored in the `docker save` formatted file.  _docker-reference_ is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
+
+  **docker-daemon:**_docker-reference_
+  An image _docker-reference_ stored in the docker daemon internal storage.  _docker-reference_ must contain either a tag or a digest.  Alternatively, when reading images, the format can be docker-daemon:algo:digest (an image ID).
 
   **oci:**_path_**:**_tag_
-  An image _tag_ in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image
-  Layout Specification" at _path_.
+  An image _tag_ in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at _path_.
 
-# OPTIONS
+  **ostree:**_image_[**@**_/absolute/repo/path_]
+  An image in local OSTree repository.  _/absolute/repo/path_ defaults to _/ostree/repo_.
+
+## OPTIONS
 
   **--debug** enable debug output
 
-  **--username** _username_ for accessing  the registry
-
-  **--password** _password_ for accessing the registry
-
-  **--cert-path** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (cert.pem, key.pem) to connect to the registry
-
   **--policy** _path-to-policy_ Path to a policy.json file to use for verifying signatures and deciding whether an image is trusted, overriding the default trust policy file.
 
-  **--registries.d** _dir_ use registry configuration files in _dir_ (e.g. for docker signature storage), overriding the default path.
+  **--insecure-policy** Adopt an insecure, permissive policy that allows anything. This obviates the need for a policy file.
 
-  **--tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to docker registries (defaults to true)
+  **--registries.d** _dir_ use registry configuration files in _dir_ (e.g. for container signature storage), overriding the default path.
+
+  **--override-arch** _arch_ Use _arch_ instead of the architecture of the machine for choosing images.
+
+  **--override-os** _OS_ Use _OS_ instead of the running OS for choosing images.
+
+  **--command-timeout** _duration_ Timeout for the command execution.
 
   **--help**|**-h** Show help
 
   **--version**|**-v** print the version number
 
-# COMMANDS
+## COMMANDS
 
-## skopeo copy
-**skopeo copy** [**--sign-by=**_key-ID_] _source-image destination-image_
+| Command                                   | Description                                                                    |
+| ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [skopeo-copy(1)](skopeo-copy.1.md)        | Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another. |
+| [skopeo-delete(1)](skopeo-delete.1.md)    | Mark image-name for deletion.                                                  |
+| [skopeo-inspect(1)](skopeo-inspect.1.md)  | Return low-level information about image-name in a registry.                   |
+| [skopeo-manifest-digest(1)](skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md)    | Compute a manifest digest of manifest-file and write it to standard output.|
+| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Sign an image.                                               |
+| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Verify an image.                                             |
 
-Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
-
-Uses the system's trust policy to validate images, rejects images not trusted by the policy.
-
-  _source-image_ use the "image name" format described above
-
-  _destination-image_ use the "image name" format described above
-
-  **--remove-signatures** do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. Necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
-
-  **--sign-by=**_key-id_ add a signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
-
-Existing signatures, if any, are preserved as well.
-
-## skopeo delete
-**skopeo delete** _image-name_
-
-Mark _image-name_ for deletion.  To release the allocated disk space, you need to execute the docker registry garabage collector. E.g.,
-
-```sh
-$ docker exec -it registry bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker/registry/config.yml
-```
-
-Additionally, the registry must allow deletions by setting `REGISTRY_STORAGE_DELETE_ENABLED=true` for the registry daemon.
-
-## skopeo inspect
-**skopeo inspect** [**--raw**] _image-name_
-
-Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry
-
-  **--raw** output raw manifest, default is to format in JSON
-
-  _image-name_ name of image to retrieve information about
-
-## skopeo layers
-**skopeo layers** _image-name_
-
-Get image layers of _image-name_
-
-  _image-name_ name of the image to retrieve layers
-
-## skopeo manifest-digest
-**skopeo manifest-digest** _manifest-file_
-
-Compute a manifest digest of _manifest-file_ and write it to standard output.
-
-## skopeo standalone-sign
-**skopeo standalone-sign** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint_ **--output**|**-o** _signature_
-
-This is primarily a debugging tool, or useful for special cases,
-and usually should not be a part of your normal operational workflow; use `skopeo copy --sign-by` instead to publish and sign an image in one step.
-
-  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
-
-  _docker-reference_ A docker reference to identify the image with
-
-  _key-fingerprint_ Key identity to use for signing
-
-  **--output**|**-o** output file
-
-## skopeo standalone-verify
-**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint signature_
-
-Verify a signature using local files, digest will be printed on success.
-
-  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
-
-  _docker-reference_ A docker reference expected to identify the image in the signature
-
-  _key-fingerprint_ Expected identity of the signing key
-
-  _signature_ Path to signature file
-
-**Note:** If you do use this, make sure that the image can not be changed at the source location between the times of its verification and use.
-
-## skopeo help
-show help for `skopeo`
-
-# FILES
+## FILES
   **/etc/containers/policy.json**
   Default trust policy file, if **--policy** is not specified.
-  The policy format is documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/policy.json.md .
+  The policy format is documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md .
 
   **/etc/containers/registries.d**
   Default directory containing registry configuration, if **--registries.d** is not specified.
-  The contents of this directory are documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/registries.d.md .
+  The contents of this directory are documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md .
 
-# EXAMPLES
+## SEE ALSO
+podman-login(1), docker-login(1)
 
-## skopeo copy
-To copy the layers of the docker.io busybox image to a local directory:
-```sh
-$ mkdir -p /var/lib/images/busybox
-$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:/var/lib/images/busybox
-$ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
-  /tmp/busybox/2b8fd9751c4c0f5dd266fcae00707e67a2545ef34f9a29354585f93dac906749.tar
-  /tmp/busybox/manifest.json
-  /tmp/busybox/8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
-```
-
-To copy and sign an image:
-
-```sh
-$ skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com atomic:example/busybox:streaming atomic:example/busybox:gold
-```
-## skopeo delete
-Mark image example/pause for deletion from the registry.example.com registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo delete --force docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest
-```
-See above for additional details on using the command **delete**.
-
-## skopeo inspect
-To review information for the image fedora from the docker.io registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
-{
-    "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
-    "Digest": "sha256:a97914edb6ba15deb5c5acf87bd6bd5b6b0408c96f48a5cbd450b5b04509bb7d",
-    "RepoTags": [
-        "20",
-        "21",
-        "22",
-        "23",
-        "24",
-        "heisenbug",
-        "latest",
-        "rawhide"
-    ],
-    "Created": "2016-06-20T19:33:43.220526898Z",
-    "DockerVersion": "1.10.3",
-    "Labels": {},
-    "Architecture": "amd64",
-    "Os": "linux",
-    "Layers": [
-        "sha256:7c91a140e7a1025c3bc3aace4c80c0d9933ac4ee24b8630a6b0b5d8b9ce6b9d4"
-    ]
-}
-```
-## skopeo layers
-Another method to retrieve the layers for the busybox image from the docker.io registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo layers docker://busybox
-$ ls layers-500650331/
-  8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
-  manifest.json
-  a3ed95caeb02ffe68cdd9fd84406680ae93d633cb16422d00e8a7c22955b46d4.tar
-```
-## skopeo manifest-digest
-```sh
-$ skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json
-sha256:a59906e33509d14c036c8678d687bd4eec81ed7c4b8ce907b888c607f6a1e0e6
-```
-## skopeo standalone-sign
-```sh
-$ skopeo standalone-sign busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8 --output busybox.signature
-$
-```
-
-See `skopeo copy` above for the preferred method of signing images.
-## skopeo standalone-verify
-```sh
-$ skopeo standalone-verify busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8  busybox.signature
-Signature verified, digest sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55
-```
-
-# AUTHORS
+## AUTHORS
 
 Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
-

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+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84363);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79375005;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
+       d="m 189.98438,240.4935 12.42187,7.16992 6.56641,-11.375 -12.42188,-7.16992 z"
+       id="rect84351"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84377);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79375005;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
+       d="m 173.69727,227.99936 12.65234,7.30273 3.88867,-6.73633 -12.65234,-7.30273 z"
+       id="rect84365"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       sodipodi:nodetypes="ccccc"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
+       id="path84138"
+       d="m 192.47621,218.8758 -11.1013,8.29627 c 0,0 6.16202,4.57403 15.2798,4.67656 9.1178,0.1025 11.46925,-3.93799 11.46925,-3.93799 z"
+       style="fill:#ffffff;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1" />
+    <ellipse
+       cy="223.01579"
+       cx="207.08998"
+       id="circle84140"
+       style="fill:#ffffff;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
+       rx="3.8395541"
+       ry="3.8438656" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84333);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
+       d="m 197.35938,212.35287 44.36523,25.64453 7.58984,-10.83203 -20.82617,-18.73242 -25.55078,-8.08399 z"
+       id="path84272"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
+       id="path84142"
+       d="m 200.6837,212.37603 11.49279,-6.98413 -8.11935,-2.73742"
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+    <path
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
+       id="path84144"
+       d="m 241.31895,235.3047 -8.04514,-4.75769 10.057,-4.72299"
+       style="fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#000000;stroke-width:0.5291667;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
+       sodipodi:nodetypes="ccc" />
+    <path
+       sodipodi:nodetypes="ccc"
+       style="fill:none;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#2a72ac;stroke-width:0.52899998;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
+       d="m 241.06868,235.79543 -8.9307,-5.38071 10.81942,-5.07707"
+       id="path84280"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
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+       d="m 200.60886,211.70589 10.37702,-6.1817 -7.12581,-2.30459"
+       id="path84290"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
+       sodipodi:nodetypes="ccc" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#radialGradient84471);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
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+       id="ellipse84292"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84425);fill-opacity:1;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
+       d="m 183.23633,227.10092 c 5.59753,3.20336 12.36881,4.51528 18.71366,3.17108 1.59516,-0.38 3.17489,-0.99021 4.44874,-2.04739 -0.73893,-0.64617 -1.68301,-0.99544 -2.49844,-1.53493 -3.78032,-2.18293 -7.56064,-4.36587 -11.34096,-6.5488 -3.10767,2.32001 -6.21533,4.64003 -9.323,6.96004 z"
+       id="path84298"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0"
+       sodipodi:nodetypes="cccccc" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84479);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79375005;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
+       d="m 238.62695,269.97787 0.006,-0.002 0.39453,-0.27735 0.41797,-0.34179 0.002,-0.002 0.45703,-0.42382 0.47851,-0.49219 0.0156,-0.0176 0.47656,-0.53711 0.002,-0.002 0.0117,-0.0137 0.48438,-0.5918 0.0117,-0.0156 0.49023,-0.64257 0.01,-0.0137 0.49609,-0.69726 0.48047,-0.71875 0.01,-0.0137 0.46485,-0.74805 0.004,-0.008 0.002,-0.002 0.30468,-0.51562 0.008,-0.0117 0.4375,-0.78711 0.40625,-0.77734 0.008,-0.0137 0.37109,-0.77149 0.008,-0.0156 0.33789,-0.75977 0.006,-0.0156 0.30078,-0.73829 0.27148,-0.74609 0.21289,-0.66602 0.17969,-0.66796 v -0.002 l 0.12305,-0.58203 0.002,-0.0137 0.0723,-0.51562 0.0176,-0.31836 z"
+       id="path84379"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+    <path
+       style="fill:url(#linearGradient84408);fill-opacity:1;stroke:none;stroke-width:0.79374999;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-dashoffset:5.99999952"
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+       id="rect84396"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
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+       id="rect84429"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
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+       id="rect84443"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
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+       style="fill:#ffffff;fill-rule:evenodd;stroke:#f8ead2;stroke-width:0.52916664;stroke-linecap:butt;stroke-linejoin:miter;stroke-miterlimit:4;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke-opacity:1"
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+       id="path84521"
+       inkscape:connector-curvature="0" />
+  </g>
+</svg>

hack/.vendor-helpers.sh

@@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-PROJECT=github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-
-# Downloads dependencies into vendor/ directory
-mkdir -p vendor
-
-original_GOPATH=$GOPATH
-export GOPATH="${PWD}/vendor:$GOPATH"
-
-find="/usr/bin/find"
-
-clone() {
-	local delete_vendor=true
-	if [ "x$1" = x--keep-vendor ]; then
-		delete_vendor=false
-		shift
-	fi
-
-	local vcs="$1"
-	local pkg="$2"
-	local rev="$3"
-	local url="$4"
-
-	: ${url:=https://$pkg}
-	local target="vendor/src/$pkg"
-
-	echo -n "$pkg @ $rev: "
-
-	if [ -d "$target" ]; then
-		echo -n 'rm old, '
-		rm -rf "$target"
-	fi
-
-	echo -n 'clone, '
-	case "$vcs" in
-		git)
-			git clone --quiet --no-checkout "$url" "$target"
-			( cd "$target" && git checkout --quiet "$rev" && git reset --quiet --hard "$rev" -- )
-			;;
-		hg)
-			hg clone --quiet --updaterev "$rev" "$url" "$target"
-			;;
-	esac
-
-	echo -n 'rm VCS, '
-	( cd "$target" && rm -rf .{git,hg} )
-
-	if $delete_vendor; then
-		echo -n 'rm vendor, '
-		( cd "$target" && rm -rf vendor Godeps/_workspace )
-	fi
-
-	echo done
-}
-
-clean() {
-	# If $GOPATH starts with ./vendor, (go list) shows the short-form import paths for packages inside ./vendor.
-	# So, reset GOPATH to the external value (without ./vendor), so that the grep -v works.
-	local packages=($(GOPATH=$original_GOPATH go list -e ./... | grep -v "^${PROJECT}/vendor"))
-	local platforms=( linux/amd64 linux/386 )
-
-	local buildTags=(  )
-
-	echo
-
-	echo -n 'collecting import graph, '
-	local IFS=$'\n'
-	local imports=( $(
-		for platform in "${platforms[@]}"; do
-			export GOOS="${platform%/*}";
-			export GOARCH="${platform##*/}";
-			go list -e -tags "$buildTags" -f '{{join .Deps "\n"}}' "${packages[@]}"
-			go list -e -tags "$buildTags" -f '{{join .TestImports "\n"}}' "${packages[@]}"
-		done | grep -vE "^${PROJECT}" | sort -u
-	) )
-	# .TestImports does not include indirect dependencies, so do one more iteration.
-	imports+=( $(
-		go list -e -f '{{join .Deps "\n"}}' "${imports[@]}" | grep -vE "^${PROJECT}" | sort -u
-	) )
-	imports=( $(go list -e -f '{{if not .Standard}}{{.ImportPath}}{{end}}' "${imports[@]}") )
-	unset IFS
-
-	echo -n 'pruning unused packages, '
-	findArgs=(
-		# This directory contains only .c and .h files which are necessary
-		# -path vendor/src/github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3/code
-	)
-	for import in "${imports[@]}"; do
-		[ "${#findArgs[@]}" -eq 0 ] || findArgs+=( -or )
-		findArgs+=( -path "vendor/src/$import" )
-	done
-	local IFS=$'\n'
-	local prune=( $($find vendor -depth -type d -not '(' "${findArgs[@]}" ')') )
-	unset IFS
-	for dir in "${prune[@]}"; do
-		$find "$dir" -maxdepth 1 -not -type d -not -name 'LICENSE*' -not -name 'COPYING*' -exec rm -v -f '{}' ';'
-		rmdir "$dir" 2>/dev/null || true
-	done
-
-	echo -n 'pruning unused files, '
-	$find vendor -type f -name '*_test.go' -exec rm -v '{}' ';'
-
-	echo done
-}
-
-# Fix up hard-coded imports that refer to Godeps paths so they'll work with our vendoring
-fix_rewritten_imports () {
-       local pkg="$1"
-       local remove="${pkg}/Godeps/_workspace/src/"
-       local target="vendor/src/$pkg"
-
-       echo "$pkg: fixing rewritten imports"
-       $find "$target" -name \*.go -exec sed -i -e "s|\"${remove}|\"|g" {} \;
-}

hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+cc -E - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <btrfs/ioctl.h>
+EOF
+if test $? -ne 0 ; then
+	echo exclude_graphdriver_btrfs
+fi

hack/btrfs_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+cc -E - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <btrfs/version.h>
+EOF
+if test $? -ne 0 ; then
+	echo btrfs_noversion
+fi

hack/libdm_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+tmpdir="$PWD/tmp.$RANDOM"
+mkdir -p "$tmpdir"
+trap 'rm -fr "$tmpdir"' EXIT
+cc -c -o "$tmpdir"/libdm_tag.o -x c - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <libdevmapper.h>
+int main() {
+	struct dm_task *task;
+	return 0;
+}
+EOF
+if test $? -ne 0 ; then
+	echo libdm_no_deferred_remove
+fi

hack/make.sh

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ set -e
 #
 # Requirements:
 # - The current directory should be a checkout of the skopeo source code
-#   (https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo). Whatever version is checked out
+#   (https://github.com/containers/skopeo). Whatever version is checked out
 #   will be built.
 # - The script is intended to be run inside the docker container specified
 #   in the Dockerfile at the root of the source. In other words:
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ set -e
 
 set -o pipefail
 
-export SKOPEO_PKG='github.com/projectatomic/skopeo'
+export SKOPEO_PKG='github.com/containers/skopeo'
 export SCRIPTDIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )"
 export MAKEDIR="$SCRIPTDIR/make"
 
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ TESTFLAGS+=" -test.timeout=10m"
 go_test_dir() {
 	dir=$1
 	(
-		echo '+ go test' $TESTFLAGS "${SKOPEO_PKG}${dir#.}"
+		echo '+ go test' $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"} "${SKOPEO_PKG}${dir#.}"
 		cd "$dir"
 		export DEST="$ABS_DEST" # we're in a subshell, so this is safe -- our integration-cli tests need DEST, and "cd" screws it up
-		go test $TESTFLAGS
+		go test $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}
 	)
 }
 

hack/make/.validate

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ if [ -z "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" ]; then
 	# this is kind of an expensive check, so let's not do this twice if we
 	# are running more than one validate bundlescript
 	
-	VALIDATE_REPO='https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo.git'
+	VALIDATE_REPO='https://github.com/containers/skopeo.git'
 	VALIDATE_BRANCH='master'
 	
 	if [ "$TRAVIS" = 'true' -a "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" != 'false' ]; then

hack/make/bash_autocomplete

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#! /bin/bash
-
-: ${PROG:=$(basename ${BASH_SOURCE})}
-
-_cli_bash_autocomplete() {
-     local cur opts base
-     COMPREPLY=()
-     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-     opts=$( ${COMP_WORDS[@]:0:$COMP_CWORD} --generate-bash-completion )
-     COMPREPLY=( $(compgen -W "${opts}" -- ${cur}) )
-     return 0
- }
-
- complete -F _cli_bash_autocomplete $PROG

hack/make/test-integration

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ bundle_test_integration() {
 
 # subshell so that we can export PATH without breaking other things
 (
-	make binary-local
+	make binary-local ${BUILDTAGS:+BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"}
 	make install
 	export GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
 	bundle_test_integration

hack/make/validate-vet

@@ -1,28 +1,13 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
+errors=$(go vet $(go list -e ./... | grep -v "$SKOPEO_PKG"/vendor))
 
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-errors=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-	failedVet=$(go vet "$f")
-	if [ "$failedVet" ]; then
-		errors+=( "$failedVet" )
-	fi
-done
-
-
-if [ ${#errors[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
+if [ -z "$errors" ]; then
 	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been vetted.'
 else
 	{
 		echo "Errors from go vet:"
-		for err in "${errors[@]}"; do
-			echo " - $err"
-		done
+		echo "$errors"
 		echo
 		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "go vet" and commit the result.'
 		echo

hack/ostree_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+if pkg-config ostree-1 2> /dev/null ; then
+	echo ostree
+else
+	echo containers_image_ostree_stub
+fi

hack/travis_osx.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+export GOPATH=$(pwd)/_gopath
+export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
+
+_containers="${GOPATH}/src/github.com/containers"
+mkdir -vp ${_containers}
+ln -vsf $(pwd) ${_containers}/skopeo
+
+go version
+go get -u github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man golang.org/x/lint/golint
+
+cd ${_containers}/skopeo
+make validate-local test-unit-local binary-local
+sudo make install
+skopeo -v

hack/tree_status.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+STATUS=$(git status --porcelain)
+if [[ -z $STATUS ]]
+then
+	echo "tree is clean"
+else
+	echo "tree is dirty, please commit all changes and sync the vendor.conf"
+	echo ""
+	echo "$STATUS"
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/vendor.sh

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-cd "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.."
-rm -rf vendor/
-source 'hack/.vendor-helpers.sh'
-
-clone git github.com/urfave/cli v1.17.0
-clone git github.com/containers/image master
-clone git gopkg.in/cheggaaa/pb.v1 ad4efe000aa550bb54918c06ebbadc0ff17687b9 https://github.com/cheggaaa/pb
-clone git github.com/Sirupsen/logrus v0.10.0
-clone git github.com/go-check/check v1
-clone git github.com/stretchr/testify v1.1.3
-clone git github.com/davecgh/go-spew master
-clone git github.com/pmezard/go-difflib master
-# docker deps from https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/v1.11.2/hack/vendor.sh
-clone git github.com/docker/docker v1.11.2
-clone git github.com/docker/engine-api v0.3.3
-clone git github.com/docker/go-connections v0.2.0
-clone git github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.9.11
-clone git github.com/gorilla/context 14f550f51a
-clone git github.com/docker/go-units 651fc226e7441360384da338d0fd37f2440ffbe3
-clone git golang.org/x/net master https://github.com/golang/net.git
-# end docker deps
-clone git github.com/docker/distribution master
-clone git github.com/docker/libtrust master
-clone git github.com/opencontainers/runc master
-clone git github.com/opencontainers/image-spec master
-clone git github.com/mtrmac/gpgme master
-# openshift/origin' k8s dependencies as of OpenShift v1.1.5
-clone git github.com/golang/glog 44145f04b68cf362d9c4df2182967c2275eaefed
-clone git k8s.io/kubernetes 4a3f9c5b19c7ff804cbc1bf37a15c044ca5d2353 https://github.com/openshift/kubernetes
-clone git github.com/ghodss/yaml 73d445a93680fa1a78ae23a5839bad48f32ba1ee
-clone git gopkg.in/yaml.v2 d466437aa4adc35830964cffc5b5f262c63ddcb4
-clone git github.com/imdario/mergo 6633656539c1639d9d78127b7d47c622b5d7b6dc
-
-clean
-
-mv vendor/src/* vendor/

integration/check_test.go

@@ -5,16 +5,13 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/containers/skopeo/version"
 	"github.com/go-check/check"
-	"github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/version"
 )
 
 const (
 	privateRegistryURL0 = "127.0.0.1:5000"
 	privateRegistryURL1 = "127.0.0.1:5001"
-	privateRegistryURL2 = "127.0.0.1:5002"
-	privateRegistryURL3 = "127.0.0.1:5003"
-	privateRegistryURL4 = "127.0.0.1:5004"
 )
 
 func Test(t *testing.T) {
@@ -26,15 +23,13 @@ func init() {
 }
 
 type SkopeoSuite struct {
-	regV1         *testRegistryV1
 	regV2         *testRegistryV2
-	regV2Shema1   *testRegistryV2
-	regV1WithAuth *testRegistryV1 // does v1 support auth?
 	regV2WithAuth *testRegistryV2
 }
 
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
-
+	_, err := exec.LookPath(skopeoBinary)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 }
 
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
@@ -42,24 +37,14 @@ func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
 }
 
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) SetUpTest(c *check.C) {
-	_, err := exec.LookPath(skopeoBinary)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-
-	s.regV1 = setupRegistryV1At(c, privateRegistryURL0, false) // TODO:(runcom)
-	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL1, false, false)
-	s.regV2Shema1 = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL2, false, true)
-	s.regV1WithAuth = setupRegistryV1At(c, privateRegistryURL3, true) // not used
-	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL4, true, false)
+	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL0, false, false)
+	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL1, true, false)
 }
 
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownTest(c *check.C) {
-	// not checking V1 registries now...
 	if s.regV2 != nil {
 		s.regV2.Close()
 	}
-	if s.regV2Shema1 != nil {
-		s.regV2Shema1.Close()
-	}
 	if s.regV2WithAuth != nil {
 		//cmd := exec.Command("docker", "logout", s.regV2WithAuth)
 		//c.Assert(cmd.Run(), check.IsNil)
@@ -75,22 +60,21 @@ func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestVersion(c *check.C) {
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "--version")
 }
 
-const (
-	errFetchManifestRegexp = ".*error fetching manifest: status code: %s.*"
-)
-
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCanAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	// TODO(runcom)
-	c.Skip("we need to restore --username --password flags!")
-	wanted := fmt.Sprintf(errFetchManifestRegexp, "401")
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--docker-cfg=''", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+	wanted := ".*manifest unknown: manifest unknown.*"
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", "--creds="+s.regV2WithAuth.username+":"+s.regV2WithAuth.password, fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
 }
 
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	// TODO(runcom): mock the empty docker-cfg by removing it in the test itself (?)
-	c.Skip("mock empty docker config")
-	wanted := fmt.Sprintf(errFetchManifestRegexp, "401")
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--docker-cfg=''", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+	wanted := ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCertDirInsteadOfCertPath(c *check.C) {
+	wanted := ".*flag provided but not defined: -cert-path.*"
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-path=/")
+	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-dir=/etc/docker/certs.d/")
 }
 
 // TODO(runcom): as soon as we can push to registries ensure you can inspect here
@@ -98,8 +82,8 @@ func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C
 func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNoNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2ImageNotFound(c *check.C) {
 	out, err := exec.Command(skopeoBinary, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2.url)).CombinedOutput()
 	c.Assert(err, check.NotNil, check.Commentf(string(out)))
-	wanted := fmt.Sprintf(errFetchManifestRegexp, "404")
+	wanted := ".*manifest unknown.*"
 	c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
-	wanted = fmt.Sprintf(errFetchManifestRegexp, "401")
+	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
 	c.Assert(string(out), check.Not(check.Matches), "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 }

integration/copy_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 package main
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"io/ioutil"
+	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"os"
@@ -11,19 +12,27 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
 	"github.com/go-check/check"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/image-tools/image"
 )
 
 func init() {
 	check.Suite(&CopySuite{})
 }
 
-const v2DockerRegistryURL = "localhost:5555" // Update also policy.json
+const (
+	v2DockerRegistryURL   = "localhost:5555" // Update also policy.json
+	v2s1DockerRegistryURL = "localhost:5556"
+)
 
 type CopySuite struct {
-	cluster  *openshiftCluster
-	registry *testRegistryV2
-	gpgHome  string
+	cluster    *openshiftCluster
+	registry   *testRegistryV2
+	s1Registry *testRegistryV2
+	gpgHome    string
 }
 
 func (s *CopySuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
@@ -33,7 +42,7 @@ func (s *CopySuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
 
 	s.cluster = startOpenshiftCluster(c) // FIXME: Set up TLS for the docker registry port instead of using "--tls-verify=false" all over the place.
 
-	for _, stream := range []string{"unsigned", "personal", "official", "naming", "cosigned", "compression"} {
+	for _, stream := range []string{"unsigned", "personal", "official", "naming", "cosigned", "compression", "schema1", "schema2"} {
 		isJSON := fmt.Sprintf(`{
 			"kind": "ImageStream",
 			"apiVersion": "v1",
@@ -45,7 +54,9 @@ func (s *CopySuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
 		runCommandWithInput(c, isJSON, "oc", "create", "-f", "-")
 	}
 
-	s.registry = setupRegistryV2At(c, v2DockerRegistryURL, false, false) // FIXME: Set up TLS for the docker registry port instead of using "--tls-verify=false" all over the place.
+	// FIXME: Set up TLS for the docker registry port instead of using "--tls-verify=false" all over the place.
+	s.registry = setupRegistryV2At(c, v2DockerRegistryURL, false, false)
+	s.s1Registry = setupRegistryV2At(c, v2s1DockerRegistryURL, false, true)
 
 	gpgHome, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "skopeo-gpg")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
@@ -71,33 +82,27 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
 	if s.registry != nil {
 		s.registry.Close()
 	}
+	if s.s1Registry != nil {
+		s.s1Registry.Close()
+	}
 	if s.cluster != nil {
-		s.cluster.tearDown()
+		s.cluster.tearDown(c)
 	}
 }
 
-// fileFromFixtureFixture applies edits to inputPath and returns a path to the temporary file.
-// Callers should defer os.Remove(the_returned_path)
-func fileFromFixture(c *check.C, inputPath string, edits map[string]string) string {
-	contents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(inputPath)
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyWithManifestList(c *check.C) {
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-manifest-list")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	for template, value := range edits {
-		contents = bytes.Replace(contents, []byte(template), []byte(value), -1)
-	}
-
-	file, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "policy.json")
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	path := file.Name()
-
-	_, err = file.Write(contents)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	err = file.Close()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	return path
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://estesp/busybox:latest", "dir:"+dir)
 }
 
-// The most basic (skopeo copy) use:
-func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySimple(c *check.C) {
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyFailsWhenImageOSDoesntMatchRuntimeOS(c *check.C) {
+	c.Skip("can't run this on Travis")
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, `.*image operating system "windows" cannot be used on "linux".*`, "copy", "docker://microsoft/windowsservercore", "containers-storage:test")
+}
+
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySimpleAtomicRegistry(c *check.C) {
 	dir1, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-1")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir1)
@@ -107,24 +112,98 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySimple(c *check.C) {
 
 	// FIXME: It would be nice to use one of the local Docker registries instead of neeeding an Internet connection.
 	// "pull": docker: → dir:
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://estesp/busybox:latest", "dir:"+dir1)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://estesp/busybox:amd64", "dir:"+dir1)
 	// "push": dir: → atomic:
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", "dir:"+dir1, "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/unsigned:unsigned")
-	// The result of pushing and pulling is an unmodified image.
+	// The result of pushing and pulling is an equivalent image, except for schema1 embedded names.
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/unsigned:unsigned", "dir:"+dir2)
+	assertSchema1DirImagesAreEqualExceptNames(c, dir1, "estesp/busybox:amd64", dir2, "myns/unsigned:unsigned")
+}
+
+// The most basic (skopeo copy) use:
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySimple(c *check.C) {
+	const ourRegistry = "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/"
+
+	dir1, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-1")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir1)
+	dir2, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-2")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir2)
+
+	// FIXME: It would be nice to use one of the local Docker registries instead of neeeding an Internet connection.
+	// "pull": docker: → dir:
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://busybox", "dir:"+dir1)
+	// "push": dir: → docker(v2s2):
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", "dir:"+dir1, ourRegistry+"busybox:unsigned")
+	// The result of pushing and pulling is an unmodified image.
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", ourRegistry+"busybox:unsigned", "dir:"+dir2)
 	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", dir1, dir2)
 	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
 
-	// docker v2s2 -> OCI image layout
+	// docker v2s2 -> OCI image layout with image name
 	// ociDest will be created by oci: if it doesn't exist
 	// so don't create it here to exercise auto-creation
-	ociDest := "busybox-latest"
+	ociDest := "busybox-latest-image"
+	ociImgName := "busybox"
+	defer os.RemoveAll(ociDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://busybox:latest", "oci:"+ociDest+":"+ociImgName)
+	_, err = os.Stat(ociDest)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	// docker v2s2 -> OCI image layout without image name
+	ociDest = "busybox-latest-noimage"
 	defer os.RemoveAll(ociDest)
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://busybox:latest", "oci:"+ociDest)
 	_, err = os.Stat(ociDest)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
-	// FIXME: Also check pushing to docker://
+}
+
+// Check whether dir: images in dir1 and dir2 are equal, ignoring schema1 signatures.
+func assertDirImagesAreEqual(c *check.C, dir1, dir2 string) {
+	// The manifests may have different JWS signatures; so, compare the manifests by digests, which
+	// strips the signatures.
+	digests := []digest.Digest{}
+	for _, dir := range []string{dir1, dir2} {
+		manifestPath := filepath.Join(dir, "manifest.json")
+		m, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+		digest, err := manifest.Digest(m)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+		digests = append(digests, digest)
+	}
+	c.Assert(digests[0], check.Equals, digests[1])
+	// Then compare the rest file by file.
+	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", "-x", "manifest.json", dir1, dir2)
+	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
+}
+
+// Check whether schema1 dir: images in dir1 and dir2 are equal, ignoring schema1 signatures and the embedded path/tag values, which should have the expected values.
+func assertSchema1DirImagesAreEqualExceptNames(c *check.C, dir1, ref1, dir2, ref2 string) {
+	// The manifests may have different JWS signatures and names; so, unmarshal and delete these elements.
+	manifests := []map[string]interface{}{}
+	for dir, ref := range map[string]string{dir1: ref1, dir2: ref2} {
+		manifestPath := filepath.Join(dir, "manifest.json")
+		m, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+		data := map[string]interface{}{}
+		err = json.Unmarshal(m, &data)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+		c.Assert(data["schemaVersion"], check.Equals, float64(1))
+		colon := strings.LastIndex(ref, ":")
+		c.Assert(colon, check.Not(check.Equals), -1)
+		c.Assert(data["name"], check.Equals, ref[:colon])
+		c.Assert(data["tag"], check.Equals, ref[colon+1:])
+		for _, key := range []string{"signatures", "name", "tag"} {
+			delete(data, key)
+		}
+		manifests = append(manifests, data)
+	}
+	c.Assert(manifests[0], check.DeepEquals, manifests[1])
+	// Then compare the rest file by file.
+	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", "-x", "manifest.json", dir1, dir2)
+	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
 }
 
 // Streaming (skopeo copy)
@@ -142,28 +221,68 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyStreaming(c *check.C) {
 	// Compare (copies of) the original and the copy:
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://estesp/busybox:amd64", "dir:"+dir1)
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/unsigned:streaming", "dir:"+dir2)
-	// The manifests will have different JWS signatures; so, compare the manifests by digests, which
-	// strips the signatures, and remove them, comparing the rest file by file.
-	digests := []string{}
-	for _, dir := range []string{dir1, dir2} {
-		manifestPath := filepath.Join(dir, "manifest.json")
-		m, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
-		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-		digest, err := manifest.Digest(m)
-		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-		digests = append(digests, digest)
-		err = os.Remove(manifestPath)
-		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-		c.Logf("Manifest file %s (digest %s) removed", manifestPath, digest)
-	}
-	c.Assert(digests[0], check.Equals, digests[1])
-	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", dir1, dir2)
-	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
+	assertSchema1DirImagesAreEqualExceptNames(c, dir1, "estesp/busybox:amd64", dir2, "myns/unsigned:streaming")
 	// FIXME: Also check pushing to docker://
 }
 
+// OCI round-trip testing. It's very important to make sure that OCI <-> Docker
+// conversion works (while skopeo handles many things, one of the most obvious
+// benefits of a tool like skopeo is that you can use OCI tooling to create an
+// image and then as the final step convert the image to a non-standard format
+// like Docker). But this only works if we _test_ it.
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyOCIRoundTrip(c *check.C) {
+	const ourRegistry = "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/"
+
+	oci1, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "oci-1")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(oci1)
+	oci2, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "oci-2")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(oci2)
+
+	// Docker -> OCI
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", "docker://busybox", "oci:"+oci1+":latest")
+	// OCI -> Docker
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", "oci:"+oci1+":latest", ourRegistry+"original/busybox:oci_copy")
+	// Docker -> OCI
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", ourRegistry+"original/busybox:oci_copy", "oci:"+oci2+":latest")
+	// OCI -> Docker
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--debug", "copy", "oci:"+oci2+":latest", ourRegistry+"original/busybox:oci_copy2")
+
+	// TODO: Add some more tags to output to and check those work properly.
+
+	// First, make sure the OCI blobs are the same. This should _always_ be true.
+	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", oci1+"/blobs", oci2+"/blobs")
+	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
+
+	// For some silly reason we pass a logger to the OCI library here...
+	logger := log.New(os.Stderr, "", 0)
+
+	// Verify using the upstream OCI image validator, this should catch most
+	// non-compliance errors. DO NOT REMOVE THIS TEST UNLESS IT'S ABSOLUTELY
+	// NECESSARY.
+	err = image.ValidateLayout(oci1, nil, logger)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	err = image.ValidateLayout(oci2, nil, logger)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	// Now verify that everything is identical. Currently this is true, but
+	// because we recompute the manifests on-the-fly this doesn't necessarily
+	// always have to be true (but if this breaks in the future __PLEASE__ make
+	// sure that the breakage actually makes sense before removing this check).
+	out = combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "diff", "-urN", oci1, oci2)
+	c.Assert(out, check.Equals, "")
+}
+
 // --sign-by and --policy copy, primarily using atomic:
 func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySignatures(c *check.C) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil { // FIXME? Test that verification and policy enforcement works, using signatures from fixtures
+		c.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Signing not supported: %v", err))
+	}
+
 	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "signatures-dest")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(dir)
@@ -181,38 +300,45 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySignatures(c *check.C) {
 
 	// type: signedBy
 	// Sign the images
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "docker://busybox:1.23", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:personal")
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "official@example.com", "docker://busybox:1.23.2", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "docker://busybox:1.26", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/personal:personal")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "official@example.com", "docker://busybox:1.26.1", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official")
 	// Verify that we can pull them
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:personal", dirDest)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", dirDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/personal:personal", dirDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", dirDest)
 	// Verify that mis-signed images are rejected
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:personal", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:attack")
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:attack")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/personal:personal", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:attack")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/personal:attack")
 	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: Invalid GPG signature.*",
-		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:attack", dirDest)
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/personal:attack", dirDest)
 	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: Invalid GPG signature.*",
-		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:attack", dirDest)
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:attack", dirDest)
 
 	// Verify that signed identity is verified.
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/naming:test1")
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: Signature for identity localhost:5000/myns/official:official is not accepted.*",
-		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/naming:test1", dirDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/naming:test1")
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: Signature for identity localhost:5006/myns/official:official is not accepted.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/naming:test1", dirDest)
 	// signedIdentity works
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/naming:naming")
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/naming:naming", dirDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/naming:naming")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/naming:naming", dirDest)
 
 	// Verify that cosigning requirements are enforced
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/cosigned:cosigned")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/cosigned:cosigned")
 	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: Invalid GPG signature.*",
-		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/cosigned:cosigned", dirDest)
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/cosigned:cosigned", dirDest)
 
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/cosigned:cosigned")
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/cosigned:cosigned", dirDest)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/official:official", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/cosigned:cosigned")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "copy", "atomic:localhost:5006/myns/cosigned:cosigned", dirDest)
 }
 
 // --policy copy for dir: sources
 func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyDirSignatures(c *check.C) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil { // FIXME? Test that verification and policy enforcement works, using signatures from fixtures
+		c.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Signing not supported: %v", err))
+	}
+
 	topDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "dir-signatures-top")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(topDir)
@@ -256,17 +382,17 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyDirSignatures(c *check.C) {
 
 // Compression during copy
 func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyCompression(c *check.C) {
-	const uncompresssedLayerFile = "160d823fdc48e62f97ba62df31e55424f8f5eb6b679c865eec6e59adfe304710.tar"
+	const uncompresssedLayerFile = "160d823fdc48e62f97ba62df31e55424f8f5eb6b679c865eec6e59adfe304710"
 
 	topDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "compression-top")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	defer os.RemoveAll(topDir)
 
 	for i, t := range []struct{ fixture, remote string }{
-		//{"uncompressed-image-s1", "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/compression/compression:s1"}, // FIXME: depends on push to tag working
-		//{"uncompressed-image-s2", "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/compression/compression:s2"}, // FIXME: depends on push to tag working
+		{"uncompressed-image-s1", "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/compression/compression:s1"},
+		{"uncompressed-image-s2", "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/compression/compression:s2"},
 		{"uncompressed-image-s1", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/compression:s1"},
-		//{"uncompressed-image-s2", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/compression:s2"}, // FIXME: The unresolved "MANIFEST_UNKNOWN"/"unexpected end of JSON input" failure
+		{"uncompressed-image-s2", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/compression:s2"},
 	} {
 		dir := filepath.Join(topDir, fmt.Sprintf("case%d", i))
 		err := os.MkdirAll(dir, 0755)
@@ -288,9 +414,7 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyCompression(c *check.C) {
 		fis, err := dirf.Readdir(-1)
 		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 		for _, fi := range fis {
-			if strings.HasSuffix(fi.Name(), ".tar") {
-				c.Assert(fi.Size() < 2048, check.Equals, true)
-			}
+			c.Assert(fi.Size() < 2048, check.Equals, true)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -312,11 +436,18 @@ func findRegularFiles(c *check.C, root string) []string {
 
 // --sign-by and policy use for docker: with sigstore
 func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyDockerSigstore(c *check.C) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil { // FIXME? Test that verification and policy enforcement works, using signatures from fixtures
+		c.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Signing not supported: %v", err))
+	}
+
 	const ourRegistry = "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/"
 
 	tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "signatures-sigstore")
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	//defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
 	copyDest := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "dest")
 	err = os.Mkdir(copyDest, 0755)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
@@ -357,7 +488,6 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyDockerSigstore(c *check.C) {
 	// Deleting the image succeeds,
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--registries.d", registriesDir, "delete", ourRegistry+"signed/busybox")
 	// and the signature file has been deleted (but we leave the directories around).
-	// a signature file has been created,
 	foundFiles = findRegularFiles(c, plainSigstore)
 	c.Assert(foundFiles, check.HasLen, 0)
 
@@ -373,3 +503,196 @@ func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyDockerSigstore(c *check.C) {
 	splitSigstoreReadServerHandler = http.FileServer(http.Dir(splitSigstoreStaging))
 	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "--registries.d", registriesDir, "copy", ourRegistry+"public/busybox", dirDest)
 }
+
+// atomic: and docker: X-Registry-Supports-Signatures works and interoperates
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyAtomicExtension(c *check.C) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil { // FIXME? Test that the reading/writing works using signatures from fixtures
+		c.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Signing not supported: %v", err))
+	}
+
+	topDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "atomic-extension")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(topDir)
+	for _, subdir := range []string{"dirAA", "dirAD", "dirDA", "dirDD", "registries.d"} {
+		err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(topDir, subdir), 0755)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	}
+	registriesDir := filepath.Join(topDir, "registries.d")
+	dirDest := "dir:" + topDir
+	policy := fileFromFixture(c, "fixtures/policy.json", map[string]string{"@keydir@": s.gpgHome})
+	defer os.Remove(policy)
+
+	// Get an image to work with to an atomic: destination.  Also verifies that we can use Docker repositories without X-Registry-Supports-Signatures
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--registries.d", registriesDir, "copy", "docker://busybox", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:unsigned")
+	// Pulling an unsigned image using atomic: fails.
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: A signature was required, but no signature exists.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy,
+		"copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:unsigned", dirDest+"/dirAA")
+	// The same when pulling using docker:
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*Source image rejected: A signature was required, but no signature exists.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "--registries.d", registriesDir,
+		"copy", "docker://localhost:5000/myns/extension:unsigned", dirDest+"/dirAD")
+
+	// Sign the image using atomic:
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false",
+		"copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:unsigned", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:atomic")
+	// Pulling the image using atomic: now succeeds.
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy,
+		"copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:atomic", dirDest+"/dirAA")
+	// The same when pulling using docker:
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "--registries.d", registriesDir,
+		"copy", "docker://localhost:5000/myns/extension:atomic", dirDest+"/dirAD")
+	// Both access methods result in the same data.
+	assertDirImagesAreEqual(c, filepath.Join(topDir, "dirAA"), filepath.Join(topDir, "dirAD"))
+
+	// Get another image (different so that they don't share signatures, and sign it using docker://)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "--registries.d", registriesDir,
+		"copy", "--sign-by", "personal@example.com", "docker://estesp/busybox:ppc64le", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:extension")
+	c.Logf("%s", combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "oc", "get", "istag", "extension:extension", "-o", "json"))
+	// Pulling the image using atomic: succeeds.
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--debug", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy,
+		"copy", "atomic:localhost:5000/myns/extension:extension", dirDest+"/dirDA")
+	// The same when pulling using docker:
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--debug", "--tls-verify=false", "--policy", policy, "--registries.d", registriesDir,
+		"copy", "docker://localhost:5000/myns/extension:extension", dirDest+"/dirDD")
+	// Both access methods result in the same data.
+	assertDirImagesAreEqual(c, filepath.Join(topDir, "dirDA"), filepath.Join(topDir, "dirDD"))
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopySrcWithAuth(c *check.C) {
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--dest-creds=testuser:testpassword", "docker://busybox", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+	dir1, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-1")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(dir1)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--src-creds=testuser:testpassword", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "dir:"+dir1)
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopyDestWithAuth(c *check.C) {
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--dest-creds=testuser:testpassword", "docker://busybox", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopySrcAndDestWithAuth(c *check.C) {
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--dest-creds=testuser:testpassword", "docker://busybox", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--tls-verify=false", "copy", "--src-creds=testuser:testpassword", "--dest-creds=testuser:testpassword", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/test:auth", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+}
+
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyNoPanicOnHTTPResponseWOTLSVerifyFalse(c *check.C) {
+	const ourRegistry = "docker://" + v2DockerRegistryURL + "/"
+
+	// dir:test isn't created beforehand just because we already know this could
+	// just fail when evaluating the src
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*server gave HTTP response to HTTPS client.*",
+		"copy", ourRegistry+"foobar", "dir:test")
+}
+
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopySchemaConversion(c *check.C) {
+	// Test conversion / schema autodetection both for the OpenShift embedded registry…
+	s.testCopySchemaConversionRegistries(c, "docker://localhost:5005/myns/schema1", "docker://localhost:5006/myns/schema2")
+	// … and for various docker/distribution registry versions.
+	s.testCopySchemaConversionRegistries(c, "docker://"+v2s1DockerRegistryURL+"/schema1", "docker://"+v2DockerRegistryURL+"/schema2")
+}
+
+func (s *CopySuite) TestCopyManifestConversion(c *check.C) {
+	topDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "manifest-conversion")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(topDir)
+	srcDir := filepath.Join(topDir, "source")
+	destDir1 := filepath.Join(topDir, "dest1")
+	destDir2 := filepath.Join(topDir, "dest2")
+
+	// oci to v2s1 and vice-versa not supported yet
+	// get v2s2 manifest type
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://busybox", "dir:"+srcDir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, srcDir, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType)
+	// convert from v2s2 to oci
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--format=oci", "dir:"+srcDir, "dir:"+destDir1)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir1, imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest)
+	// convert from oci to v2s2
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--format=v2s2", "dir:"+destDir1, "dir:"+destDir2)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir2, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType)
+	// convert from v2s2 to v2s1
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--format=v2s1", "dir:"+srcDir, "dir:"+destDir1)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir1, manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType)
+	// convert from v2s1 to v2s2
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--format=v2s2", "dir:"+destDir1, "dir:"+destDir2)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir2, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType)
+}
+
+func (s *CopySuite) testCopySchemaConversionRegistries(c *check.C, schema1Registry, schema2Registry string) {
+	topDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "schema-conversion")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(topDir)
+	for _, subdir := range []string{"input1", "input2", "dest2"} {
+		err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Join(topDir, subdir), 0755)
+		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	}
+	input1Dir := filepath.Join(topDir, "input1")
+	input2Dir := filepath.Join(topDir, "input2")
+	destDir := filepath.Join(topDir, "dest2")
+
+	// Ensure we are working with a schema2 image.
+	// dir: accepts any manifest format, i.e. this makes …/input2 a schema2 source which cannot be asked to produce schema1 like ordinary docker: registries can.
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "docker://busybox", "dir:"+input2Dir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, input2Dir, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType)
+	// 2→2 (the "f2t2" in tag means "from 2 to 2")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", "dir:"+input2Dir, schema2Registry+":f2t2")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--src-tls-verify=false", schema2Registry+":f2t2", "dir:"+destDir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType)
+	// 2→1; we will use the result as a schema1 image for further tests.
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", "dir:"+input2Dir, schema1Registry+":f2t1")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--src-tls-verify=false", schema1Registry+":f2t1", "dir:"+input1Dir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, input1Dir, manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType)
+	// 1→1
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", "dir:"+input1Dir, schema1Registry+":f1t1")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--src-tls-verify=false", schema1Registry+":f1t1", "dir:"+destDir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir, manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType)
+	// 1→2: image stays unmodified schema1
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", "dir:"+input1Dir, schema2Registry+":f1t2")
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--src-tls-verify=false", schema2Registry+":f1t2", "dir:"+destDir)
+	verifyManifestMIMEType(c, destDir, manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType)
+}
+
+// Verify manifest in a dir: image at dir is expectedMIMEType.
+func verifyManifestMIMEType(c *check.C, dir string, expectedMIMEType string) {
+	manifestBlob, err := ioutil.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dir, "manifest.json"))
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	mimeType := manifest.GuessMIMEType(manifestBlob)
+	c.Assert(mimeType, check.Equals, expectedMIMEType)
+}
+
+const regConfFixture = "./fixtures/registries.conf"
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestSuccessCopySrcWithMirror(c *check.C) {
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-mirror")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--registries-conf="+regConfFixture, "copy",
+		"docker://mirror.invalid/busybox", "dir:"+dir)
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestFailureCopySrcWithMirrorsUnavailable(c *check.C) {
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-mirror")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*no such host.*", "--registries-conf="+regConfFixture, "copy",
+		"docker://invalid.invalid/busybox", "dir:"+dir)
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestSuccessCopySrcWithMirrorAndPrefix(c *check.C) {
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-mirror")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "--registries-conf="+regConfFixture, "copy",
+		"docker://gcr.invalid/foo/bar/busybox", "dir:"+dir)
+}
+
+func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestFailureCopySrcWithMirrorAndPrefixUnavailable(c *check.C) {
+	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "copy-mirror")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	assertSkopeoFails(c, ".*no such host.*", "--registries-conf="+regConfFixture, "copy",
+		"docker://gcr.invalid/wrong/prefix/busybox", "dir:"+dir)
+}

integration/fixtures/policy.json

@@ -13,6 +13,13 @@
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
             ],
+            "localhost:5000/myns/extension": [
+                {
+                    "type": "signedBy",
+                    "keyType": "GPGKeys",
+                    "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
+                }
+            ],
             "docker.io/openshift": [
                 {
                     "type": "insecureAcceptAnything"
@@ -38,46 +45,46 @@
             ]
         },
         "atomic": {
-            "localhost:5000/myns/personal": [
+            "localhost:5006/myns/personal": [
                 {
                     "type": "signedBy",
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
             ],
-            "localhost:5000/myns/official": [
+            "localhost:5006/myns/official": [
                 {
                     "type": "signedBy",
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/official-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
             ],
-            "localhost:5000/myns/naming:test1": [
+            "localhost:5006/myns/naming:test1": [
                 {
                     "type": "signedBy",
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/official-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
             ],
-            "localhost:5000/myns/naming:naming": [
+            "localhost:5006/myns/naming:naming": [
                 {
                     "type": "signedBy",
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/official-pubkey.gpg",
                     "signedIdentity": {
                         "type": "exactRepository",
-                        "dockerRepository": "localhost:5000/myns/official"
+                        "dockerRepository": "localhost:5006/myns/official"
                     }
                 }
             ],
-            "localhost:5000/myns/cosigned:cosigned": [
+            "localhost:5006/myns/cosigned:cosigned": [
                 {
                     "type": "signedBy",
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/official-pubkey.gpg",
                     "signedIdentity": {
                         "type": "exactRepository",
-                        "dockerRepository": "localhost:5000/myns/official"
+                        "dockerRepository": "localhost:5006/myns/official"
                     }
                 },
                 {
@@ -85,6 +92,13 @@
                     "keyType": "GPGKeys",
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
+            ],
+            "localhost:5000/myns/extension": [
+                {
+                    "type": "signedBy",
+                    "keyType": "GPGKeys",
+                    "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
+                }
             ]
         }
     }

integration/fixtures/registries.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[[registry]]
+location = "mirror.invalid"
+mirror = [
+    { location = "mirror-0.invalid" },
+    { location = "mirror-1.invalid" },
+    { location = "gcr.io/google-containers" },
+]
+
+# This entry is currently unused and exists only to ensure
+# that the mirror.invalid/busybox is not rewritten twice.
+[[registry]]
+location = "gcr.io"
+prefix = "gcr.io/google-containers"
+
+[[registry]]
+location = "invalid.invalid"
+mirror = [
+    { location = "invalid-mirror-0.invalid" },
+    { location = "invalid-mirror-1.invalid" },
+]
+
+[[registry]]
+location = "gcr.invalid"
+prefix = "gcr.invalid/foo/bar"
+mirror = [
+    { location = "wrong-mirror-0.invalid" },
+    { location = "gcr.io/google-containers" },
+]

integration/openshift.go

@@ -14,49 +14,63 @@ import (
 	"github.com/go-check/check"
 )
 
+var adminKUBECONFIG = map[string]string{
+	"KUBECONFIG": "openshift.local.config/master/admin.kubeconfig",
+}
+
 // openshiftCluster is an OpenShift API master and integrated registry
 // running on localhost.
 type openshiftCluster struct {
-	c          *check.C
 	workingDir string
-	master     *exec.Cmd
-	registry   *exec.Cmd
+	processes  []*exec.Cmd // Processes to terminate on teardown; append to the end, terminate from end to the start.
 }
 
 // startOpenshiftCluster creates a new openshiftCluster.
 // WARNING: This affects state in users' home directory! Only run
 // in isolated test environment.
 func startOpenshiftCluster(c *check.C) *openshiftCluster {
-	cluster := &openshiftCluster{c: c}
+	cluster := &openshiftCluster{}
 
 	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "openshift-cluster")
-	cluster.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	cluster.workingDir = dir
 
-	cluster.startMaster()
-	cluster.startRegistry()
-	cluster.ocLoginToProject()
-	cluster.dockerLogin()
-	cluster.relaxImageSignerPermissions()
+	cluster.startMaster(c)
+	cluster.prepareRegistryConfig(c)
+	cluster.startRegistry(c)
+	cluster.ocLoginToProject(c)
+	cluster.dockerLogin(c)
+	cluster.relaxImageSignerPermissions(c)
 
 	return cluster
 }
 
+// clusterCmd creates an exec.Cmd in cluster.workingDir with current environment modified by environment
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) clusterCmd(env map[string]string, name string, args ...string) *exec.Cmd {
+	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
+	cmd.Dir = cluster.workingDir
+	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
+	for key, value := range env {
+		cmd.Env = modifyEnviron(cmd.Env, key, value)
+	}
+	return cmd
+}
+
 // startMaster starts the OpenShift master (etcd+API server) and waits for it to be ready, or terminates on failure.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) startMaster() {
-	c.master = exec.Command("openshift", "start", "master")
-	c.master.Dir = c.workingDir
-	stdout, err := c.master.StdoutPipe()
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
+	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(nil, "openshift", "start", "master")
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cmd)
+	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
 	// Send both to the same pipe. This might cause the two streams to be mixed up,
 	// but logging actually goes only to stderr - this primarily ensure we log any
 	// unexpected output to stdout.
-	c.master.Stderr = c.master.Stdout
-	err = c.master.Start()
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	cmd.Stderr = cmd.Stdout
+	err = cmd.Start()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
-	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c.c, 8443)
+	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c, 8443)
 	defer func() {
-		c.c.Logf("Terminating port check")
+		c.Logf("Terminating port check")
 		terminatePortCheck <- true
 	}()
 
@@ -64,12 +78,12 @@ func (c *openshiftCluster) startMaster() {
 	logCheckFound := make(chan bool)
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
-			c.c.Logf("Log checker exiting")
+			c.Logf("Log checker exiting")
 		}()
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
 		for scanner.Scan() {
 			line := scanner.Text()
-			c.c.Logf("Log line: %s", line)
+			c.Logf("Log line: %s", line)
 			if strings.Contains(line, "Started Origin Controllers") {
 				logCheckFound <- true
 				return
@@ -78,7 +92,7 @@ func (c *openshiftCluster) startMaster() {
 			// Note: we can block before we get here.
 			select {
 			case <-terminateLogCheck:
-				c.c.Logf("terminated")
+				c.Logf("terminated")
 				return
 			default:
 				// Do not block here and read the next line.
@@ -87,107 +101,152 @@ func (c *openshiftCluster) startMaster() {
 		logCheckFound <- false
 	}()
 	defer func() {
-		c.c.Logf("Terminating log check")
+		c.Logf("Terminating log check")
 		terminateLogCheck <- true
 	}()
 
 	gotPortCheck := false
 	gotLogCheck := false
 	for !gotPortCheck || !gotLogCheck {
-		c.c.Logf("Waiting for master")
+		c.Logf("Waiting for master")
 		select {
 		case <-portOpen:
-			c.c.Logf("port check done")
+			c.Logf("port check done")
 			gotPortCheck = true
 		case found := <-logCheckFound:
-			c.c.Logf("log check done, found: %t", found)
+			c.Logf("log check done, found: %t", found)
 			if !found {
-				c.c.Fatal("log check done, success message not found")
+				c.Fatal("log check done, success message not found")
 			}
 			gotLogCheck = true
 		}
 	}
-	c.c.Logf("OK, master started!")
+	c.Logf("OK, master started!")
 }
 
-// startRegistry starts the OpenShift registry and waits for it to be ready, or terminates on failure.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) startRegistry() {
-	//KUBECONFIG=openshift.local.config/master/openshift-registry.kubeconfig DOCKER_REGISTRY_URL=127.0.0.1:5000
-	c.registry = exec.Command("dockerregistry", "/atomic-registry-config.yml")
-	c.registry.Dir = c.workingDir
-	c.registry.Env = os.Environ()
-	c.registry.Env = modifyEnviron(c.registry.Env, "KUBECONFIG", "openshift.local.config/master/openshift-registry.kubeconfig")
-	c.registry.Env = modifyEnviron(c.registry.Env, "DOCKER_REGISTRY_URL", "127.0.0.1:5000")
-	consumeAndLogOutputs(c.c, "registry", c.registry)
-	err := c.registry.Start()
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+// prepareRegistryConfig creates a registry service account and a related k8s client configuration in ${cluster.workingDir}/openshift.local.registry.
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) prepareRegistryConfig(c *check.C) {
+	// This partially mimics the objects created by (oadm registry), except that we run the
+	// server directly as an ordinary process instead of a pod with an implicitly attached service account.
+	saJSON := `{
+		"apiVersion": "v1",
+		"kind": "ServiceAccount",
+		"metadata": {
+			"name": "registry"
+		}
+	}`
+	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oc", "create", "-f", "-")
+	runExecCmdWithInput(c, cmd, saJSON)
 
-	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c.c, 5000)
+	cmd = cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "policy", "add-cluster-role-to-user", "system:registry", "-z", "registry")
+	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
+	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "cluster role \"system:registry\" added: \"registry\"\n")
+
+	cmd = cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "create-api-client-config", "--client-dir=openshift.local.registry", "--basename=openshift-registry", "--user=system:serviceaccount:default:registry")
+	out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
+	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "")
+}
+
+// startRegistry starts the OpenShift registry with configPart on port, waits for it to be ready, and returns the process object, or terminates on failure.
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistryProcess(c *check.C, port int, configPath string) *exec.Cmd {
+	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(map[string]string{
+		"KUBECONFIG":          "openshift.local.registry/openshift-registry.kubeconfig",
+		"DOCKER_REGISTRY_URL": fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", port),
+	}, "dockerregistry", configPath)
+	consumeAndLogOutputs(c, fmt.Sprintf("registry-%d", port), cmd)
+	err := cmd.Start()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+
+	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c, port)
 	defer func() {
 		terminatePortCheck <- true
 	}()
-	c.c.Logf("Waiting for registry to start")
+	c.Logf("Waiting for registry to start")
 	<-portOpen
-	c.c.Logf("OK, Registry port open")
+	c.Logf("OK, Registry port open")
+
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// startRegistry starts the OpenShift registry and waits for it to be ready, or terminates on failure.
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistry(c *check.C) {
+	// Our “primary” registry
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5000, "/atomic-registry-config.yml"))
+
+	// A registry configured with acceptschema2:false
+	schema1Config := fileFromFixture(c, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
+		"addr: :5000":              "addr: :5005",
+		"rootdirectory: /registry": "rootdirectory: /registry-schema1",
+		// The default configuration currently already contains acceptschema2: false
+	})
+	// Make sure the configuration contains "acceptschema2: false", because eventually it will be enabled upstream and this function will need to be updated.
+	configContents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(schema1Config)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(string(configContents), check.Matches, "(?s).*acceptschema2: false.*")
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5005, schema1Config))
+
+	// A registry configured with acceptschema2:true
+	schema2Config := fileFromFixture(c, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
+		"addr: :5000":              "addr: :5006",
+		"rootdirectory: /registry": "rootdirectory: /registry-schema2",
+		"acceptschema2: false":     "acceptschema2: true",
+	})
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5006, schema2Config))
 }
 
 // ocLogin runs (oc login) and (oc new-project) on the cluster, or terminates on failure.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) ocLoginToProject() {
-	c.c.Logf("oc login")
-	cmd := exec.Command("oc", "login", "--certificate-authority=openshift.local.config/master/ca.crt", "-u", "myuser", "-p", "mypw", "https://localhost:8443")
-	cmd.Dir = c.workingDir
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) ocLoginToProject(c *check.C) {
+	c.Logf("oc login")
+	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(nil, "oc", "login", "--certificate-authority=openshift.local.config/master/ca.crt", "-u", "myuser", "-p", "mypw", "https://localhost:8443")
 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", out))
-	c.c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s).*Login successful.*") // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", out))
+	c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s).*Login successful.*") // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 
-	outString := combinedOutputOfCommand(c.c, "oc", "new-project", "myns")
-	c.c.Assert(outString, check.Matches, `(?s).*Now using project "myns".*`) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	outString := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "oc", "new-project", "myns")
+	c.Assert(outString, check.Matches, `(?s).*Now using project "myns".*`) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 }
 
 // dockerLogin simulates (docker login) to the cluster, or terminates on failure.
 // We do not run (docker login) directly, because that requires a running daemon and a docker package.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) dockerLogin() {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) dockerLogin(c *check.C) {
 	dockerDir := filepath.Join(homedir.Get(), ".docker")
 	err := os.Mkdir(dockerDir, 0700)
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
-	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c.c, "oc", "config", "view", "-o", "json", "-o", "jsonpath={.users[*].user.token}")
-	c.c.Logf("oc config value: %s", out)
-	configJSON := fmt.Sprintf(`{
-		"auths": {
-			"localhost:5000": {
+	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "oc", "config", "view", "-o", "json", "-o", "jsonpath={.users[*].user.token}")
+	c.Logf("oc config value: %s", out)
+	authValue := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("unused:" + out))
+	auths := []string{}
+	for _, port := range []int{5000, 5005, 5006} {
+		auths = append(auths, fmt.Sprintf(`"localhost:%d": {
 				"auth": "%s",
 				"email": "unused"
-			}
-		}
-	}`, base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("unused:"+out)))
+			}`, port, authValue))
+	}
+	configJSON := `{"auths": {` + strings.Join(auths, ",") + `}}`
 	err = ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dockerDir, "config.json"), []byte(configJSON), 0600)
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 }
 
 // relaxImageSignerPermissions opens up the system:image-signer permissions so that
 // anyone can work with signatures
 // FIXME: This also allows anyone to DoS anyone else; this design is really not all
 // that workable, but it is the best we can do for now.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) relaxImageSignerPermissions() {
-	cmd := exec.Command("oadm", "policy", "add-cluster-role-to-group", "system:image-signer", "system:authenticated")
-	cmd.Dir = c.workingDir
-	cmd.Env = os.Environ()
-	cmd.Env = modifyEnviron(cmd.Env, "KUBECONFIG", "openshift.local.config/master/admin.kubeconfig")
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) relaxImageSignerPermissions(c *check.C) {
+	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "policy", "add-cluster-role-to-group", "system:image-signer", "system:authenticated")
 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
-	c.c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
+	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "cluster role \"system:image-signer\" added: \"system:authenticated\"\n")
 }
 
 // tearDown stops the cluster services and deletes (only some!) of the state.
-func (c *openshiftCluster) tearDown() {
-	if c.registry != nil && c.registry.Process != nil {
-		c.registry.Process.Kill()
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) tearDown(c *check.C) {
+	for i := len(cluster.processes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		cluster.processes[i].Process.Kill()
 	}
-	if c.master != nil && c.master.Process != nil {
-		c.master.Process.Kill()
-	}
-	if c.workingDir != "" {
-		os.RemoveAll(c.workingDir)
+	if cluster.workingDir != "" {
+		os.RemoveAll(cluster.workingDir)
 	}
 }

integration/openshift_shell_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// +build openshift_shell
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+
+	"github.com/go-check/check"
+)
+
+/*
+TestRunShell is not really a test; it is a convenient way to use the registry setup code
+in openshift.go and CopySuite to get an interactive environment for experimentation.
+
+To use it, run:
+	sudo make shell
+to start a container, then within the container:
+	SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 PS1='nested> ' go test -tags openshift_shell -timeout=24h ./integration -v -check.v -check.vv -check.f='CopySuite.TestRunShell'
+
+An example of what can be done within the container:
+	cd ..; make binary-local install
+	./skopeo --tls-verify=false  copy --sign-by=personal@example.com docker://busybox:latest atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:personal
+	oc get istag personal:personal -o json
+	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/v2/'
+	cat ~/.docker/config.json
+	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/openshift/token&scope=repository:myns/personal:pull' --header 'Authorization: Basic $auth_from_docker'
+	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/v2/myns/personal/manifests/personal' --header 'Authorization: Bearer $token_from_oauth'
+	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/extensions/v2/myns/personal/signatures/$manifest_digest' --header 'Authorization: Bearer $token_from_oauth'
+*/
+func (s *CopySuite) TestRunShell(c *check.C) {
+	cmd := exec.Command("bash", "-i")
+	tty, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/tty", os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	cmd.Stdin = tty
+	cmd.Stdout = tty
+	cmd.Stderr = tty
+	err = cmd.Run()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+}

integration/registry.go

@@ -13,23 +13,10 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	binaryV1        = "docker-registry"
 	binaryV2        = "registry-v2"
 	binaryV2Schema1 = "registry-v2-schema1"
 )
 
-type testRegistryV1 struct {
-	cmd *exec.Cmd
-	url string
-	dir string
-}
-
-func setupRegistryV1At(c *check.C, url string, auth bool) *testRegistryV1 {
-	return &testRegistryV1{
-		url: url,
-	}
-}
-
 type testRegistryV2 struct {
 	cmd      *exec.Cmd
 	url      string
@@ -44,7 +31,7 @@ func setupRegistryV2At(c *check.C, url string, auth, schema1 bool) *testRegistry
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
 	// Wait for registry to be ready to serve requests.
-	for i := 0; i != 5; i++ {
+	for i := 0; i != 50; i++ {
 		if err = reg.Ping(); err == nil {
 			break
 		}
@@ -109,6 +96,7 @@ http:
 	}
 
 	cmd := exec.Command(binary, confPath)
+	consumeAndLogOutputs(c, fmt.Sprintf("registry-%s", url), cmd)
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		os.RemoveAll(tmp)
 		if os.IsNotExist(err) {

integration/signing_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
 	"github.com/go-check/check"
 )
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ func findFingerprint(lineBytes []byte) (string, error) {
 	return "", errors.New("No fingerprint found")
 }
 
-func (s *SigningSuite) SetUpTest(c *check.C) {
+func (s *SigningSuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
 	_, err := exec.LookPath(skopeoBinary)
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ func (s *SigningSuite) SetUpTest(c *check.C) {
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 }
 
-func (s *SigningSuite) TearDownTest(c *check.C) {
+func (s *SigningSuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
 	if s.gpgHome != "" {
 		err := os.RemoveAll(s.gpgHome)
 		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
@@ -62,6 +63,13 @@ func (s *SigningSuite) TearDownTest(c *check.C) {
 }
 
 func (s *SigningSuite) TestSignVerifySmoke(c *check.C) {
+	mech, _, err := signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism([]byte{})
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	defer mech.Close()
+	if err := mech.SupportsSigning(); err != nil { // FIXME? Test that verification and policy enforcement works, using signatures from fixtures
+		c.Skip(fmt.Sprintf("Signing not supported: %v", err))
+	}
+
 	manifestPath := "fixtures/image.manifest.json"
 	dockerReference := "testing/smoketest"
 

integration/utils.go

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
@@ -74,9 +76,15 @@ func assertSkopeoFails(c *check.C, regexp string, args ...string) {
 // runCommandWithInput runs a command as if exec.Command(), sending it the input to stdin,
 // and verifies that the exit status is 0, or terminates c on failure.
 func runCommandWithInput(c *check.C, input string, name string, args ...string) {
-	c.Logf("Running %s %s", name, strings.Join(args, " "))
 	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
-	consumeAndLogOutputs(c, name+" "+strings.Join(args, " "), cmd)
+	runExecCmdWithInput(c, cmd, input)
+}
+
+// runExecCmdWithInput runs an exec.Cmd, sending it the input to stdin,
+// and verifies that the exit status is 0, or terminates c on failure.
+func runExecCmdWithInput(c *check.C, cmd *exec.Cmd, input string) {
+	c.Logf("Running %s %s", cmd.Path, strings.Join(cmd.Args, " "))
+	consumeAndLogOutputs(c, cmd.Path+" "+strings.Join(cmd.Args, " "), cmd)
 	stdin, err := cmd.StdinPipe()
 	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 	err = cmd.Start()
@@ -144,3 +152,25 @@ func modifyEnviron(env []string, name, value string) []string {
 	}
 	return append(res, prefix+value)
 }
+
+// fileFromFixtureFixture applies edits to inputPath and returns a path to the temporary file.
+// Callers should defer os.Remove(the_returned_path)
+func fileFromFixture(c *check.C, inputPath string, edits map[string]string) string {
+	contents, err := ioutil.ReadFile(inputPath)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	for template, value := range edits {
+		updated := bytes.Replace(contents, []byte(template), []byte(value), -1)
+		c.Assert(bytes.Equal(updated, contents), check.Equals, false, check.Commentf("Replacing %s in %#v failed", template, string(contents))) // Verify that the template has matched something and we are not silently ignoring it.
+		contents = updated
+	}
+
+	file, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "policy.json")
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	path := file.Name()
+
+	_, err = file.Write(contents)
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	err = file.Close()
+	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	return path
+}

vendor.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+
+github.com/urfave/cli v1.20.0
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0
+github.com/kr/text v0.1.0
+github.com/containers/image 2c0349c99af7d90694b3faa0e9bde404d407b145
+github.com/containers/buildah 810efa340ab43753034e2ed08ec290e4abab7e72
+github.com/vbauerster/mpb v3.3.4
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.4
+github.com/VividCortex/ewma v1.1.1
+golang.org/x/sync 42b317875d0fa942474b76e1b46a6060d720ae6e
+github.com/opencontainers/go-digest c9281466c8b2f606084ac71339773efd177436e7
+github.com/containers/storage v1.12.3
+github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.0.0
+github.com/go-check/check v1
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.1.3
+github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1
+github.com/pmezard/go-difflib 5d4384ee4fb2527b0a1256a821ebfc92f91efefc
+github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1
+golang.org/x/crypto a4c6cb3142f211c99e4bf4cd769535b29a9b616f
+github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.4
+github.com/etcd-io/bbolt v1.3.2
+# docker deps from https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/v1.11.2/hack/vendor.sh
+github.com/docker/docker da99009bbb1165d1ac5688b5c81d2f589d418341
+github.com/docker/go-connections 7beb39f0b969b075d1325fecb092faf27fd357b6
+github.com/containerd/continuity d8fb8589b0e8e85b8c8bbaa8840226d0dfeb7371
+github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.10.2
+github.com/gorilla/context 14f550f51a
+github.com/gorilla/mux e444e69cbd
+github.com/docker/go-units 8a7beacffa3009a9ac66bad506b18ffdd110cf97
+golang.org/x/net 45ffb0cd1ba084b73e26dee67e667e1be5acce83
+github.com/gogo/protobuf fcdc5011193ff531a548e9b0301828d5a5b97fd8
+# end docker deps
+golang.org/x/text e6919f6577db79269a6443b9dc46d18f2238fb5d
+github.com/docker/distribution 5f6282db7d65e6d72ad7c2cc66310724a57be716
+# docker/distributions dependencies
+# end of docker/distribution dependencies
+github.com/docker/libtrust aabc10ec26b754e797f9028f4589c5b7bd90dc20
+github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers d68f9aeca33f5fd3f08eeae5e9d175edf4e731d1
+github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.0.0-rc6
+github.com/opencontainers/image-spec 7b1e489870acb042978a3935d2fb76f8a79aff81
+# -- start OCI image validation requirements.
+github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.0.0
+github.com/opencontainers/image-tools 6d941547fa1df31900990b3fb47ec2468c9c6469
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer 4e3ac2762d5f479393488629ee9370b50873b3a6
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference bd5ef7bd5415a7ac448318e64f11a24cd21e594b
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.1.0
+go4.org ce4c26f7be8eb27dc77f996b08d286dd80bc4a01 https://github.com/camlistore/go4
+github.com/ostreedev/ostree-go 56f3a639dbc0f2f5051c6d52dade28a882ba78ce
+# -- end OCI image validation requirements
+github.com/mtrmac/gpgme b2432428689ca58c2b8e8dea9449d3295cf96fc9
+# openshift/origin' k8s dependencies as of OpenShift v1.1.5
+k8s.io/client-go kubernetes-1.10.13-beta.0
+github.com/ghodss/yaml 73d445a93680fa1a78ae23a5839bad48f32ba1ee
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 d466437aa4adc35830964cffc5b5f262c63ddcb4
+github.com/imdario/mergo 6633656539c1639d9d78127b7d47c622b5d7b6dc
+# containers/storage's dependencies that aren't already being pulled in
+github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs 22c9b32c84eb0d0c6f4043b6e90fc94073de92fa
+github.com/pborman/uuid v1.0
+github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.1
+golang.org/x/sys 43e60d72a8e2bd92ee98319ba9a384a0e9837c08
+github.com/tchap/go-patricia v2.2.6
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1
+github.com/pquerna/ffjson d49c2bc1aa135aad0c6f4fc2056623ec78f5d5ac
+github.com/syndtr/gocapability d98352740cb2c55f81556b63d4a1ec64c5a319c2
+github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.1
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.4.1
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid v1.2.0

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/COPYING

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2013 TOML authors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+## TOML parser and encoder for Go with reflection
+
+TOML stands for Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language. This Go package provides a
+reflection interface similar to Go's standard library `json` and `xml`
+packages. This package also supports the `encoding.TextUnmarshaler` and
+`encoding.TextMarshaler` interfaces so that you can define custom data
+representations. (There is an example of this below.)
+
+Spec: https://github.com/toml-lang/toml
+
+Compatible with TOML version
+[v0.4.0](https://github.com/toml-lang/toml/blob/master/versions/en/toml-v0.4.0.md)
+
+Documentation: https://godoc.org/github.com/BurntSushi/toml
+
+Installation:
+
+```bash
+go get github.com/BurntSushi/toml
+```
+
+Try the toml validator:
+
+```bash
+go get github.com/BurntSushi/toml/cmd/tomlv
+tomlv some-toml-file.toml
+```
+
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/BurntSushi/toml.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/BurntSushi/toml) [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/BurntSushi/toml?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/BurntSushi/toml)
+
+### Testing
+
+This package passes all tests in
+[toml-test](https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml-test) for both the decoder
+and the encoder.
+
+### Examples
+
+This package works similarly to how the Go standard library handles `XML`
+and `JSON`. Namely, data is loaded into Go values via reflection.
+
+For the simplest example, consider some TOML file as just a list of keys
+and values:
+
+```toml
+Age = 25
+Cats = [ "Cauchy", "Plato" ]
+Pi = 3.14
+Perfection = [ 6, 28, 496, 8128 ]
+DOB = 1987-07-05T05:45:00Z
+```
+
+Which could be defined in Go as:
+
+```go
+type Config struct {
+  Age int
+  Cats []string
+  Pi float64
+  Perfection []int
+  DOB time.Time // requires `import time`
+}
+```
+
+And then decoded with:
+
+```go
+var conf Config
+if _, err := toml.Decode(tomlData, &conf); err != nil {
+  // handle error
+}
+```
+
+You can also use struct tags if your struct field name doesn't map to a TOML
+key value directly:
+
+```toml
+some_key_NAME = "wat"
+```
+
+```go
+type TOML struct {
+  ObscureKey string `toml:"some_key_NAME"`
+}
+```
+
+### Using the `encoding.TextUnmarshaler` interface
+
+Here's an example that automatically parses duration strings into
+`time.Duration` values:
+
+```toml
+[[song]]
+name = "Thunder Road"
+duration = "4m49s"
+
+[[song]]
+name = "Stairway to Heaven"
+duration = "8m03s"
+```
+
+Which can be decoded with:
+
+```go
+type song struct {
+  Name     string
+  Duration duration
+}
+type songs struct {
+  Song []song
+}
+var favorites songs
+if _, err := toml.Decode(blob, &favorites); err != nil {
+  log.Fatal(err)
+}
+
+for _, s := range favorites.Song {
+  fmt.Printf("%s (%s)\n", s.Name, s.Duration)
+}
+```
+
+And you'll also need a `duration` type that satisfies the
+`encoding.TextUnmarshaler` interface:
+
+```go
+type duration struct {
+	time.Duration
+}
+
+func (d *duration) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	var err error
+	d.Duration, err = time.ParseDuration(string(text))
+	return err
+}
+```
+
+### More complex usage
+
+Here's an example of how to load the example from the official spec page:
+
+```toml
+# This is a TOML document. Boom.
+
+title = "TOML Example"
+
+[owner]
+name = "Tom Preston-Werner"
+organization = "GitHub"
+bio = "GitHub Cofounder & CEO\nLikes tater tots and beer."
+dob = 1979-05-27T07:32:00Z # First class dates? Why not?
+
+[database]
+server = "192.168.1.1"
+ports = [ 8001, 8001, 8002 ]
+connection_max = 5000
+enabled = true
+
+[servers]
+
+  # You can indent as you please. Tabs or spaces. TOML don't care.
+  [servers.alpha]
+  ip = "10.0.0.1"
+  dc = "eqdc10"
+
+  [servers.beta]
+  ip = "10.0.0.2"
+  dc = "eqdc10"
+
+[clients]
+data = [ ["gamma", "delta"], [1, 2] ] # just an update to make sure parsers support it
+
+# Line breaks are OK when inside arrays
+hosts = [
+  "alpha",
+  "omega"
+]
+```
+
+And the corresponding Go types are:
+
+```go
+type tomlConfig struct {
+	Title string
+	Owner ownerInfo
+	DB database `toml:"database"`
+	Servers map[string]server
+	Clients clients
+}
+
+type ownerInfo struct {
+	Name string
+	Org string `toml:"organization"`
+	Bio string
+	DOB time.Time
+}
+
+type database struct {
+	Server string
+	Ports []int
+	ConnMax int `toml:"connection_max"`
+	Enabled bool
+}
+
+type server struct {
+	IP string
+	DC string
+}
+
+type clients struct {
+	Data [][]interface{}
+	Hosts []string
+}
+```
+
+Note that a case insensitive match will be tried if an exact match can't be
+found.
+
+A working example of the above can be found in `_examples/example.{go,toml}`.

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/decode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,509 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"math"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func e(format string, args ...interface{}) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("toml: "+format, args...)
+}
+
+// Unmarshaler is the interface implemented by objects that can unmarshal a
+// TOML description of themselves.
+type Unmarshaler interface {
+	UnmarshalTOML(interface{}) error
+}
+
+// Unmarshal decodes the contents of `p` in TOML format into a pointer `v`.
+func Unmarshal(p []byte, v interface{}) error {
+	_, err := Decode(string(p), v)
+	return err
+}
+
+// Primitive is a TOML value that hasn't been decoded into a Go value.
+// When using the various `Decode*` functions, the type `Primitive` may
+// be given to any value, and its decoding will be delayed.
+//
+// A `Primitive` value can be decoded using the `PrimitiveDecode` function.
+//
+// The underlying representation of a `Primitive` value is subject to change.
+// Do not rely on it.
+//
+// N.B. Primitive values are still parsed, so using them will only avoid
+// the overhead of reflection. They can be useful when you don't know the
+// exact type of TOML data until run time.
+type Primitive struct {
+	undecoded interface{}
+	context   Key
+}
+
+// DEPRECATED!
+//
+// Use MetaData.PrimitiveDecode instead.
+func PrimitiveDecode(primValue Primitive, v interface{}) error {
+	md := MetaData{decoded: make(map[string]bool)}
+	return md.unify(primValue.undecoded, rvalue(v))
+}
+
+// PrimitiveDecode is just like the other `Decode*` functions, except it
+// decodes a TOML value that has already been parsed. Valid primitive values
+// can *only* be obtained from values filled by the decoder functions,
+// including this method. (i.e., `v` may contain more `Primitive`
+// values.)
+//
+// Meta data for primitive values is included in the meta data returned by
+// the `Decode*` functions with one exception: keys returned by the Undecoded
+// method will only reflect keys that were decoded. Namely, any keys hidden
+// behind a Primitive will be considered undecoded. Executing this method will
+// update the undecoded keys in the meta data. (See the example.)
+func (md *MetaData) PrimitiveDecode(primValue Primitive, v interface{}) error {
+	md.context = primValue.context
+	defer func() { md.context = nil }()
+	return md.unify(primValue.undecoded, rvalue(v))
+}
+
+// Decode will decode the contents of `data` in TOML format into a pointer
+// `v`.
+//
+// TOML hashes correspond to Go structs or maps. (Dealer's choice. They can be
+// used interchangeably.)
+//
+// TOML arrays of tables correspond to either a slice of structs or a slice
+// of maps.
+//
+// TOML datetimes correspond to Go `time.Time` values.
+//
+// All other TOML types (float, string, int, bool and array) correspond
+// to the obvious Go types.
+//
+// An exception to the above rules is if a type implements the
+// encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface. In this case, any primitive TOML value
+// (floats, strings, integers, booleans and datetimes) will be converted to
+// a byte string and given to the value's UnmarshalText method. See the
+// Unmarshaler example for a demonstration with time duration strings.
+//
+// Key mapping
+//
+// TOML keys can map to either keys in a Go map or field names in a Go
+// struct. The special `toml` struct tag may be used to map TOML keys to
+// struct fields that don't match the key name exactly. (See the example.)
+// A case insensitive match to struct names will be tried if an exact match
+// can't be found.
+//
+// The mapping between TOML values and Go values is loose. That is, there
+// may exist TOML values that cannot be placed into your representation, and
+// there may be parts of your representation that do not correspond to
+// TOML values. This loose mapping can be made stricter by using the IsDefined
+// and/or Undecoded methods on the MetaData returned.
+//
+// This decoder will not handle cyclic types. If a cyclic type is passed,
+// `Decode` will not terminate.
+func Decode(data string, v interface{}) (MetaData, error) {
+	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
+	if rv.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		return MetaData{}, e("Decode of non-pointer %s", reflect.TypeOf(v))
+	}
+	if rv.IsNil() {
+		return MetaData{}, e("Decode of nil %s", reflect.TypeOf(v))
+	}
+	p, err := parse(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		return MetaData{}, err
+	}
+	md := MetaData{
+		p.mapping, p.types, p.ordered,
+		make(map[string]bool, len(p.ordered)), nil,
+	}
+	return md, md.unify(p.mapping, indirect(rv))
+}
+
+// DecodeFile is just like Decode, except it will automatically read the
+// contents of the file at `fpath` and decode it for you.
+func DecodeFile(fpath string, v interface{}) (MetaData, error) {
+	bs, err := ioutil.ReadFile(fpath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return MetaData{}, err
+	}
+	return Decode(string(bs), v)
+}
+
+// DecodeReader is just like Decode, except it will consume all bytes
+// from the reader and decode it for you.
+func DecodeReader(r io.Reader, v interface{}) (MetaData, error) {
+	bs, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return MetaData{}, err
+	}
+	return Decode(string(bs), v)
+}
+
+// unify performs a sort of type unification based on the structure of `rv`,
+// which is the client representation.
+//
+// Any type mismatch produces an error. Finding a type that we don't know
+// how to handle produces an unsupported type error.
+func (md *MetaData) unify(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+
+	// Special case. Look for a `Primitive` value.
+	if rv.Type() == reflect.TypeOf((*Primitive)(nil)).Elem() {
+		// Save the undecoded data and the key context into the primitive
+		// value.
+		context := make(Key, len(md.context))
+		copy(context, md.context)
+		rv.Set(reflect.ValueOf(Primitive{
+			undecoded: data,
+			context:   context,
+		}))
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Special case. Unmarshaler Interface support.
+	if rv.CanAddr() {
+		if v, ok := rv.Addr().Interface().(Unmarshaler); ok {
+			return v.UnmarshalTOML(data)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Special case. Handle time.Time values specifically.
+	// TODO: Remove this code when we decide to drop support for Go 1.1.
+	// This isn't necessary in Go 1.2 because time.Time satisfies the encoding
+	// interfaces.
+	if rv.Type().AssignableTo(rvalue(time.Time{}).Type()) {
+		return md.unifyDatetime(data, rv)
+	}
+
+	// Special case. Look for a value satisfying the TextUnmarshaler interface.
+	if v, ok := rv.Interface().(TextUnmarshaler); ok {
+		return md.unifyText(data, v)
+	}
+	// BUG(burntsushi)
+	// The behavior here is incorrect whenever a Go type satisfies the
+	// encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface but also corresponds to a TOML
+	// hash or array. In particular, the unmarshaler should only be applied
+	// to primitive TOML values. But at this point, it will be applied to
+	// all kinds of values and produce an incorrect error whenever those values
+	// are hashes or arrays (including arrays of tables).
+
+	k := rv.Kind()
+
+	// laziness
+	if k >= reflect.Int && k <= reflect.Uint64 {
+		return md.unifyInt(data, rv)
+	}
+	switch k {
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		elem := reflect.New(rv.Type().Elem())
+		err := md.unify(data, reflect.Indirect(elem))
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		rv.Set(elem)
+		return nil
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		return md.unifyStruct(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Map:
+		return md.unifyMap(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Array:
+		return md.unifyArray(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Slice:
+		return md.unifySlice(data, rv)
+	case reflect.String:
+		return md.unifyString(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return md.unifyBool(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		// we only support empty interfaces.
+		if rv.NumMethod() > 0 {
+			return e("unsupported type %s", rv.Type())
+		}
+		return md.unifyAnything(data, rv)
+	case reflect.Float32:
+		fallthrough
+	case reflect.Float64:
+		return md.unifyFloat64(data, rv)
+	}
+	return e("unsupported type %s", rv.Kind())
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyStruct(mapping interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	tmap, ok := mapping.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		if mapping == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return e("type mismatch for %s: expected table but found %T",
+			rv.Type().String(), mapping)
+	}
+
+	for key, datum := range tmap {
+		var f *field
+		fields := cachedTypeFields(rv.Type())
+		for i := range fields {
+			ff := &fields[i]
+			if ff.name == key {
+				f = ff
+				break
+			}
+			if f == nil && strings.EqualFold(ff.name, key) {
+				f = ff
+			}
+		}
+		if f != nil {
+			subv := rv
+			for _, i := range f.index {
+				subv = indirect(subv.Field(i))
+			}
+			if isUnifiable(subv) {
+				md.decoded[md.context.add(key).String()] = true
+				md.context = append(md.context, key)
+				if err := md.unify(datum, subv); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				md.context = md.context[0 : len(md.context)-1]
+			} else if f.name != "" {
+				// Bad user! No soup for you!
+				return e("cannot write unexported field %s.%s",
+					rv.Type().String(), f.name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyMap(mapping interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	tmap, ok := mapping.(map[string]interface{})
+	if !ok {
+		if tmap == nil {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return badtype("map", mapping)
+	}
+	if rv.IsNil() {
+		rv.Set(reflect.MakeMap(rv.Type()))
+	}
+	for k, v := range tmap {
+		md.decoded[md.context.add(k).String()] = true
+		md.context = append(md.context, k)
+
+		rvkey := indirect(reflect.New(rv.Type().Key()))
+		rvval := reflect.Indirect(reflect.New(rv.Type().Elem()))
+		if err := md.unify(v, rvval); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		md.context = md.context[0 : len(md.context)-1]
+
+		rvkey.SetString(k)
+		rv.SetMapIndex(rvkey, rvval)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyArray(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	datav := reflect.ValueOf(data)
+	if datav.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
+		if !datav.IsValid() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return badtype("slice", data)
+	}
+	sliceLen := datav.Len()
+	if sliceLen != rv.Len() {
+		return e("expected array length %d; got TOML array of length %d",
+			rv.Len(), sliceLen)
+	}
+	return md.unifySliceArray(datav, rv)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifySlice(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	datav := reflect.ValueOf(data)
+	if datav.Kind() != reflect.Slice {
+		if !datav.IsValid() {
+			return nil
+		}
+		return badtype("slice", data)
+	}
+	n := datav.Len()
+	if rv.IsNil() || rv.Cap() < n {
+		rv.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(rv.Type(), n, n))
+	}
+	rv.SetLen(n)
+	return md.unifySliceArray(datav, rv)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifySliceArray(data, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	sliceLen := data.Len()
+	for i := 0; i < sliceLen; i++ {
+		v := data.Index(i).Interface()
+		sliceval := indirect(rv.Index(i))
+		if err := md.unify(v, sliceval); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyDatetime(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	if _, ok := data.(time.Time); ok {
+		rv.Set(reflect.ValueOf(data))
+		return nil
+	}
+	return badtype("time.Time", data)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyString(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	if s, ok := data.(string); ok {
+		rv.SetString(s)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return badtype("string", data)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyFloat64(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	if num, ok := data.(float64); ok {
+		switch rv.Kind() {
+		case reflect.Float32:
+			fallthrough
+		case reflect.Float64:
+			rv.SetFloat(num)
+		default:
+			panic("bug")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return badtype("float", data)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyInt(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	if num, ok := data.(int64); ok {
+		if rv.Kind() >= reflect.Int && rv.Kind() <= reflect.Int64 {
+			switch rv.Kind() {
+			case reflect.Int, reflect.Int64:
+				// No bounds checking necessary.
+			case reflect.Int8:
+				if num < math.MinInt8 || num > math.MaxInt8 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for int8", num)
+				}
+			case reflect.Int16:
+				if num < math.MinInt16 || num > math.MaxInt16 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for int16", num)
+				}
+			case reflect.Int32:
+				if num < math.MinInt32 || num > math.MaxInt32 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for int32", num)
+				}
+			}
+			rv.SetInt(num)
+		} else if rv.Kind() >= reflect.Uint && rv.Kind() <= reflect.Uint64 {
+			unum := uint64(num)
+			switch rv.Kind() {
+			case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint64:
+				// No bounds checking necessary.
+			case reflect.Uint8:
+				if num < 0 || unum > math.MaxUint8 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for uint8", num)
+				}
+			case reflect.Uint16:
+				if num < 0 || unum > math.MaxUint16 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for uint16", num)
+				}
+			case reflect.Uint32:
+				if num < 0 || unum > math.MaxUint32 {
+					return e("value %d is out of range for uint32", num)
+				}
+			}
+			rv.SetUint(unum)
+		} else {
+			panic("unreachable")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return badtype("integer", data)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyBool(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	if b, ok := data.(bool); ok {
+		rv.SetBool(b)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return badtype("boolean", data)
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyAnything(data interface{}, rv reflect.Value) error {
+	rv.Set(reflect.ValueOf(data))
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (md *MetaData) unifyText(data interface{}, v TextUnmarshaler) error {
+	var s string
+	switch sdata := data.(type) {
+	case TextMarshaler:
+		text, err := sdata.MarshalText()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		s = string(text)
+	case fmt.Stringer:
+		s = sdata.String()
+	case string:
+		s = sdata
+	case bool:
+		s = fmt.Sprintf("%v", sdata)
+	case int64:
+		s = fmt.Sprintf("%d", sdata)
+	case float64:
+		s = fmt.Sprintf("%f", sdata)
+	default:
+		return badtype("primitive (string-like)", data)
+	}
+	if err := v.UnmarshalText([]byte(s)); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// rvalue returns a reflect.Value of `v`. All pointers are resolved.
+func rvalue(v interface{}) reflect.Value {
+	return indirect(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+}
+
+// indirect returns the value pointed to by a pointer.
+// Pointers are followed until the value is not a pointer.
+// New values are allocated for each nil pointer.
+//
+// An exception to this rule is if the value satisfies an interface of
+// interest to us (like encoding.TextUnmarshaler).
+func indirect(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	if v.Kind() != reflect.Ptr {
+		if v.CanSet() {
+			pv := v.Addr()
+			if _, ok := pv.Interface().(TextUnmarshaler); ok {
+				return pv
+			}
+		}
+		return v
+	}
+	if v.IsNil() {
+		v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
+	}
+	return indirect(reflect.Indirect(v))
+}
+
+func isUnifiable(rv reflect.Value) bool {
+	if rv.CanSet() {
+		return true
+	}
+	if _, ok := rv.Interface().(TextUnmarshaler); ok {
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func badtype(expected string, data interface{}) error {
+	return e("cannot load TOML value of type %T into a Go %s", data, expected)
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/decode_meta.go

@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+package toml
+
+import "strings"
+
+// MetaData allows access to meta information about TOML data that may not
+// be inferrable via reflection. In particular, whether a key has been defined
+// and the TOML type of a key.
+type MetaData struct {
+	mapping map[string]interface{}
+	types   map[string]tomlType
+	keys    []Key
+	decoded map[string]bool
+	context Key // Used only during decoding.
+}
+
+// IsDefined returns true if the key given exists in the TOML data. The key
+// should be specified hierarchially. e.g.,
+//
+//	// access the TOML key 'a.b.c'
+//	IsDefined("a", "b", "c")
+//
+// IsDefined will return false if an empty key given. Keys are case sensitive.
+func (md *MetaData) IsDefined(key ...string) bool {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	var hash map[string]interface{}
+	var ok bool
+	var hashOrVal interface{} = md.mapping
+	for _, k := range key {
+		if hash, ok = hashOrVal.(map[string]interface{}); !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+		if hashOrVal, ok = hash[k]; !ok {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// Type returns a string representation of the type of the key specified.
+//
+// Type will return the empty string if given an empty key or a key that
+// does not exist. Keys are case sensitive.
+func (md *MetaData) Type(key ...string) string {
+	fullkey := strings.Join(key, ".")
+	if typ, ok := md.types[fullkey]; ok {
+		return typ.typeString()
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// Key is the type of any TOML key, including key groups. Use (MetaData).Keys
+// to get values of this type.
+type Key []string
+
+func (k Key) String() string {
+	return strings.Join(k, ".")
+}
+
+func (k Key) maybeQuotedAll() string {
+	var ss []string
+	for i := range k {
+		ss = append(ss, k.maybeQuoted(i))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(ss, ".")
+}
+
+func (k Key) maybeQuoted(i int) string {
+	quote := false
+	for _, c := range k[i] {
+		if !isBareKeyChar(c) {
+			quote = true
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if quote {
+		return "\"" + strings.Replace(k[i], "\"", "\\\"", -1) + "\""
+	}
+	return k[i]
+}
+
+func (k Key) add(piece string) Key {
+	newKey := make(Key, len(k)+1)
+	copy(newKey, k)
+	newKey[len(k)] = piece
+	return newKey
+}
+
+// Keys returns a slice of every key in the TOML data, including key groups.
+// Each key is itself a slice, where the first element is the top of the
+// hierarchy and the last is the most specific.
+//
+// The list will have the same order as the keys appeared in the TOML data.
+//
+// All keys returned are non-empty.
+func (md *MetaData) Keys() []Key {
+	return md.keys
+}
+
+// Undecoded returns all keys that have not been decoded in the order in which
+// they appear in the original TOML document.
+//
+// This includes keys that haven't been decoded because of a Primitive value.
+// Once the Primitive value is decoded, the keys will be considered decoded.
+//
+// Also note that decoding into an empty interface will result in no decoding,
+// and so no keys will be considered decoded.
+//
+// In this sense, the Undecoded keys correspond to keys in the TOML document
+// that do not have a concrete type in your representation.
+func (md *MetaData) Undecoded() []Key {
+	undecoded := make([]Key, 0, len(md.keys))
+	for _, key := range md.keys {
+		if !md.decoded[key.String()] {
+			undecoded = append(undecoded, key)
+		}
+	}
+	return undecoded
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/*
+Package toml provides facilities for decoding and encoding TOML configuration
+files via reflection. There is also support for delaying decoding with
+the Primitive type, and querying the set of keys in a TOML document with the
+MetaData type.
+
+The specification implemented: https://github.com/toml-lang/toml
+
+The sub-command github.com/BurntSushi/toml/cmd/tomlv can be used to verify
+whether a file is a valid TOML document. It can also be used to print the
+type of each key in a TOML document.
+
+Testing
+
+There are two important types of tests used for this package. The first is
+contained inside '*_test.go' files and uses the standard Go unit testing
+framework. These tests are primarily devoted to holistically testing the
+decoder and encoder.
+
+The second type of testing is used to verify the implementation's adherence
+to the TOML specification. These tests have been factored into their own
+project: https://github.com/BurntSushi/toml-test
+
+The reason the tests are in a separate project is so that they can be used by
+any implementation of TOML. Namely, it is language agnostic.
+*/
+package toml

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/encode.go

@@ -0,0 +1,568 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type tomlEncodeError struct{ error }
+
+var (
+	errArrayMixedElementTypes = errors.New(
+		"toml: cannot encode array with mixed element types")
+	errArrayNilElement = errors.New(
+		"toml: cannot encode array with nil element")
+	errNonString = errors.New(
+		"toml: cannot encode a map with non-string key type")
+	errAnonNonStruct = errors.New(
+		"toml: cannot encode an anonymous field that is not a struct")
+	errArrayNoTable = errors.New(
+		"toml: TOML array element cannot contain a table")
+	errNoKey = errors.New(
+		"toml: top-level values must be Go maps or structs")
+	errAnything = errors.New("") // used in testing
+)
+
+var quotedReplacer = strings.NewReplacer(
+	"\t", "\\t",
+	"\n", "\\n",
+	"\r", "\\r",
+	"\"", "\\\"",
+	"\\", "\\\\",
+)
+
+// Encoder controls the encoding of Go values to a TOML document to some
+// io.Writer.
+//
+// The indentation level can be controlled with the Indent field.
+type Encoder struct {
+	// A single indentation level. By default it is two spaces.
+	Indent string
+
+	// hasWritten is whether we have written any output to w yet.
+	hasWritten bool
+	w          *bufio.Writer
+}
+
+// NewEncoder returns a TOML encoder that encodes Go values to the io.Writer
+// given. By default, a single indentation level is 2 spaces.
+func NewEncoder(w io.Writer) *Encoder {
+	return &Encoder{
+		w:      bufio.NewWriter(w),
+		Indent: "  ",
+	}
+}
+
+// Encode writes a TOML representation of the Go value to the underlying
+// io.Writer. If the value given cannot be encoded to a valid TOML document,
+// then an error is returned.
+//
+// The mapping between Go values and TOML values should be precisely the same
+// as for the Decode* functions. Similarly, the TextMarshaler interface is
+// supported by encoding the resulting bytes as strings. (If you want to write
+// arbitrary binary data then you will need to use something like base64 since
+// TOML does not have any binary types.)
+//
+// When encoding TOML hashes (i.e., Go maps or structs), keys without any
+// sub-hashes are encoded first.
+//
+// If a Go map is encoded, then its keys are sorted alphabetically for
+// deterministic output. More control over this behavior may be provided if
+// there is demand for it.
+//
+// Encoding Go values without a corresponding TOML representation---like map
+// types with non-string keys---will cause an error to be returned. Similarly
+// for mixed arrays/slices, arrays/slices with nil elements, embedded
+// non-struct types and nested slices containing maps or structs.
+// (e.g., [][]map[string]string is not allowed but []map[string]string is OK
+// and so is []map[string][]string.)
+func (enc *Encoder) Encode(v interface{}) error {
+	rv := eindirect(reflect.ValueOf(v))
+	if err := enc.safeEncode(Key([]string{}), rv); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return enc.w.Flush()
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) safeEncode(key Key, rv reflect.Value) (err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			if terr, ok := r.(tomlEncodeError); ok {
+				err = terr.error
+				return
+			}
+			panic(r)
+		}
+	}()
+	enc.encode(key, rv)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) encode(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	// Special case. Time needs to be in ISO8601 format.
+	// Special case. If we can marshal the type to text, then we used that.
+	// Basically, this prevents the encoder for handling these types as
+	// generic structs (or whatever the underlying type of a TextMarshaler is).
+	switch rv.Interface().(type) {
+	case time.Time, TextMarshaler:
+		enc.keyEqElement(key, rv)
+		return
+	}
+
+	k := rv.Kind()
+	switch k {
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32,
+		reflect.Int64,
+		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32,
+		reflect.Uint64,
+		reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64, reflect.String, reflect.Bool:
+		enc.keyEqElement(key, rv)
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		if typeEqual(tomlArrayHash, tomlTypeOfGo(rv)) {
+			enc.eArrayOfTables(key, rv)
+		} else {
+			enc.keyEqElement(key, rv)
+		}
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		if rv.IsNil() {
+			return
+		}
+		enc.encode(key, rv.Elem())
+	case reflect.Map:
+		if rv.IsNil() {
+			return
+		}
+		enc.eTable(key, rv)
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		if rv.IsNil() {
+			return
+		}
+		enc.encode(key, rv.Elem())
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		enc.eTable(key, rv)
+	default:
+		panic(e("unsupported type for key '%s': %s", key, k))
+	}
+}
+
+// eElement encodes any value that can be an array element (primitives and
+// arrays).
+func (enc *Encoder) eElement(rv reflect.Value) {
+	switch v := rv.Interface().(type) {
+	case time.Time:
+		// Special case time.Time as a primitive. Has to come before
+		// TextMarshaler below because time.Time implements
+		// encoding.TextMarshaler, but we need to always use UTC.
+		enc.wf(v.UTC().Format("2006-01-02T15:04:05Z"))
+		return
+	case TextMarshaler:
+		// Special case. Use text marshaler if it's available for this value.
+		if s, err := v.MarshalText(); err != nil {
+			encPanic(err)
+		} else {
+			enc.writeQuoted(string(s))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	switch rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		enc.wf(strconv.FormatBool(rv.Bool()))
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32,
+		reflect.Int64:
+		enc.wf(strconv.FormatInt(rv.Int(), 10))
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16,
+		reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		enc.wf(strconv.FormatUint(rv.Uint(), 10))
+	case reflect.Float32:
+		enc.wf(floatAddDecimal(strconv.FormatFloat(rv.Float(), 'f', -1, 32)))
+	case reflect.Float64:
+		enc.wf(floatAddDecimal(strconv.FormatFloat(rv.Float(), 'f', -1, 64)))
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		enc.eArrayOrSliceElement(rv)
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		enc.eElement(rv.Elem())
+	case reflect.String:
+		enc.writeQuoted(rv.String())
+	default:
+		panic(e("unexpected primitive type: %s", rv.Kind()))
+	}
+}
+
+// By the TOML spec, all floats must have a decimal with at least one
+// number on either side.
+func floatAddDecimal(fstr string) string {
+	if !strings.Contains(fstr, ".") {
+		return fstr + ".0"
+	}
+	return fstr
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) writeQuoted(s string) {
+	enc.wf("\"%s\"", quotedReplacer.Replace(s))
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eArrayOrSliceElement(rv reflect.Value) {
+	length := rv.Len()
+	enc.wf("[")
+	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
+		elem := rv.Index(i)
+		enc.eElement(elem)
+		if i != length-1 {
+			enc.wf(", ")
+		}
+	}
+	enc.wf("]")
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eArrayOfTables(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		encPanic(errNoKey)
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < rv.Len(); i++ {
+		trv := rv.Index(i)
+		if isNil(trv) {
+			continue
+		}
+		panicIfInvalidKey(key)
+		enc.newline()
+		enc.wf("%s[[%s]]", enc.indentStr(key), key.maybeQuotedAll())
+		enc.newline()
+		enc.eMapOrStruct(key, trv)
+	}
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eTable(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	panicIfInvalidKey(key)
+	if len(key) == 1 {
+		// Output an extra newline between top-level tables.
+		// (The newline isn't written if nothing else has been written though.)
+		enc.newline()
+	}
+	if len(key) > 0 {
+		enc.wf("%s[%s]", enc.indentStr(key), key.maybeQuotedAll())
+		enc.newline()
+	}
+	enc.eMapOrStruct(key, rv)
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eMapOrStruct(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	switch rv := eindirect(rv); rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Map:
+		enc.eMap(key, rv)
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		enc.eStruct(key, rv)
+	default:
+		panic("eTable: unhandled reflect.Value Kind: " + rv.Kind().String())
+	}
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eMap(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	rt := rv.Type()
+	if rt.Key().Kind() != reflect.String {
+		encPanic(errNonString)
+	}
+
+	// Sort keys so that we have deterministic output. And write keys directly
+	// underneath this key first, before writing sub-structs or sub-maps.
+	var mapKeysDirect, mapKeysSub []string
+	for _, mapKey := range rv.MapKeys() {
+		k := mapKey.String()
+		if typeIsHash(tomlTypeOfGo(rv.MapIndex(mapKey))) {
+			mapKeysSub = append(mapKeysSub, k)
+		} else {
+			mapKeysDirect = append(mapKeysDirect, k)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var writeMapKeys = func(mapKeys []string) {
+		sort.Strings(mapKeys)
+		for _, mapKey := range mapKeys {
+			mrv := rv.MapIndex(reflect.ValueOf(mapKey))
+			if isNil(mrv) {
+				// Don't write anything for nil fields.
+				continue
+			}
+			enc.encode(key.add(mapKey), mrv)
+		}
+	}
+	writeMapKeys(mapKeysDirect)
+	writeMapKeys(mapKeysSub)
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) eStruct(key Key, rv reflect.Value) {
+	// Write keys for fields directly under this key first, because if we write
+	// a field that creates a new table, then all keys under it will be in that
+	// table (not the one we're writing here).
+	rt := rv.Type()
+	var fieldsDirect, fieldsSub [][]int
+	var addFields func(rt reflect.Type, rv reflect.Value, start []int)
+	addFields = func(rt reflect.Type, rv reflect.Value, start []int) {
+		for i := 0; i < rt.NumField(); i++ {
+			f := rt.Field(i)
+			// skip unexported fields
+			if f.PkgPath != "" && !f.Anonymous {
+				continue
+			}
+			frv := rv.Field(i)
+			if f.Anonymous {
+				t := f.Type
+				switch t.Kind() {
+				case reflect.Struct:
+					// Treat anonymous struct fields with
+					// tag names as though they are not
+					// anonymous, like encoding/json does.
+					if getOptions(f.Tag).name == "" {
+						addFields(t, frv, f.Index)
+						continue
+					}
+				case reflect.Ptr:
+					if t.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Struct &&
+						getOptions(f.Tag).name == "" {
+						if !frv.IsNil() {
+							addFields(t.Elem(), frv.Elem(), f.Index)
+						}
+						continue
+					}
+					// Fall through to the normal field encoding logic below
+					// for non-struct anonymous fields.
+				}
+			}
+
+			if typeIsHash(tomlTypeOfGo(frv)) {
+				fieldsSub = append(fieldsSub, append(start, f.Index...))
+			} else {
+				fieldsDirect = append(fieldsDirect, append(start, f.Index...))
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	addFields(rt, rv, nil)
+
+	var writeFields = func(fields [][]int) {
+		for _, fieldIndex := range fields {
+			sft := rt.FieldByIndex(fieldIndex)
+			sf := rv.FieldByIndex(fieldIndex)
+			if isNil(sf) {
+				// Don't write anything for nil fields.
+				continue
+			}
+
+			opts := getOptions(sft.Tag)
+			if opts.skip {
+				continue
+			}
+			keyName := sft.Name
+			if opts.name != "" {
+				keyName = opts.name
+			}
+			if opts.omitempty && isEmpty(sf) {
+				continue
+			}
+			if opts.omitzero && isZero(sf) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			enc.encode(key.add(keyName), sf)
+		}
+	}
+	writeFields(fieldsDirect)
+	writeFields(fieldsSub)
+}
+
+// tomlTypeName returns the TOML type name of the Go value's type. It is
+// used to determine whether the types of array elements are mixed (which is
+// forbidden). If the Go value is nil, then it is illegal for it to be an array
+// element, and valueIsNil is returned as true.
+
+// Returns the TOML type of a Go value. The type may be `nil`, which means
+// no concrete TOML type could be found.
+func tomlTypeOfGo(rv reflect.Value) tomlType {
+	if isNil(rv) || !rv.IsValid() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	switch rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return tomlBool
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32,
+		reflect.Int64,
+		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32,
+		reflect.Uint64:
+		return tomlInteger
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return tomlFloat
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		if typeEqual(tomlHash, tomlArrayType(rv)) {
+			return tomlArrayHash
+		}
+		return tomlArray
+	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Interface:
+		return tomlTypeOfGo(rv.Elem())
+	case reflect.String:
+		return tomlString
+	case reflect.Map:
+		return tomlHash
+	case reflect.Struct:
+		switch rv.Interface().(type) {
+		case time.Time:
+			return tomlDatetime
+		case TextMarshaler:
+			return tomlString
+		default:
+			return tomlHash
+		}
+	default:
+		panic("unexpected reflect.Kind: " + rv.Kind().String())
+	}
+}
+
+// tomlArrayType returns the element type of a TOML array. The type returned
+// may be nil if it cannot be determined (e.g., a nil slice or a zero length
+// slize). This function may also panic if it finds a type that cannot be
+// expressed in TOML (such as nil elements, heterogeneous arrays or directly
+// nested arrays of tables).
+func tomlArrayType(rv reflect.Value) tomlType {
+	if isNil(rv) || !rv.IsValid() || rv.Len() == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	firstType := tomlTypeOfGo(rv.Index(0))
+	if firstType == nil {
+		encPanic(errArrayNilElement)
+	}
+
+	rvlen := rv.Len()
+	for i := 1; i < rvlen; i++ {
+		elem := rv.Index(i)
+		switch elemType := tomlTypeOfGo(elem); {
+		case elemType == nil:
+			encPanic(errArrayNilElement)
+		case !typeEqual(firstType, elemType):
+			encPanic(errArrayMixedElementTypes)
+		}
+	}
+	// If we have a nested array, then we must make sure that the nested
+	// array contains ONLY primitives.
+	// This checks arbitrarily nested arrays.
+	if typeEqual(firstType, tomlArray) || typeEqual(firstType, tomlArrayHash) {
+		nest := tomlArrayType(eindirect(rv.Index(0)))
+		if typeEqual(nest, tomlHash) || typeEqual(nest, tomlArrayHash) {
+			encPanic(errArrayNoTable)
+		}
+	}
+	return firstType
+}
+
+type tagOptions struct {
+	skip      bool // "-"
+	name      string
+	omitempty bool
+	omitzero  bool
+}
+
+func getOptions(tag reflect.StructTag) tagOptions {
+	t := tag.Get("toml")
+	if t == "-" {
+		return tagOptions{skip: true}
+	}
+	var opts tagOptions
+	parts := strings.Split(t, ",")
+	opts.name = parts[0]
+	for _, s := range parts[1:] {
+		switch s {
+		case "omitempty":
+			opts.omitempty = true
+		case "omitzero":
+			opts.omitzero = true
+		}
+	}
+	return opts
+}
+
+func isZero(rv reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
+		return rv.Int() == 0
+	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64:
+		return rv.Uint() == 0
+	case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
+		return rv.Float() == 0.0
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func isEmpty(rv reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice, reflect.Map, reflect.String:
+		return rv.Len() == 0
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		return !rv.Bool()
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) newline() {
+	if enc.hasWritten {
+		enc.wf("\n")
+	}
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) keyEqElement(key Key, val reflect.Value) {
+	if len(key) == 0 {
+		encPanic(errNoKey)
+	}
+	panicIfInvalidKey(key)
+	enc.wf("%s%s = ", enc.indentStr(key), key.maybeQuoted(len(key)-1))
+	enc.eElement(val)
+	enc.newline()
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) wf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+	if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(enc.w, format, v...); err != nil {
+		encPanic(err)
+	}
+	enc.hasWritten = true
+}
+
+func (enc *Encoder) indentStr(key Key) string {
+	return strings.Repeat(enc.Indent, len(key)-1)
+}
+
+func encPanic(err error) {
+	panic(tomlEncodeError{err})
+}
+
+func eindirect(v reflect.Value) reflect.Value {
+	switch v.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Ptr, reflect.Interface:
+		return eindirect(v.Elem())
+	default:
+		return v
+	}
+}
+
+func isNil(rv reflect.Value) bool {
+	switch rv.Kind() {
+	case reflect.Interface, reflect.Map, reflect.Ptr, reflect.Slice:
+		return rv.IsNil()
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func panicIfInvalidKey(key Key) {
+	for _, k := range key {
+		if len(k) == 0 {
+			encPanic(e("Key '%s' is not a valid table name. Key names "+
+				"cannot be empty.", key.maybeQuotedAll()))
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func isValidKeyName(s string) bool {
+	return len(s) != 0
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/encoding_types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+// +build go1.2
+
+package toml
+
+// In order to support Go 1.1, we define our own TextMarshaler and
+// TextUnmarshaler types. For Go 1.2+, we just alias them with the
+// standard library interfaces.
+
+import (
+	"encoding"
+)
+
+// TextMarshaler is a synonym for encoding.TextMarshaler. It is defined here
+// so that Go 1.1 can be supported.
+type TextMarshaler encoding.TextMarshaler
+
+// TextUnmarshaler is a synonym for encoding.TextUnmarshaler. It is defined
+// here so that Go 1.1 can be supported.
+type TextUnmarshaler encoding.TextUnmarshaler

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/encoding_types_1.1.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// +build !go1.2
+
+package toml
+
+// These interfaces were introduced in Go 1.2, so we add them manually when
+// compiling for Go 1.1.
+
+// TextMarshaler is a synonym for encoding.TextMarshaler. It is defined here
+// so that Go 1.1 can be supported.
+type TextMarshaler interface {
+	MarshalText() (text []byte, err error)
+}
+
+// TextUnmarshaler is a synonym for encoding.TextUnmarshaler. It is defined
+// here so that Go 1.1 can be supported.
+type TextUnmarshaler interface {
+	UnmarshalText(text []byte) error
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/lex.go

@@ -0,0 +1,953 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+type itemType int
+
+const (
+	itemError itemType = iota
+	itemNIL            // used in the parser to indicate no type
+	itemEOF
+	itemText
+	itemString
+	itemRawString
+	itemMultilineString
+	itemRawMultilineString
+	itemBool
+	itemInteger
+	itemFloat
+	itemDatetime
+	itemArray // the start of an array
+	itemArrayEnd
+	itemTableStart
+	itemTableEnd
+	itemArrayTableStart
+	itemArrayTableEnd
+	itemKeyStart
+	itemCommentStart
+	itemInlineTableStart
+	itemInlineTableEnd
+)
+
+const (
+	eof              = 0
+	comma            = ','
+	tableStart       = '['
+	tableEnd         = ']'
+	arrayTableStart  = '['
+	arrayTableEnd    = ']'
+	tableSep         = '.'
+	keySep           = '='
+	arrayStart       = '['
+	arrayEnd         = ']'
+	commentStart     = '#'
+	stringStart      = '"'
+	stringEnd        = '"'
+	rawStringStart   = '\''
+	rawStringEnd     = '\''
+	inlineTableStart = '{'
+	inlineTableEnd   = '}'
+)
+
+type stateFn func(lx *lexer) stateFn
+
+type lexer struct {
+	input string
+	start int
+	pos   int
+	line  int
+	state stateFn
+	items chan item
+
+	// Allow for backing up up to three runes.
+	// This is necessary because TOML contains 3-rune tokens (""" and ''').
+	prevWidths [3]int
+	nprev      int // how many of prevWidths are in use
+	// If we emit an eof, we can still back up, but it is not OK to call
+	// next again.
+	atEOF bool
+
+	// A stack of state functions used to maintain context.
+	// The idea is to reuse parts of the state machine in various places.
+	// For example, values can appear at the top level or within arbitrarily
+	// nested arrays. The last state on the stack is used after a value has
+	// been lexed. Similarly for comments.
+	stack []stateFn
+}
+
+type item struct {
+	typ  itemType
+	val  string
+	line int
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) nextItem() item {
+	for {
+		select {
+		case item := <-lx.items:
+			return item
+		default:
+			lx.state = lx.state(lx)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func lex(input string) *lexer {
+	lx := &lexer{
+		input: input,
+		state: lexTop,
+		line:  1,
+		items: make(chan item, 10),
+		stack: make([]stateFn, 0, 10),
+	}
+	return lx
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) push(state stateFn) {
+	lx.stack = append(lx.stack, state)
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) pop() stateFn {
+	if len(lx.stack) == 0 {
+		return lx.errorf("BUG in lexer: no states to pop")
+	}
+	last := lx.stack[len(lx.stack)-1]
+	lx.stack = lx.stack[0 : len(lx.stack)-1]
+	return last
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) current() string {
+	return lx.input[lx.start:lx.pos]
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) emit(typ itemType) {
+	lx.items <- item{typ, lx.current(), lx.line}
+	lx.start = lx.pos
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) emitTrim(typ itemType) {
+	lx.items <- item{typ, strings.TrimSpace(lx.current()), lx.line}
+	lx.start = lx.pos
+}
+
+func (lx *lexer) next() (r rune) {
+	if lx.atEOF {
+		panic("next called after EOF")
+	}
+	if lx.pos >= len(lx.input) {
+		lx.atEOF = true
+		return eof
+	}
+
+	if lx.input[lx.pos] == '\n' {
+		lx.line++
+	}
+	lx.prevWidths[2] = lx.prevWidths[1]
+	lx.prevWidths[1] = lx.prevWidths[0]
+	if lx.nprev < 3 {
+		lx.nprev++
+	}
+	r, w := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(lx.input[lx.pos:])
+	lx.prevWidths[0] = w
+	lx.pos += w
+	return r
+}
+
+// ignore skips over the pending input before this point.
+func (lx *lexer) ignore() {
+	lx.start = lx.pos
+}
+
+// backup steps back one rune. Can be called only twice between calls to next.
+func (lx *lexer) backup() {
+	if lx.atEOF {
+		lx.atEOF = false
+		return
+	}
+	if lx.nprev < 1 {
+		panic("backed up too far")
+	}
+	w := lx.prevWidths[0]
+	lx.prevWidths[0] = lx.prevWidths[1]
+	lx.prevWidths[1] = lx.prevWidths[2]
+	lx.nprev--
+	lx.pos -= w
+	if lx.pos < len(lx.input) && lx.input[lx.pos] == '\n' {
+		lx.line--
+	}
+}
+
+// accept consumes the next rune if it's equal to `valid`.
+func (lx *lexer) accept(valid rune) bool {
+	if lx.next() == valid {
+		return true
+	}
+	lx.backup()
+	return false
+}
+
+// peek returns but does not consume the next rune in the input.
+func (lx *lexer) peek() rune {
+	r := lx.next()
+	lx.backup()
+	return r
+}
+
+// skip ignores all input that matches the given predicate.
+func (lx *lexer) skip(pred func(rune) bool) {
+	for {
+		r := lx.next()
+		if pred(r) {
+			continue
+		}
+		lx.backup()
+		lx.ignore()
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// errorf stops all lexing by emitting an error and returning `nil`.
+// Note that any value that is a character is escaped if it's a special
+// character (newlines, tabs, etc.).
+func (lx *lexer) errorf(format string, values ...interface{}) stateFn {
+	lx.items <- item{
+		itemError,
+		fmt.Sprintf(format, values...),
+		lx.line,
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// lexTop consumes elements at the top level of TOML data.
+func lexTop(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isWhitespace(r) || isNL(r) {
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexTop)
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case commentStart:
+		lx.push(lexTop)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case tableStart:
+		return lexTableStart
+	case eof:
+		if lx.pos > lx.start {
+			return lx.errorf("unexpected EOF")
+		}
+		lx.emit(itemEOF)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// At this point, the only valid item can be a key, so we back up
+	// and let the key lexer do the rest.
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.push(lexTopEnd)
+	return lexKeyStart
+}
+
+// lexTopEnd is entered whenever a top-level item has been consumed. (A value
+// or a table.) It must see only whitespace, and will turn back to lexTop
+// upon a newline. If it sees EOF, it will quit the lexer successfully.
+func lexTopEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case r == commentStart:
+		// a comment will read to a newline for us.
+		lx.push(lexTop)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexTopEnd
+	case isNL(r):
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lexTop
+	case r == eof:
+		lx.emit(itemEOF)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("expected a top-level item to end with a newline, "+
+		"comment, or EOF, but got %q instead", r)
+}
+
+// lexTable lexes the beginning of a table. Namely, it makes sure that
+// it starts with a character other than '.' and ']'.
+// It assumes that '[' has already been consumed.
+// It also handles the case that this is an item in an array of tables.
+// e.g., '[[name]]'.
+func lexTableStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	if lx.peek() == arrayTableStart {
+		lx.next()
+		lx.emit(itemArrayTableStart)
+		lx.push(lexArrayTableEnd)
+	} else {
+		lx.emit(itemTableStart)
+		lx.push(lexTableEnd)
+	}
+	return lexTableNameStart
+}
+
+func lexTableEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.emit(itemTableEnd)
+	return lexTopEnd
+}
+
+func lexArrayTableEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	if r := lx.next(); r != arrayTableEnd {
+		return lx.errorf("expected end of table array name delimiter %q, "+
+			"but got %q instead", arrayTableEnd, r)
+	}
+	lx.emit(itemArrayTableEnd)
+	return lexTopEnd
+}
+
+func lexTableNameStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.skip(isWhitespace)
+	switch r := lx.peek(); {
+	case r == tableEnd || r == eof:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected end of table name " +
+			"(table names cannot be empty)")
+	case r == tableSep:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected table separator " +
+			"(table names cannot be empty)")
+	case r == stringStart || r == rawStringStart:
+		lx.ignore()
+		lx.push(lexTableNameEnd)
+		return lexValue // reuse string lexing
+	default:
+		return lexBareTableName
+	}
+}
+
+// lexBareTableName lexes the name of a table. It assumes that at least one
+// valid character for the table has already been read.
+func lexBareTableName(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isBareKeyChar(r) {
+		return lexBareTableName
+	}
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.emit(itemText)
+	return lexTableNameEnd
+}
+
+// lexTableNameEnd reads the end of a piece of a table name, optionally
+// consuming whitespace.
+func lexTableNameEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.skip(isWhitespace)
+	switch r := lx.next(); {
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexTableNameEnd
+	case r == tableSep:
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lexTableNameStart
+	case r == tableEnd:
+		return lx.pop()
+	default:
+		return lx.errorf("expected '.' or ']' to end table name, "+
+			"but got %q instead", r)
+	}
+}
+
+// lexKeyStart consumes a key name up until the first non-whitespace character.
+// lexKeyStart will ignore whitespace.
+func lexKeyStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.peek()
+	switch {
+	case r == keySep:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected key separator %q", keySep)
+	case isWhitespace(r) || isNL(r):
+		lx.next()
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexKeyStart)
+	case r == stringStart || r == rawStringStart:
+		lx.ignore()
+		lx.emit(itemKeyStart)
+		lx.push(lexKeyEnd)
+		return lexValue // reuse string lexing
+	default:
+		lx.ignore()
+		lx.emit(itemKeyStart)
+		return lexBareKey
+	}
+}
+
+// lexBareKey consumes the text of a bare key. Assumes that the first character
+// (which is not whitespace) has not yet been consumed.
+func lexBareKey(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	switch r := lx.next(); {
+	case isBareKeyChar(r):
+		return lexBareKey
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		lx.backup()
+		lx.emit(itemText)
+		return lexKeyEnd
+	case r == keySep:
+		lx.backup()
+		lx.emit(itemText)
+		return lexKeyEnd
+	default:
+		return lx.errorf("bare keys cannot contain %q", r)
+	}
+}
+
+// lexKeyEnd consumes the end of a key and trims whitespace (up to the key
+// separator).
+func lexKeyEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	switch r := lx.next(); {
+	case r == keySep:
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexValue)
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexKeyEnd)
+	default:
+		return lx.errorf("expected key separator %q, but got %q instead",
+			keySep, r)
+	}
+}
+
+// lexValue starts the consumption of a value anywhere a value is expected.
+// lexValue will ignore whitespace.
+// After a value is lexed, the last state on the next is popped and returned.
+func lexValue(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	// We allow whitespace to precede a value, but NOT newlines.
+	// In array syntax, the array states are responsible for ignoring newlines.
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexValue)
+	case isDigit(r):
+		lx.backup() // avoid an extra state and use the same as above
+		return lexNumberOrDateStart
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case arrayStart:
+		lx.ignore()
+		lx.emit(itemArray)
+		return lexArrayValue
+	case inlineTableStart:
+		lx.ignore()
+		lx.emit(itemInlineTableStart)
+		return lexInlineTableValue
+	case stringStart:
+		if lx.accept(stringStart) {
+			if lx.accept(stringStart) {
+				lx.ignore() // Ignore """
+				return lexMultilineString
+			}
+			lx.backup()
+		}
+		lx.ignore() // ignore the '"'
+		return lexString
+	case rawStringStart:
+		if lx.accept(rawStringStart) {
+			if lx.accept(rawStringStart) {
+				lx.ignore() // Ignore """
+				return lexMultilineRawString
+			}
+			lx.backup()
+		}
+		lx.ignore() // ignore the "'"
+		return lexRawString
+	case '+', '-':
+		return lexNumberStart
+	case '.': // special error case, be kind to users
+		return lx.errorf("floats must start with a digit, not '.'")
+	}
+	if unicode.IsLetter(r) {
+		// Be permissive here; lexBool will give a nice error if the
+		// user wrote something like
+		//   x = foo
+		// (i.e. not 'true' or 'false' but is something else word-like.)
+		lx.backup()
+		return lexBool
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("expected value but found %q instead", r)
+}
+
+// lexArrayValue consumes one value in an array. It assumes that '[' or ','
+// have already been consumed. All whitespace and newlines are ignored.
+func lexArrayValue(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case isWhitespace(r) || isNL(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexArrayValue)
+	case r == commentStart:
+		lx.push(lexArrayValue)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case r == comma:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected comma")
+	case r == arrayEnd:
+		// NOTE(caleb): The spec isn't clear about whether you can have
+		// a trailing comma or not, so we'll allow it.
+		return lexArrayEnd
+	}
+
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.push(lexArrayValueEnd)
+	return lexValue
+}
+
+// lexArrayValueEnd consumes everything between the end of an array value and
+// the next value (or the end of the array): it ignores whitespace and newlines
+// and expects either a ',' or a ']'.
+func lexArrayValueEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case isWhitespace(r) || isNL(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexArrayValueEnd)
+	case r == commentStart:
+		lx.push(lexArrayValueEnd)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case r == comma:
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lexArrayValue // move on to the next value
+	case r == arrayEnd:
+		return lexArrayEnd
+	}
+	return lx.errorf(
+		"expected a comma or array terminator %q, but got %q instead",
+		arrayEnd, r,
+	)
+}
+
+// lexArrayEnd finishes the lexing of an array.
+// It assumes that a ']' has just been consumed.
+func lexArrayEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.ignore()
+	lx.emit(itemArrayEnd)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexInlineTableValue consumes one key/value pair in an inline table.
+// It assumes that '{' or ',' have already been consumed. Whitespace is ignored.
+func lexInlineTableValue(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexInlineTableValue)
+	case isNL(r):
+		return lx.errorf("newlines not allowed within inline tables")
+	case r == commentStart:
+		lx.push(lexInlineTableValue)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case r == comma:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected comma")
+	case r == inlineTableEnd:
+		return lexInlineTableEnd
+	}
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.push(lexInlineTableValueEnd)
+	return lexKeyStart
+}
+
+// lexInlineTableValueEnd consumes everything between the end of an inline table
+// key/value pair and the next pair (or the end of the table):
+// it ignores whitespace and expects either a ',' or a '}'.
+func lexInlineTableValueEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case isWhitespace(r):
+		return lexSkip(lx, lexInlineTableValueEnd)
+	case isNL(r):
+		return lx.errorf("newlines not allowed within inline tables")
+	case r == commentStart:
+		lx.push(lexInlineTableValueEnd)
+		return lexCommentStart
+	case r == comma:
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lexInlineTableValue
+	case r == inlineTableEnd:
+		return lexInlineTableEnd
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("expected a comma or an inline table terminator %q, "+
+		"but got %q instead", inlineTableEnd, r)
+}
+
+// lexInlineTableEnd finishes the lexing of an inline table.
+// It assumes that a '}' has just been consumed.
+func lexInlineTableEnd(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.ignore()
+	lx.emit(itemInlineTableEnd)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexString consumes the inner contents of a string. It assumes that the
+// beginning '"' has already been consumed and ignored.
+func lexString(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case r == eof:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected EOF")
+	case isNL(r):
+		return lx.errorf("strings cannot contain newlines")
+	case r == '\\':
+		lx.push(lexString)
+		return lexStringEscape
+	case r == stringEnd:
+		lx.backup()
+		lx.emit(itemString)
+		lx.next()
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lx.pop()
+	}
+	return lexString
+}
+
+// lexMultilineString consumes the inner contents of a string. It assumes that
+// the beginning '"""' has already been consumed and ignored.
+func lexMultilineString(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	switch lx.next() {
+	case eof:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected EOF")
+	case '\\':
+		return lexMultilineStringEscape
+	case stringEnd:
+		if lx.accept(stringEnd) {
+			if lx.accept(stringEnd) {
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.emit(itemMultilineString)
+				lx.next()
+				lx.next()
+				lx.next()
+				lx.ignore()
+				return lx.pop()
+			}
+			lx.backup()
+		}
+	}
+	return lexMultilineString
+}
+
+// lexRawString consumes a raw string. Nothing can be escaped in such a string.
+// It assumes that the beginning "'" has already been consumed and ignored.
+func lexRawString(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch {
+	case r == eof:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected EOF")
+	case isNL(r):
+		return lx.errorf("strings cannot contain newlines")
+	case r == rawStringEnd:
+		lx.backup()
+		lx.emit(itemRawString)
+		lx.next()
+		lx.ignore()
+		return lx.pop()
+	}
+	return lexRawString
+}
+
+// lexMultilineRawString consumes a raw string. Nothing can be escaped in such
+// a string. It assumes that the beginning "'''" has already been consumed and
+// ignored.
+func lexMultilineRawString(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	switch lx.next() {
+	case eof:
+		return lx.errorf("unexpected EOF")
+	case rawStringEnd:
+		if lx.accept(rawStringEnd) {
+			if lx.accept(rawStringEnd) {
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.backup()
+				lx.emit(itemRawMultilineString)
+				lx.next()
+				lx.next()
+				lx.next()
+				lx.ignore()
+				return lx.pop()
+			}
+			lx.backup()
+		}
+	}
+	return lexMultilineRawString
+}
+
+// lexMultilineStringEscape consumes an escaped character. It assumes that the
+// preceding '\\' has already been consumed.
+func lexMultilineStringEscape(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	// Handle the special case first:
+	if isNL(lx.next()) {
+		return lexMultilineString
+	}
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.push(lexMultilineString)
+	return lexStringEscape(lx)
+}
+
+func lexStringEscape(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	switch r {
+	case 'b':
+		fallthrough
+	case 't':
+		fallthrough
+	case 'n':
+		fallthrough
+	case 'f':
+		fallthrough
+	case 'r':
+		fallthrough
+	case '"':
+		fallthrough
+	case '\\':
+		return lx.pop()
+	case 'u':
+		return lexShortUnicodeEscape
+	case 'U':
+		return lexLongUnicodeEscape
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("invalid escape character %q; only the following "+
+		"escape characters are allowed: "+
+		`\b, \t, \n, \f, \r, \", \\, \uXXXX, and \UXXXXXXXX`, r)
+}
+
+func lexShortUnicodeEscape(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	var r rune
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		r = lx.next()
+		if !isHexadecimal(r) {
+			return lx.errorf(`expected four hexadecimal digits after '\u', `+
+				"but got %q instead", lx.current())
+		}
+	}
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+func lexLongUnicodeEscape(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	var r rune
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		r = lx.next()
+		if !isHexadecimal(r) {
+			return lx.errorf(`expected eight hexadecimal digits after '\U', `+
+				"but got %q instead", lx.current())
+		}
+	}
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexNumberOrDateStart consumes either an integer, a float, or datetime.
+func lexNumberOrDateStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isDigit(r) {
+		return lexNumberOrDate
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case '_':
+		return lexNumber
+	case 'e', 'E':
+		return lexFloat
+	case '.':
+		return lx.errorf("floats must start with a digit, not '.'")
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("expected a digit but got %q", r)
+}
+
+// lexNumberOrDate consumes either an integer, float or datetime.
+func lexNumberOrDate(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isDigit(r) {
+		return lexNumberOrDate
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case '-':
+		return lexDatetime
+	case '_':
+		return lexNumber
+	case '.', 'e', 'E':
+		return lexFloat
+	}
+
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.emit(itemInteger)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexDatetime consumes a Datetime, to a first approximation.
+// The parser validates that it matches one of the accepted formats.
+func lexDatetime(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isDigit(r) {
+		return lexDatetime
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case '-', 'T', ':', '.', 'Z', '+':
+		return lexDatetime
+	}
+
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.emit(itemDatetime)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexNumberStart consumes either an integer or a float. It assumes that a sign
+// has already been read, but that *no* digits have been consumed.
+// lexNumberStart will move to the appropriate integer or float states.
+func lexNumberStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	// We MUST see a digit. Even floats have to start with a digit.
+	r := lx.next()
+	if !isDigit(r) {
+		if r == '.' {
+			return lx.errorf("floats must start with a digit, not '.'")
+		}
+		return lx.errorf("expected a digit but got %q", r)
+	}
+	return lexNumber
+}
+
+// lexNumber consumes an integer or a float after seeing the first digit.
+func lexNumber(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isDigit(r) {
+		return lexNumber
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case '_':
+		return lexNumber
+	case '.', 'e', 'E':
+		return lexFloat
+	}
+
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.emit(itemInteger)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexFloat consumes the elements of a float. It allows any sequence of
+// float-like characters, so floats emitted by the lexer are only a first
+// approximation and must be validated by the parser.
+func lexFloat(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.next()
+	if isDigit(r) {
+		return lexFloat
+	}
+	switch r {
+	case '_', '.', '-', '+', 'e', 'E':
+		return lexFloat
+	}
+
+	lx.backup()
+	lx.emit(itemFloat)
+	return lx.pop()
+}
+
+// lexBool consumes a bool string: 'true' or 'false.
+func lexBool(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	var rs []rune
+	for {
+		r := lx.next()
+		if !unicode.IsLetter(r) {
+			lx.backup()
+			break
+		}
+		rs = append(rs, r)
+	}
+	s := string(rs)
+	switch s {
+	case "true", "false":
+		lx.emit(itemBool)
+		return lx.pop()
+	}
+	return lx.errorf("expected value but found %q instead", s)
+}
+
+// lexCommentStart begins the lexing of a comment. It will emit
+// itemCommentStart and consume no characters, passing control to lexComment.
+func lexCommentStart(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	lx.ignore()
+	lx.emit(itemCommentStart)
+	return lexComment
+}
+
+// lexComment lexes an entire comment. It assumes that '#' has been consumed.
+// It will consume *up to* the first newline character, and pass control
+// back to the last state on the stack.
+func lexComment(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+	r := lx.peek()
+	if isNL(r) || r == eof {
+		lx.emit(itemText)
+		return lx.pop()
+	}
+	lx.next()
+	return lexComment
+}
+
+// lexSkip ignores all slurped input and moves on to the next state.
+func lexSkip(lx *lexer, nextState stateFn) stateFn {
+	return func(lx *lexer) stateFn {
+		lx.ignore()
+		return nextState
+	}
+}
+
+// isWhitespace returns true if `r` is a whitespace character according
+// to the spec.
+func isWhitespace(r rune) bool {
+	return r == '\t' || r == ' '
+}
+
+func isNL(r rune) bool {
+	return r == '\n' || r == '\r'
+}
+
+func isDigit(r rune) bool {
+	return r >= '0' && r <= '9'
+}
+
+func isHexadecimal(r rune) bool {
+	return (r >= '0' && r <= '9') ||
+		(r >= 'a' && r <= 'f') ||
+		(r >= 'A' && r <= 'F')
+}
+
+func isBareKeyChar(r rune) bool {
+	return (r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z') ||
+		(r >= 'a' && r <= 'z') ||
+		(r >= '0' && r <= '9') ||
+		r == '_' ||
+		r == '-'
+}
+
+func (itype itemType) String() string {
+	switch itype {
+	case itemError:
+		return "Error"
+	case itemNIL:
+		return "NIL"
+	case itemEOF:
+		return "EOF"
+	case itemText:
+		return "Text"
+	case itemString, itemRawString, itemMultilineString, itemRawMultilineString:
+		return "String"
+	case itemBool:
+		return "Bool"
+	case itemInteger:
+		return "Integer"
+	case itemFloat:
+		return "Float"
+	case itemDatetime:
+		return "DateTime"
+	case itemTableStart:
+		return "TableStart"
+	case itemTableEnd:
+		return "TableEnd"
+	case itemKeyStart:
+		return "KeyStart"
+	case itemArray:
+		return "Array"
+	case itemArrayEnd:
+		return "ArrayEnd"
+	case itemCommentStart:
+		return "CommentStart"
+	}
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("BUG: Unknown type '%d'.", int(itype)))
+}
+
+func (item item) String() string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf("(%s, %s)", item.typ.String(), item.val)
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/parse.go

@@ -0,0 +1,592 @@
+package toml
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+	"unicode"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+type parser struct {
+	mapping map[string]interface{}
+	types   map[string]tomlType
+	lx      *lexer
+
+	// A list of keys in the order that they appear in the TOML data.
+	ordered []Key
+
+	// the full key for the current hash in scope
+	context Key
+
+	// the base key name for everything except hashes
+	currentKey string
+
+	// rough approximation of line number
+	approxLine int
+
+	// A map of 'key.group.names' to whether they were created implicitly.
+	implicits map[string]bool
+}
+
+type parseError string
+
+func (pe parseError) Error() string {
+	return string(pe)
+}
+
+func parse(data string) (p *parser, err error) {
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			var ok bool
+			if err, ok = r.(parseError); ok {
+				return
+			}
+			panic(r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	p = &parser{
+		mapping:   make(map[string]interface{}),
+		types:     make(map[string]tomlType),
+		lx:        lex(data),
+		ordered:   make([]Key, 0),
+		implicits: make(map[string]bool),
+	}
+	for {
+		item := p.next()
+		if item.typ == itemEOF {
+			break
+		}
+		p.topLevel(item)
+	}
+
+	return p, nil
+}
+
+func (p *parser) panicf(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+	msg := fmt.Sprintf("Near line %d (last key parsed '%s'): %s",
+		p.approxLine, p.current(), fmt.Sprintf(format, v...))
+	panic(parseError(msg))
+}
+
+func (p *parser) next() item {
+	it := p.lx.nextItem()
+	if it.typ == itemError {
+		p.panicf("%s", it.val)
+	}
+	return it
+}
+
+func (p *parser) bug(format string, v ...interface{}) {
+	panic(fmt.Sprintf("BUG: "+format+"\n\n", v...))
+}
+
+func (p *parser) expect(typ itemType) item {
+	it := p.next()
+	p.assertEqual(typ, it.typ)
+	return it
+}
+
+func (p *parser) assertEqual(expected, got itemType) {
+	if expected != got {
+		p.bug("Expected '%s' but got '%s'.", expected, got)
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *parser) topLevel(item item) {
+	switch item.typ {
+	case itemCommentStart:
+		p.approxLine = item.line
+		p.expect(itemText)
+	case itemTableStart:
+		kg := p.next()
+		p.approxLine = kg.line
+
+		var key Key
+		for ; kg.typ != itemTableEnd && kg.typ != itemEOF; kg = p.next() {
+			key = append(key, p.keyString(kg))
+		}
+		p.assertEqual(itemTableEnd, kg.typ)
+
+		p.establishContext(key, false)
+		p.setType("", tomlHash)
+		p.ordered = append(p.ordered, key)
+	case itemArrayTableStart:
+		kg := p.next()
+		p.approxLine = kg.line
+
+		var key Key
+		for ; kg.typ != itemArrayTableEnd && kg.typ != itemEOF; kg = p.next() {
+			key = append(key, p.keyString(kg))
+		}
+		p.assertEqual(itemArrayTableEnd, kg.typ)
+
+		p.establishContext(key, true)
+		p.setType("", tomlArrayHash)
+		p.ordered = append(p.ordered, key)
+	case itemKeyStart:
+		kname := p.next()
+		p.approxLine = kname.line
+		p.currentKey = p.keyString(kname)
+
+		val, typ := p.value(p.next())
+		p.setValue(p.currentKey, val)
+		p.setType(p.currentKey, typ)
+		p.ordered = append(p.ordered, p.context.add(p.currentKey))
+		p.currentKey = ""
+	default:
+		p.bug("Unexpected type at top level: %s", item.typ)
+	}
+}
+
+// Gets a string for a key (or part of a key in a table name).
+func (p *parser) keyString(it item) string {
+	switch it.typ {
+	case itemText:
+		return it.val
+	case itemString, itemMultilineString,
+		itemRawString, itemRawMultilineString:
+		s, _ := p.value(it)
+		return s.(string)
+	default:
+		p.bug("Unexpected key type: %s", it.typ)
+		panic("unreachable")
+	}
+}
+
+// value translates an expected value from the lexer into a Go value wrapped
+// as an empty interface.
+func (p *parser) value(it item) (interface{}, tomlType) {
+	switch it.typ {
+	case itemString:
+		return p.replaceEscapes(it.val), p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemMultilineString:
+		trimmed := stripFirstNewline(stripEscapedWhitespace(it.val))
+		return p.replaceEscapes(trimmed), p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemRawString:
+		return it.val, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemRawMultilineString:
+		return stripFirstNewline(it.val), p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemBool:
+		switch it.val {
+		case "true":
+			return true, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+		case "false":
+			return false, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+		}
+		p.bug("Expected boolean value, but got '%s'.", it.val)
+	case itemInteger:
+		if !numUnderscoresOK(it.val) {
+			p.panicf("Invalid integer %q: underscores must be surrounded by digits",
+				it.val)
+		}
+		val := strings.Replace(it.val, "_", "", -1)
+		num, err := strconv.ParseInt(val, 10, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Distinguish integer values. Normally, it'd be a bug if the lexer
+			// provides an invalid integer, but it's possible that the number is
+			// out of range of valid values (which the lexer cannot determine).
+			// So mark the former as a bug but the latter as a legitimate user
+			// error.
+			if e, ok := err.(*strconv.NumError); ok &&
+				e.Err == strconv.ErrRange {
+
+				p.panicf("Integer '%s' is out of the range of 64-bit "+
+					"signed integers.", it.val)
+			} else {
+				p.bug("Expected integer value, but got '%s'.", it.val)
+			}
+		}
+		return num, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemFloat:
+		parts := strings.FieldsFunc(it.val, func(r rune) bool {
+			switch r {
+			case '.', 'e', 'E':
+				return true
+			}
+			return false
+		})
+		for _, part := range parts {
+			if !numUnderscoresOK(part) {
+				p.panicf("Invalid float %q: underscores must be "+
+					"surrounded by digits", it.val)
+			}
+		}
+		if !numPeriodsOK(it.val) {
+			// As a special case, numbers like '123.' or '1.e2',
+			// which are valid as far as Go/strconv are concerned,
+			// must be rejected because TOML says that a fractional
+			// part consists of '.' followed by 1+ digits.
+			p.panicf("Invalid float %q: '.' must be followed "+
+				"by one or more digits", it.val)
+		}
+		val := strings.Replace(it.val, "_", "", -1)
+		num, err := strconv.ParseFloat(val, 64)
+		if err != nil {
+			if e, ok := err.(*strconv.NumError); ok &&
+				e.Err == strconv.ErrRange {
+
+				p.panicf("Float '%s' is out of the range of 64-bit "+
+					"IEEE-754 floating-point numbers.", it.val)
+			} else {
+				p.panicf("Invalid float value: %q", it.val)
+			}
+		}
+		return num, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemDatetime:
+		var t time.Time
+		var ok bool
+		var err error
+		for _, format := range []string{
+			"2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00",
+			"2006-01-02T15:04:05",
+			"2006-01-02",
+		} {
+			t, err = time.ParseInLocation(format, it.val, time.Local)
+			if err == nil {
+				ok = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !ok {
+			p.panicf("Invalid TOML Datetime: %q.", it.val)
+		}
+		return t, p.typeOfPrimitive(it)
+	case itemArray:
+		array := make([]interface{}, 0)
+		types := make([]tomlType, 0)
+
+		for it = p.next(); it.typ != itemArrayEnd; it = p.next() {
+			if it.typ == itemCommentStart {
+				p.expect(itemText)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			val, typ := p.value(it)
+			array = append(array, val)
+			types = append(types, typ)
+		}
+		return array, p.typeOfArray(types)
+	case itemInlineTableStart:
+		var (
+			hash         = make(map[string]interface{})
+			outerContext = p.context
+			outerKey     = p.currentKey
+		)
+
+		p.context = append(p.context, p.currentKey)
+		p.currentKey = ""
+		for it := p.next(); it.typ != itemInlineTableEnd; it = p.next() {
+			if it.typ != itemKeyStart {
+				p.bug("Expected key start but instead found %q, around line %d",
+					it.val, p.approxLine)
+			}
+			if it.typ == itemCommentStart {
+				p.expect(itemText)
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// retrieve key
+			k := p.next()
+			p.approxLine = k.line
+			kname := p.keyString(k)
+
+			// retrieve value
+			p.currentKey = kname
+			val, typ := p.value(p.next())
+			// make sure we keep metadata up to date
+			p.setType(kname, typ)
+			p.ordered = append(p.ordered, p.context.add(p.currentKey))
+			hash[kname] = val
+		}
+		p.context = outerContext
+		p.currentKey = outerKey
+		return hash, tomlHash
+	}
+	p.bug("Unexpected value type: %s", it.typ)
+	panic("unreachable")
+}
+
+// numUnderscoresOK checks whether each underscore in s is surrounded by
+// characters that are not underscores.
+func numUnderscoresOK(s string) bool {
+	accept := false
+	for _, r := range s {
+		if r == '_' {
+			if !accept {
+				return false
+			}
+			accept = false
+			continue
+		}
+		accept = true
+	}
+	return accept
+}
+
+// numPeriodsOK checks whether every period in s is followed by a digit.
+func numPeriodsOK(s string) bool {
+	period := false
+	for _, r := range s {
+		if period && !isDigit(r) {
+			return false
+		}
+		period = r == '.'
+	}
+	return !period
+}
+
+// establishContext sets the current context of the parser,
+// where the context is either a hash or an array of hashes. Which one is
+// set depends on the value of the `array` parameter.
+//
+// Establishing the context also makes sure that the key isn't a duplicate, and
+// will create implicit hashes automatically.
+func (p *parser) establishContext(key Key, array bool) {
+	var ok bool
+
+	// Always start at the top level and drill down for our context.
+	hashContext := p.mapping
+	keyContext := make(Key, 0)
+
+	// We only need implicit hashes for key[0:-1]
+	for _, k := range key[0 : len(key)-1] {
+		_, ok = hashContext[k]
+		keyContext = append(keyContext, k)
+
+		// No key? Make an implicit hash and move on.
+		if !ok {
+			p.addImplicit(keyContext)
+			hashContext[k] = make(map[string]interface{})
+		}
+
+		// If the hash context is actually an array of tables, then set
+		// the hash context to the last element in that array.
+		//
+		// Otherwise, it better be a table, since this MUST be a key group (by
+		// virtue of it not being the last element in a key).
+		switch t := hashContext[k].(type) {
+		case []map[string]interface{}:
+			hashContext = t[len(t)-1]
+		case map[string]interface{}:
+			hashContext = t
+		default:
+			p.panicf("Key '%s' was already created as a hash.", keyContext)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.context = keyContext
+	if array {
+		// If this is the first element for this array, then allocate a new
+		// list of tables for it.
+		k := key[len(key)-1]
+		if _, ok := hashContext[k]; !ok {
+			hashContext[k] = make([]map[string]interface{}, 0, 5)
+		}
+
+		// Add a new table. But make sure the key hasn't already been used
+		// for something else.
+		if hash, ok := hashContext[k].([]map[string]interface{}); ok {
+			hashContext[k] = append(hash, make(map[string]interface{}))
+		} else {
+			p.panicf("Key '%s' was already created and cannot be used as "+
+				"an array.", keyContext)
+		}
+	} else {
+		p.setValue(key[len(key)-1], make(map[string]interface{}))
+	}
+	p.context = append(p.context, key[len(key)-1])
+}
+
+// setValue sets the given key to the given value in the current context.
+// It will make sure that the key hasn't already been defined, account for
+// implicit key groups.
+func (p *parser) setValue(key string, value interface{}) {
+	var tmpHash interface{}
+	var ok bool
+
+	hash := p.mapping
+	keyContext := make(Key, 0)
+	for _, k := range p.context {
+		keyContext = append(keyContext, k)
+		if tmpHash, ok = hash[k]; !ok {
+			p.bug("Context for key '%s' has not been established.", keyContext)
+		}
+		switch t := tmpHash.(type) {
+		case []map[string]interface{}:
+			// The context is a table of hashes. Pick the most recent table
+			// defined as the current hash.
+			hash = t[len(t)-1]
+		case map[string]interface{}:
+			hash = t
+		default:
+			p.bug("Expected hash to have type 'map[string]interface{}', but "+
+				"it has '%T' instead.", tmpHash)
+		}
+	}
+	keyContext = append(keyContext, key)
+
+	if _, ok := hash[key]; ok {
+		// Typically, if the given key has already been set, then we have
+		// to raise an error since duplicate keys are disallowed. However,
+		// it's possible that a key was previously defined implicitly. In this
+		// case, it is allowed to be redefined concretely. (See the
+		// `tests/valid/implicit-and-explicit-after.toml` test in `toml-test`.)
+		//
+		// But we have to make sure to stop marking it as an implicit. (So that
+		// another redefinition provokes an error.)
+		//
+		// Note that since it has already been defined (as a hash), we don't
+		// want to overwrite it. So our business is done.
+		if p.isImplicit(keyContext) {
+			p.removeImplicit(keyContext)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, we have a concrete key trying to override a previous
+		// key, which is *always* wrong.
+		p.panicf("Key '%s' has already been defined.", keyContext)
+	}
+	hash[key] = value
+}
+
+// setType sets the type of a particular value at a given key.
+// It should be called immediately AFTER setValue.
+//
+// Note that if `key` is empty, then the type given will be applied to the
+// current context (which is either a table or an array of tables).
+func (p *parser) setType(key string, typ tomlType) {
+	keyContext := make(Key, 0, len(p.context)+1)
+	for _, k := range p.context {
+		keyContext = append(keyContext, k)
+	}
+	if len(key) > 0 { // allow type setting for hashes
+		keyContext = append(keyContext, key)
+	}
+	p.types[keyContext.String()] = typ
+}
+
+// addImplicit sets the given Key as having been created implicitly.
+func (p *parser) addImplicit(key Key) {
+	p.implicits[key.String()] = true
+}
+
+// removeImplicit stops tagging the given key as having been implicitly
+// created.
+func (p *parser) removeImplicit(key Key) {
+	p.implicits[key.String()] = false
+}
+
+// isImplicit returns true if the key group pointed to by the key was created
+// implicitly.
+func (p *parser) isImplicit(key Key) bool {
+	return p.implicits[key.String()]
+}
+
+// current returns the full key name of the current context.
+func (p *parser) current() string {
+	if len(p.currentKey) == 0 {
+		return p.context.String()
+	}
+	if len(p.context) == 0 {
+		return p.currentKey
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", p.context, p.currentKey)
+}
+
+func stripFirstNewline(s string) string {
+	if len(s) == 0 || s[0] != '\n' {
+		return s
+	}
+	return s[1:]
+}
+
+func stripEscapedWhitespace(s string) string {
+	esc := strings.Split(s, "\\\n")
+	if len(esc) > 1 {
+		for i := 1; i < len(esc); i++ {
+			esc[i] = strings.TrimLeftFunc(esc[i], unicode.IsSpace)
+		}
+	}
+	return strings.Join(esc, "")
+}
+
+func (p *parser) replaceEscapes(str string) string {
+	var replaced []rune
+	s := []byte(str)
+	r := 0
+	for r < len(s) {
+		if s[r] != '\\' {
+			c, size := utf8.DecodeRune(s[r:])
+			r += size
+			replaced = append(replaced, c)
+			continue
+		}
+		r += 1
+		if r >= len(s) {
+			p.bug("Escape sequence at end of string.")
+			return ""
+		}
+		switch s[r] {
+		default:
+			p.bug("Expected valid escape code after \\, but got %q.", s[r])
+			return ""
+		case 'b':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x0008))
+			r += 1
+		case 't':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x0009))
+			r += 1
+		case 'n':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x000A))
+			r += 1
+		case 'f':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x000C))
+			r += 1
+		case 'r':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x000D))
+			r += 1
+		case '"':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x0022))
+			r += 1
+		case '\\':
+			replaced = append(replaced, rune(0x005C))
+			r += 1
+		case 'u':
+			// At this point, we know we have a Unicode escape of the form
+			// `uXXXX` at [r, r+5). (Because the lexer guarantees this
+			// for us.)
+			escaped := p.asciiEscapeToUnicode(s[r+1 : r+5])
+			replaced = append(replaced, escaped)
+			r += 5
+		case 'U':
+			// At this point, we know we have a Unicode escape of the form
+			// `uXXXX` at [r, r+9). (Because the lexer guarantees this
+			// for us.)
+			escaped := p.asciiEscapeToUnicode(s[r+1 : r+9])
+			replaced = append(replaced, escaped)
+			r += 9
+		}
+	}
+	return string(replaced)
+}
+
+func (p *parser) asciiEscapeToUnicode(bs []byte) rune {
+	s := string(bs)
+	hex, err := strconv.ParseUint(strings.ToLower(s), 16, 32)
+	if err != nil {
+		p.bug("Could not parse '%s' as a hexadecimal number, but the "+
+			"lexer claims it's OK: %s", s, err)
+	}
+	if !utf8.ValidRune(rune(hex)) {
+		p.panicf("Escaped character '\\u%s' is not valid UTF-8.", s)
+	}
+	return rune(hex)
+}
+
+func isStringType(ty itemType) bool {
+	return ty == itemString || ty == itemMultilineString ||
+		ty == itemRawString || ty == itemRawMultilineString
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/type_check.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package toml
+
+// tomlType represents any Go type that corresponds to a TOML type.
+// While the first draft of the TOML spec has a simplistic type system that
+// probably doesn't need this level of sophistication, we seem to be militating
+// toward adding real composite types.
+type tomlType interface {
+	typeString() string
+}
+
+// typeEqual accepts any two types and returns true if they are equal.
+func typeEqual(t1, t2 tomlType) bool {
+	if t1 == nil || t2 == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return t1.typeString() == t2.typeString()
+}
+
+func typeIsHash(t tomlType) bool {
+	return typeEqual(t, tomlHash) || typeEqual(t, tomlArrayHash)
+}
+
+type tomlBaseType string
+
+func (btype tomlBaseType) typeString() string {
+	return string(btype)
+}
+
+func (btype tomlBaseType) String() string {
+	return btype.typeString()
+}
+
+var (
+	tomlInteger   tomlBaseType = "Integer"
+	tomlFloat     tomlBaseType = "Float"
+	tomlDatetime  tomlBaseType = "Datetime"
+	tomlString    tomlBaseType = "String"
+	tomlBool      tomlBaseType = "Bool"
+	tomlArray     tomlBaseType = "Array"
+	tomlHash      tomlBaseType = "Hash"
+	tomlArrayHash tomlBaseType = "ArrayHash"
+)
+
+// typeOfPrimitive returns a tomlType of any primitive value in TOML.
+// Primitive values are: Integer, Float, Datetime, String and Bool.
+//
+// Passing a lexer item other than the following will cause a BUG message
+// to occur: itemString, itemBool, itemInteger, itemFloat, itemDatetime.
+func (p *parser) typeOfPrimitive(lexItem item) tomlType {
+	switch lexItem.typ {
+	case itemInteger:
+		return tomlInteger
+	case itemFloat:
+		return tomlFloat
+	case itemDatetime:
+		return tomlDatetime
+	case itemString:
+		return tomlString
+	case itemMultilineString:
+		return tomlString
+	case itemRawString:
+		return tomlString
+	case itemRawMultilineString:
+		return tomlString
+	case itemBool:
+		return tomlBool
+	}
+	p.bug("Cannot infer primitive type of lex item '%s'.", lexItem)
+	panic("unreachable")
+}
+
+// typeOfArray returns a tomlType for an array given a list of types of its
+// values.
+//
+// In the current spec, if an array is homogeneous, then its type is always
+// "Array". If the array is not homogeneous, an error is generated.
+func (p *parser) typeOfArray(types []tomlType) tomlType {
+	// Empty arrays are cool.
+	if len(types) == 0 {
+		return tomlArray
+	}
+
+	theType := types[0]
+	for _, t := range types[1:] {
+		if !typeEqual(theType, t) {
+			p.panicf("Array contains values of type '%s' and '%s', but "+
+				"arrays must be homogeneous.", theType, t)
+		}
+	}
+	return tomlArray
+}

vendor/github.com/BurntSushi/toml/type_fields.go

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+package toml
+
+// Struct field handling is adapted from code in encoding/json:
+//
+// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors.  All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the Go distribution.
+
+import (
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// A field represents a single field found in a struct.
+type field struct {
+	name  string       // the name of the field (`toml` tag included)
+	tag   bool         // whether field has a `toml` tag
+	index []int        // represents the depth of an anonymous field
+	typ   reflect.Type // the type of the field
+}
+
+// byName sorts field by name, breaking ties with depth,
+// then breaking ties with "name came from toml tag", then
+// breaking ties with index sequence.
+type byName []field
+
+func (x byName) Len() int { return len(x) }
+
+func (x byName) Swap(i, j int) { x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i] }
+
+func (x byName) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	if x[i].name != x[j].name {
+		return x[i].name < x[j].name
+	}
+	if len(x[i].index) != len(x[j].index) {
+		return len(x[i].index) < len(x[j].index)
+	}
+	if x[i].tag != x[j].tag {
+		return x[i].tag
+	}
+	return byIndex(x).Less(i, j)
+}
+
+// byIndex sorts field by index sequence.
+type byIndex []field
+
+func (x byIndex) Len() int { return len(x) }
+
+func (x byIndex) Swap(i, j int) { x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i] }
+
+func (x byIndex) Less(i, j int) bool {
+	for k, xik := range x[i].index {
+		if k >= len(x[j].index) {
+			return false
+		}
+		if xik != x[j].index[k] {
+			return xik < x[j].index[k]
+		}
+	}
+	return len(x[i].index) < len(x[j].index)
+}
+
+// typeFields returns a list of fields that TOML should recognize for the given
+// type. The algorithm is breadth-first search over the set of structs to
+// include - the top struct and then any reachable anonymous structs.
+func typeFields(t reflect.Type) []field {
+	// Anonymous fields to explore at the current level and the next.
+	current := []field{}
+	next := []field{{typ: t}}
+
+	// Count of queued names for current level and the next.
+	count := map[reflect.Type]int{}
+	nextCount := map[reflect.Type]int{}
+
+	// Types already visited at an earlier level.
+	visited := map[reflect.Type]bool{}
+
+	// Fields found.
+	var fields []field
+
+	for len(next) > 0 {
+		current, next = next, current[:0]
+		count, nextCount = nextCount, map[reflect.Type]int{}
+
+		for _, f := range current {
+			if visited[f.typ] {
+				continue
+			}
+			visited[f.typ] = true
+
+			// Scan f.typ for fields to include.
+			for i := 0; i < f.typ.NumField(); i++ {
+				sf := f.typ.Field(i)
+				if sf.PkgPath != "" && !sf.Anonymous { // unexported
+					continue
+				}
+				opts := getOptions(sf.Tag)
+				if opts.skip {
+					continue
+				}
+				index := make([]int, len(f.index)+1)
+				copy(index, f.index)
+				index[len(f.index)] = i
+
+				ft := sf.Type
+				if ft.Name() == "" && ft.Kind() == reflect.Ptr {
+					// Follow pointer.
+					ft = ft.Elem()
+				}
+
+				// Record found field and index sequence.
+				if opts.name != "" || !sf.Anonymous || ft.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
+					tagged := opts.name != ""
+					name := opts.name
+					if name == "" {
+						name = sf.Name
+					}
+					fields = append(fields, field{name, tagged, index, ft})
+					if count[f.typ] > 1 {
+						// If there were multiple instances, add a second,
+						// so that the annihilation code will see a duplicate.
+						// It only cares about the distinction between 1 or 2,
+						// so don't bother generating any more copies.
+						fields = append(fields, fields[len(fields)-1])
+					}
+					continue
+				}
+
+				// Record new anonymous struct to explore in next round.
+				nextCount[ft]++
+				if nextCount[ft] == 1 {
+					f := field{name: ft.Name(), index: index, typ: ft}
+					next = append(next, f)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	sort.Sort(byName(fields))
+
+	// Delete all fields that are hidden by the Go rules for embedded fields,
+	// except that fields with TOML tags are promoted.
+
+	// The fields are sorted in primary order of name, secondary order
+	// of field index length. Loop over names; for each name, delete
+	// hidden fields by choosing the one dominant field that survives.
+	out := fields[:0]
+	for advance, i := 0, 0; i < len(fields); i += advance {
+		// One iteration per name.
+		// Find the sequence of fields with the name of this first field.
+		fi := fields[i]
+		name := fi.name
+		for advance = 1; i+advance < len(fields); advance++ {
+			fj := fields[i+advance]
+			if fj.name != name {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if advance == 1 { // Only one field with this name
+			out = append(out, fi)
+			continue
+		}
+		dominant, ok := dominantField(fields[i : i+advance])
+		if ok {
+			out = append(out, dominant)
+		}
+	}
+
+	fields = out
+	sort.Sort(byIndex(fields))
+
+	return fields
+}
+
+// dominantField looks through the fields, all of which are known to
+// have the same name, to find the single field that dominates the
+// others using Go's embedding rules, modified by the presence of
+// TOML tags. If there are multiple top-level fields, the boolean
+// will be false: This condition is an error in Go and we skip all
+// the fields.
+func dominantField(fields []field) (field, bool) {
+	// The fields are sorted in increasing index-length order. The winner
+	// must therefore be one with the shortest index length. Drop all
+	// longer entries, which is easy: just truncate the slice.
+	length := len(fields[0].index)
+	tagged := -1 // Index of first tagged field.
+	for i, f := range fields {
+		if len(f.index) > length {
+			fields = fields[:i]
+			break
+		}
+		if f.tag {
+			if tagged >= 0 {
+				// Multiple tagged fields at the same level: conflict.
+				// Return no field.
+				return field{}, false
+			}
+			tagged = i
+		}
+	}
+	if tagged >= 0 {
+		return fields[tagged], true
+	}
+	// All remaining fields have the same length. If there's more than one,
+	// we have a conflict (two fields named "X" at the same level) and we
+	// return no field.
+	if len(fields) > 1 {
+		return field{}, false
+	}
+	return fields[0], true
+}
+
+var fieldCache struct {
+	sync.RWMutex
+	m map[reflect.Type][]field
+}
+
+// cachedTypeFields is like typeFields but uses a cache to avoid repeated work.
+func cachedTypeFields(t reflect.Type) []field {
+	fieldCache.RLock()
+	f := fieldCache.m[t]
+	fieldCache.RUnlock()
+	if f != nil {
+		return f
+	}
+
+	// Compute fields without lock.
+	// Might duplicate effort but won't hold other computations back.
+	f = typeFields(t)
+	if f == nil {
+		f = []field{}
+	}
+
+	fieldCache.Lock()
+	if fieldCache.m == nil {
+		fieldCache.m = map[reflect.Type][]field{}
+	}
+	fieldCache.m[t] = f
+	fieldCache.Unlock()
+	return f
+}

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/.gitignore

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-logrus

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/.travis.yml

@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-language: go
-go:
-  - 1.3
-  - 1.4
-  - 1.5
-  - tip
-install:
-  - go get -t ./...
-script: GOMAXPROCS=4 GORACE="halt_on_error=1" go test -race -v ./...

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-# 0.10.0
-
-* feature: Add a test hook (#180)
-* feature: `ParseLevel` is now case-insensitive (#326)
-* feature: `FieldLogger` interface that generalizes `Logger` and `Entry` (#308)
-* performance: avoid re-allocations on `WithFields` (#335)
-
-# 0.9.0
-
-* logrus/text_formatter: don't emit empty msg
-* logrus/hooks/airbrake: move out of main repository
-* logrus/hooks/sentry: move out of main repository
-* logrus/hooks/papertrail: move out of main repository
-* logrus/hooks/bugsnag: move out of main repository
-* logrus/core: run tests with `-race`
-* logrus/core: detect TTY based on `stderr`
-* logrus/core: support `WithError` on logger
-* logrus/core: Solaris support
-
-# 0.8.7
-
-* logrus/core: fix possible race (#216)
-* logrus/doc: small typo fixes and doc improvements
-
-
-# 0.8.6
-
-* hooks/raven: allow passing an initialized client
-
-# 0.8.5
-
-* logrus/core: revert #208
-
-# 0.8.4
-
-* formatter/text: fix data race (#218)
-
-# 0.8.3
-
-* logrus/core: fix entry log level (#208)
-* logrus/core: improve performance of text formatter by 40%
-* logrus/core: expose `LevelHooks` type
-* logrus/core: add support for DragonflyBSD and NetBSD
-* formatter/text: print structs more verbosely
-
-# 0.8.2
-
-* logrus: fix more Fatal family functions
-
-# 0.8.1
-
-* logrus: fix not exiting on `Fatalf` and `Fatalln`
-
-# 0.8.0
-
-* logrus: defaults to stderr instead of stdout
-* hooks/sentry: add special field for `*http.Request`
-* formatter/text: ignore Windows for colors
-
-# 0.7.3
-
-* formatter/\*: allow configuration of timestamp layout
-
-# 0.7.2
-
-* formatter/text: Add configuration option for time format (#158)

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/json_formatter.go

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-package logrus
-
-import (
-	"encoding/json"
-	"fmt"
-)
-
-type JSONFormatter struct {
-	// TimestampFormat sets the format used for marshaling timestamps.
-	TimestampFormat string
-}
-
-func (f *JSONFormatter) Format(entry *Entry) ([]byte, error) {
-	data := make(Fields, len(entry.Data)+3)
-	for k, v := range entry.Data {
-		switch v := v.(type) {
-		case error:
-			// Otherwise errors are ignored by `encoding/json`
-			// https://github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/issues/137
-			data[k] = v.Error()
-		default:
-			data[k] = v
-		}
-	}
-	prefixFieldClashes(data)
-
-	timestampFormat := f.TimestampFormat
-	if timestampFormat == "" {
-		timestampFormat = DefaultTimestampFormat
-	}
-
-	data["time"] = entry.Time.Format(timestampFormat)
-	data["msg"] = entry.Message
-	data["level"] = entry.Level.String()
-
-	serialized, err := json.Marshal(data)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Failed to marshal fields to JSON, %v", err)
-	}
-	return append(serialized, '\n'), nil
-}

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/logger.go

@@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
-package logrus
-
-import (
-	"io"
-	"os"
-	"sync"
-)
-
-type Logger struct {
-	// The logs are `io.Copy`'d to this in a mutex. It's common to set this to a
-	// file, or leave it default which is `os.Stderr`. You can also set this to
-	// something more adventorous, such as logging to Kafka.
-	Out io.Writer
-	// Hooks for the logger instance. These allow firing events based on logging
-	// levels and log entries. For example, to send errors to an error tracking
-	// service, log to StatsD or dump the core on fatal errors.
-	Hooks LevelHooks
-	// All log entries pass through the formatter before logged to Out. The
-	// included formatters are `TextFormatter` and `JSONFormatter` for which
-	// TextFormatter is the default. In development (when a TTY is attached) it
-	// logs with colors, but to a file it wouldn't. You can easily implement your
-	// own that implements the `Formatter` interface, see the `README` or included
-	// formatters for examples.
-	Formatter Formatter
-	// The logging level the logger should log at. This is typically (and defaults
-	// to) `logrus.Info`, which allows Info(), Warn(), Error() and Fatal() to be
-	// logged. `logrus.Debug` is useful in
-	Level Level
-	// Used to sync writing to the log.
-	mu sync.Mutex
-}
-
-// Creates a new logger. Configuration should be set by changing `Formatter`,
-// `Out` and `Hooks` directly on the default logger instance. You can also just
-// instantiate your own:
-//
-//    var log = &Logger{
-//      Out: os.Stderr,
-//      Formatter: new(JSONFormatter),
-//      Hooks: make(LevelHooks),
-//      Level: logrus.DebugLevel,
-//    }
-//
-// It's recommended to make this a global instance called `log`.
-func New() *Logger {
-	return &Logger{
-		Out:       os.Stderr,
-		Formatter: new(TextFormatter),
-		Hooks:     make(LevelHooks),
-		Level:     InfoLevel,
-	}
-}
-
-// Adds a field to the log entry, note that you it doesn't log until you call
-// Debug, Print, Info, Warn, Fatal or Panic. It only creates a log entry.
-// If you want multiple fields, use `WithFields`.
-func (logger *Logger) WithField(key string, value interface{}) *Entry {
-	return NewEntry(logger).WithField(key, value)
-}
-
-// Adds a struct of fields to the log entry. All it does is call `WithField` for
-// each `Field`.
-func (logger *Logger) WithFields(fields Fields) *Entry {
-	return NewEntry(logger).WithFields(fields)
-}
-
-// Add an error as single field to the log entry.  All it does is call
-// `WithError` for the given `error`.
-func (logger *Logger) WithError(err error) *Entry {
-	return NewEntry(logger).WithError(err)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Debugf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= DebugLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Debugf(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Infof(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= InfoLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Infof(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Printf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	NewEntry(logger).Printf(format, args...)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warnf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warnf(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warningf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warnf(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Errorf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= ErrorLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Errorf(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Fatalf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= FatalLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Fatalf(format, args...)
-	}
-	os.Exit(1)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Panicf(format string, args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= PanicLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Panicf(format, args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Debug(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= DebugLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Debug(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Info(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= InfoLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Info(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Print(args ...interface{}) {
-	NewEntry(logger).Info(args...)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warn(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warn(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warning(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warn(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Error(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= ErrorLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Error(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Fatal(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= FatalLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Fatal(args...)
-	}
-	os.Exit(1)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Panic(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= PanicLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Panic(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Debugln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= DebugLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Debugln(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Infoln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= InfoLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Infoln(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Println(args ...interface{}) {
-	NewEntry(logger).Println(args...)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warnln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warnln(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Warningln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= WarnLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Warnln(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Errorln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= ErrorLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Errorln(args...)
-	}
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Fatalln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= FatalLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Fatalln(args...)
-	}
-	os.Exit(1)
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) Panicln(args ...interface{}) {
-	if logger.Level >= PanicLevel {
-		NewEntry(logger).Panicln(args...)
-	}
-}

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/terminal_solaris.go

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-// +build solaris
-
-package logrus
-
-import (
-	"os"
-
-	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
-)
-
-// IsTerminal returns true if the given file descriptor is a terminal.
-func IsTerminal() bool {
-	_, err := unix.IoctlGetTermios(int(os.Stdout.Fd()), unix.TCGETA)
-	return err == nil
-}

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/terminal_windows.go

@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-// Based on ssh/terminal:
-// Copyright 2011 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
-// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
-
-// +build windows
-
-package logrus
-
-import (
-	"syscall"
-	"unsafe"
-)
-
-var kernel32 = syscall.NewLazyDLL("kernel32.dll")
-
-var (
-	procGetConsoleMode = kernel32.NewProc("GetConsoleMode")
-)
-
-// IsTerminal returns true if stderr's file descriptor is a terminal.
-func IsTerminal() bool {
-	fd := syscall.Stderr
-	var st uint32
-	r, _, e := syscall.Syscall(procGetConsoleMode.Addr(), 2, uintptr(fd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&st)), 0)
-	return r != 0 && e == 0
-}

vendor/github.com/Sirupsen/logrus/writer.go

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package logrus
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"io"
-	"runtime"
-)
-
-func (logger *Logger) Writer() *io.PipeWriter {
-	reader, writer := io.Pipe()
-
-	go logger.writerScanner(reader)
-	runtime.SetFinalizer(writer, writerFinalizer)
-
-	return writer
-}
-
-func (logger *Logger) writerScanner(reader *io.PipeReader) {
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(reader)
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		logger.Print(scanner.Text())
-	}
-	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-		logger.Errorf("Error while reading from Writer: %s", err)
-	}
-	reader.Close()
-}
-
-func writerFinalizer(writer *io.PipeWriter) {
-	writer.Close()
-}

vendor/github.com/VividCortex/ewma/LICENSE

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2010-2014 Google, Inc. http://angularjs.org
+Copyright (c) 2013 VividCortex
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

vendor/github.com/VividCortex/ewma/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+# EWMA [![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/VividCortex/ewma?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/VividCortex/ewma) ![Build Status](https://circleci.com/gh/VividCortex/moving_average.png?circle-token=1459fa37f9ca0e50cef05d1963146d96d47ea523)
+
+This repo provides Exponentially Weighted Moving Average algorithms, or EWMAs for short, [based on our
+Quantifying Abnormal Behavior talk](https://vividcortex.com/blog/2013/07/23/a-fast-go-library-for-exponential-moving-averages/).
+
+### Exponentially Weighted Moving Average
+
+An exponentially weighted moving average is a way to continuously compute a type of
+average for a series of numbers, as the numbers arrive. After a value in the series is
+added to the average, its weight in the average decreases exponentially over time. This
+biases the average towards more recent data. EWMAs are useful for several reasons, chiefly
+their inexpensive computational and memory cost, as well as the fact that they represent
+the recent central tendency of the series of values.
+
+The EWMA algorithm requires a decay factor, alpha. The larger the alpha, the more the average
+is biased towards recent history. The alpha must be between 0 and 1, and is typically
+a fairly small number, such as 0.04. We will discuss the choice of alpha later.
+
+The algorithm works thus, in pseudocode:
+
+1. Multiply the next number in the series by alpha.
+2. Multiply the current value of the average by 1 minus alpha.
+3. Add the result of steps 1 and 2, and store it as the new current value of the average.
+4. Repeat for each number in the series.
+
+There are special-case behaviors for how to initialize the current value, and these vary
+between implementations. One approach is to start with the first value in the series;
+another is to average the first 10 or so values in the series using an arithmetic average,
+and then begin the incremental updating of the average. Each method has pros and cons.
+
+It may help to look at it pictorially. Suppose the series has five numbers, and we choose
+alpha to be 0.50 for simplicity. Here's the series, with numbers in the neighborhood of 300.
+
+![Data Series](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/279875/28242350-463289a2-6977-11e7-88ca-fd778ccef1f0.png)
+
+Now let's take the moving average of those numbers. First we set the average to the value
+of the first number.
+
+![EWMA Step 1](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/279875/28242353-464c96bc-6977-11e7-9981-dc4e0789c7ba.png)
+
+Next we multiply the next number by alpha, multiply the current value by 1-alpha, and add
+them to generate a new value.
+
+![EWMA Step 2](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/279875/28242351-464abefa-6977-11e7-95d0-43900f29bef2.png)
+
+This continues until we are done.
+
+![EWMA Step N](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/279875/28242352-464c58f0-6977-11e7-8cd0-e01e4efaac7f.png)
+
+Notice how each of the values in the series decays by half each time a new value
+is added, and the top of the bars in the lower portion of the image represents the
+size of the moving average. It is a smoothed, or low-pass, average of the original
+series.
+
+For further reading, see [Exponentially weighted moving average](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average#Exponential_moving_average) on wikipedia.
+
+### Choosing Alpha
+
+Consider a fixed-size sliding-window moving average (not an exponentially weighted moving average)
+that averages over the previous N samples. What is the average age of each sample? It is N/2.
+
+Now suppose that you wish to construct a EWMA whose samples have the same average age. The formula
+to compute the alpha required for this is: alpha = 2/(N+1). Proof is in the book
+"Production and Operations Analysis" by Steven Nahmias.
+
+So, for example, if you have a time-series with samples once per second, and you want to get the
+moving average over the previous minute, you should use an alpha of .032786885. This, by the way,
+is the constant alpha used for this repository's SimpleEWMA.
+
+### Implementations
+
+This repository contains two implementations of the EWMA algorithm, with different properties.
+
+The implementations all conform to the MovingAverage interface, and the constructor returns
+that type.
+
+Current implementations assume an implicit time interval of 1.0 between every sample added.
+That is, the passage of time is treated as though it's the same as the arrival of samples.
+If you need time-based decay when samples are not arriving precisely at set intervals, then
+this package will not support your needs at present.
+
+#### SimpleEWMA
+
+A SimpleEWMA is designed for low CPU and memory consumption. It **will** have different behavior than the VariableEWMA
+for multiple reasons. It has no warm-up period and it uses a constant
+decay.  These properties let it use less memory.  It will also behave
+differently when it's equal to zero, which is assumed to mean
+uninitialized, so if a value is likely to actually become zero over time,
+then any non-zero value will cause a sharp jump instead of a small change.
+
+#### VariableEWMA
+
+Unlike SimpleEWMA, this supports a custom age which must be stored, and thus uses more memory.
+It also has a "warmup" time when you start adding values to it. It will report a value of 0.0
+until you have added the required number of samples to it. It uses some memory to store the
+number of samples added to it. As a result it uses a little over twice the memory of SimpleEWMA.
+
+## Usage
+
+### API Documentation
+
+View the GoDoc generated documentation [here](http://godoc.org/github.com/VividCortex/ewma).
+
+```go
+package main
+import "github.com/VividCortex/ewma"
+
+func main() {
+  samples := [100]float64{
+    4599, 5711, 4746, 4621, 5037, 4218, 4925, 4281, 5207, 5203, 5594, 5149,
+  }
+
+  e := ewma.NewMovingAverage()       //=> Returns a SimpleEWMA if called without params
+  a := ewma.NewMovingAverage(5)      //=> returns a VariableEWMA with a decay of 2 / (5 + 1)
+
+  for _, f := range samples {
+    e.Add(f)
+    a.Add(f)
+  }
+
+  e.Value() //=> 13.577404704631077
+  a.Value() //=> 1.5806140565521463e-12
+}
+```
+
+## Contributing
+
+We only accept pull requests for minor fixes or improvements. This includes:
+
+* Small bug fixes
+* Typos
+* Documentation or comments
+
+Please open issues to discuss new features. Pull requests for new features will be rejected,
+so we recommend forking the repository and making changes in your fork for your use case.
+
+## License
+
+This repository is Copyright (c) 2013 VividCortex, Inc. All rights reserved.
+It is licensed under the MIT license. Please see the LICENSE file for applicable license terms.

vendor/github.com/VividCortex/ewma/ewma.go

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// Package ewma implements exponentially weighted moving averages.
+package ewma
+
+// Copyright (c) 2013 VividCortex, Inc. All rights reserved.
+// Please see the LICENSE file for applicable license terms.
+
+const (
+	// By default, we average over a one-minute period, which means the average
+	// age of the metrics in the period is 30 seconds.
+	AVG_METRIC_AGE float64 = 30.0
+
+	// The formula for computing the decay factor from the average age comes
+	// from "Production and Operations Analysis" by Steven Nahmias.
+	DECAY float64 = 2 / (float64(AVG_METRIC_AGE) + 1)
+
+	// For best results, the moving average should not be initialized to the
+	// samples it sees immediately. The book "Production and Operations
+	// Analysis" by Steven Nahmias suggests initializing the moving average to
+	// the mean of the first 10 samples. Until the VariableEwma has seen this
+	// many samples, it is not "ready" to be queried for the value of the
+	// moving average. This adds some memory cost.
+	WARMUP_SAMPLES uint8 = 10
+)
+
+// MovingAverage is the interface that computes a moving average over a time-
+// series stream of numbers. The average may be over a window or exponentially
+// decaying.
+type MovingAverage interface {
+	Add(float64)
+	Value() float64
+	Set(float64)
+}
+
+// NewMovingAverage constructs a MovingAverage that computes an average with the
+// desired characteristics in the moving window or exponential decay. If no
+// age is given, it constructs a default exponentially weighted implementation
+// that consumes minimal memory. The age is related to the decay factor alpha
+// by the formula given for the DECAY constant. It signifies the average age
+// of the samples as time goes to infinity.
+func NewMovingAverage(age ...float64) MovingAverage {
+	if len(age) == 0 || age[0] == AVG_METRIC_AGE {
+		return new(SimpleEWMA)
+	}
+	return &VariableEWMA{
+		decay: 2 / (age[0] + 1),
+	}
+}
+
+// A SimpleEWMA represents the exponentially weighted moving average of a
+// series of numbers. It WILL have different behavior than the VariableEWMA
+// for multiple reasons. It has no warm-up period and it uses a constant
+// decay.  These properties let it use less memory.  It will also behave
+// differently when it's equal to zero, which is assumed to mean
+// uninitialized, so if a value is likely to actually become zero over time,
+// then any non-zero value will cause a sharp jump instead of a small change.
+// However, note that this takes a long time, and the value may just
+// decays to a stable value that's close to zero, but which won't be mistaken
+// for uninitialized. See http://play.golang.org/p/litxBDr_RC for example.
+type SimpleEWMA struct {
+	// The current value of the average. After adding with Add(), this is
+	// updated to reflect the average of all values seen thus far.
+	value float64
+}
+
+// Add adds a value to the series and updates the moving average.
+func (e *SimpleEWMA) Add(value float64) {
+	if e.value == 0 { // this is a proxy for "uninitialized"
+		e.value = value
+	} else {
+		e.value = (value * DECAY) + (e.value * (1 - DECAY))
+	}
+}
+
+// Value returns the current value of the moving average.
+func (e *SimpleEWMA) Value() float64 {
+	return e.value
+}
+
+// Set sets the EWMA's value.
+func (e *SimpleEWMA) Set(value float64) {
+	e.value = value
+}
+
+// VariableEWMA represents the exponentially weighted moving average of a series of
+// numbers. Unlike SimpleEWMA, it supports a custom age, and thus uses more memory.
+type VariableEWMA struct {
+	// The multiplier factor by which the previous samples decay.
+	decay float64
+	// The current value of the average.
+	value float64
+	// The number of samples added to this instance.
+	count uint8
+}
+
+// Add adds a value to the series and updates the moving average.
+func (e *VariableEWMA) Add(value float64) {
+	switch {
+	case e.count < WARMUP_SAMPLES:
+		e.count++
+		e.value += value
+	case e.count == WARMUP_SAMPLES:
+		e.count++
+		e.value = e.value / float64(WARMUP_SAMPLES)
+		e.value = (value * e.decay) + (e.value * (1 - e.decay))
+	default:
+		e.value = (value * e.decay) + (e.value * (1 - e.decay))
+	}
+}
+
+// Value returns the current value of the average, or 0.0 if the series hasn't
+// warmed up yet.
+func (e *VariableEWMA) Value() float64 {
+	if e.count <= WARMUP_SAMPLES {
+		return 0.0
+	}
+
+	return e.value
+}
+
+// Set sets the EWMA's value.
+func (e *VariableEWMA) Set(value float64) {
+	e.value = value
+	if e.count <= WARMUP_SAMPLES {
+		e.count = WARMUP_SAMPLES + 1
+	}
+}

vendor/github.com/containerd/continuity/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
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+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
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+
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+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
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+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
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+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "{}"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright {yyyy} {name of copyright owner}
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.
+

vendor/github.com/containerd/continuity/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# continuity
+
+[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/containerd/continuity?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/containerd/continuity)
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/containerd/continuity.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/containerd/continuity)
+
+A transport-agnostic, filesystem metadata manifest system
+
+This project is a staging area for experiments in providing transport agnostic
+metadata storage.
+
+Please see https://github.com/opencontainers/specs/issues/11 for more details.
+
+## Manifest Format
+
+A continuity manifest encodes filesystem metadata in Protocol Buffers.
+Please refer to [proto/manifest.proto](proto/manifest.proto).
+
+## Usage
+
+Build:
+
+```console
+$ make
+```
+
+Create a manifest (of this repo itself):
+
+```console
+$ ./bin/continuity build . > /tmp/a.pb
+```
+
+Dump a manifest:
+
+```console
+$ ./bin/continuity ls /tmp/a.pb
+...
+-rw-rw-r--      270 B   /.gitignore
+-rw-rw-r--      88 B    /.mailmap
+-rw-rw-r--      187 B   /.travis.yml
+-rw-rw-r--      359 B   /AUTHORS
+-rw-rw-r--      11 kB   /LICENSE
+-rw-rw-r--      1.5 kB  /Makefile
+...
+-rw-rw-r--      986 B   /testutil_test.go
+drwxrwxr-x      0 B     /version
+-rw-rw-r--      478 B   /version/version.go
+```
+
+Verify a manifest:
+
+```console
+$ ./bin/continuity verify . /tmp/a.pb
+```
+
+Break the directory and restore using the manifest:
+```console
+$ chmod 777 Makefile
+$ ./bin/continuity verify . /tmp/a.pb
+2017/06/23 08:00:34 error verifying manifest: resource "/Makefile" has incorrect mode: -rwxrwxrwx != -rw-rw-r--
+$ ./bin/continuity apply . /tmp/a.pb
+$ stat -c %a Makefile
+664
+$ ./bin/continuity verify . /tmp/a.pb
+```
+
+
+## Contribution Guide
+### Building Proto Package
+
+If you change the proto file you will need to rebuild the generated Go with `go generate`.
+
+```console
+$ go generate ./proto
+```

vendor/github.com/containerd/continuity/pathdriver/path_driver.go

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package pathdriver
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+)
+
+// PathDriver provides all of the path manipulation functions in a common
+// interface. The context should call these and never use the `filepath`
+// package or any other package to manipulate paths.
+type PathDriver interface {
+	Join(paths ...string) string
+	IsAbs(path string) bool
+	Rel(base, target string) (string, error)
+	Base(path string) string
+	Dir(path string) string
+	Clean(path string) string
+	Split(path string) (dir, file string)
+	Separator() byte
+	Abs(path string) (string, error)
+	Walk(string, filepath.WalkFunc) error
+	FromSlash(path string) string
+	ToSlash(path string) string
+	Match(pattern, name string) (matched bool, err error)
+}
+
+// pathDriver is a simple default implementation calls the filepath package.
+type pathDriver struct{}
+
+// LocalPathDriver is the exported pathDriver struct for convenience.
+var LocalPathDriver PathDriver = &pathDriver{}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Join(paths ...string) string {
+	return filepath.Join(paths...)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) IsAbs(path string) bool {
+	return filepath.IsAbs(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Rel(base, target string) (string, error) {
+	return filepath.Rel(base, target)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Base(path string) string {
+	return filepath.Base(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Dir(path string) string {
+	return filepath.Dir(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Clean(path string) string {
+	return filepath.Clean(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Split(path string) (dir, file string) {
+	return filepath.Split(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Separator() byte {
+	return filepath.Separator
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Abs(path string) (string, error) {
+	return filepath.Abs(path)
+}
+
+// Note that filepath.Walk calls os.Stat, so if the context wants to
+// to call Driver.Stat() for Walk, they need to create a new struct that
+// overrides this method.
+func (*pathDriver) Walk(root string, walkFn filepath.WalkFunc) error {
+	return filepath.Walk(root, walkFn)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) FromSlash(path string) string {
+	return filepath.FromSlash(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) ToSlash(path string) string {
+	return filepath.ToSlash(path)
+}
+
+func (*pathDriver) Match(pattern, name string) (bool, error) {
+	return filepath.Match(pattern, name)
+}

vendor/github.com/containerd/continuity/vendor.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+bazil.org/fuse 371fbbdaa8987b715bdd21d6adc4c9b20155f748
+github.com/dustin/go-humanize bb3d318650d48840a39aa21a027c6630e198e626
+github.com/golang/protobuf 1e59b77b52bf8e4b449a57e6f79f21226d571845
+github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap 76626ae9c91c4f2a10f34cad8ce83ea42c93bb75
+github.com/opencontainers/go-digest 279bed98673dd5bef374d3b6e4b09e2af76183bf
+github.com/pkg/errors f15c970de5b76fac0b59abb32d62c17cc7bed265
+github.com/sirupsen/logrus 89742aefa4b206dcf400792f3bd35b542998eb3b
+github.com/spf13/cobra 2da4a54c5ceefcee7ca5dd0eea1e18a3b6366489
+github.com/spf13/pflag 4c012f6dcd9546820e378d0bdda4d8fc772cdfea
+golang.org/x/crypto 9f005a07e0d31d45e6656d241bb5c0f2efd4bc94
+golang.org/x/net a337091b0525af65de94df2eb7e98bd9962dcbe2
+golang.org/x/sync 450f422ab23cf9881c94e2db30cac0eb1b7cf80c
+golang.org/x/sys 665f6529cca930e27b831a0d1dafffbe1c172924

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
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+
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+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+   APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+      To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+      boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "{}"
+      replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+      the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+      comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+      file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+      same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+      identification within third-party archives.
+
+   Copyright {yyyy} {name of copyright owner}
+
+   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+       http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+   limitations under the License.

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+![buildah logo](https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/buildah/master/logos/buildah-logo_large.png)
+
+# [Buildah](https://www.youtube.com/embed/YVk5NgSiUw8) - a tool that facilitates building [Open Container Initiative (OCI)](https://www.opencontainers.org/) container images
+
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/containers/buildah)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/containers/buildah)
+[![Travis](https://travis-ci.org/containers/buildah.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/containers/buildah)
+
+The Buildah package provides a command line tool that can be used to
+* create a working container, either from scratch or using an image as a starting point
+* create an image, either from a working container or via the instructions in a Dockerfile
+* images can be built in either the OCI image format or the traditional upstream docker image format
+* mount a working container's root filesystem for manipulation
+* unmount a working container's root filesystem
+* use the updated contents of a container's root filesystem as a filesystem layer to create a new image
+* delete a working container or an image
+* rename a local container
+
+## Buildah Information for Developers
+
+For blogs, release announcements and more, please checkout the [buildah.io](https://buildah.io) website!
+
+**[Buildah Demos](demos)**
+
+**[Changelog](CHANGELOG.md)**
+
+**[Contributing](CONTRIBUTING.md)**
+
+**[Development Plan](developmentplan.md)**
+
+**[Installation notes](install.md)**
+
+**[Troubleshooting Guide](troubleshooting.md)**
+
+**[Tutorials](docs/tutorials)**
+
+## Buildah and Podman relationship
+
+Buildah and Podman are two complementary open-source projects that are
+available on most Linux platforms and both projects reside at
+[GitHub.com](https://github.com) with Buildah
+[here](https://github.com/containers/buildah) and Podman
+[here](https://github.com/containers/libpod).  Both, Buildah and Podman are
+command line tools that work on Open Container Initiative (OCI) images and
+containers.  The two projects differentiate in their specialization.
+
+Buildah specializes in building OCI images.  Buildah's commands replicate all
+of the commands that are found in a Dockerfile.  This allows building images
+with and without Dockerfiles while not requiring any root privileges.
+Buildah’s ultimate goal is to provide a lower-level coreutils interface to
+build images.  The flexibility of building images without Dockerfiles allows
+for the integration of other scripting languages into the build process.
+Buildah follows a simple fork-exec model and does not run as a daemon
+but it is based on a comprehensive API in golang, which can be vendored
+into other tools.
+
+Podman specializes in all of the commands and functions that help you to maintain and modify
+OCI images, such as pulling and tagging.  It also allows you to create, run, and maintain those containers
+created from those images.
+
+A major difference between Podman and Buildah is their concept of a container.  Podman
+allows users to create "traditional containers" where the intent of these containers is
+to be long lived.  While Buildah containers are really just created to allow content
+to be added back to the container image.  An easy way to think of it is the
+`buildah run` command emulates the RUN command in a Dockerfile while the `podman run`
+command emulates the `docker run` command in functionality.  Because of this and their underlying
+storage differences, you can not see Podman containers from within Buildah or vice versa.
+
+In short, Buildah is an efficient way to create OCI images while Podman allows
+you to manage and maintain those images and containers in a production environment using
+familiar container cli commands.  For more details, see the
+[Container Tools Guide](https://github.com/containers/buildah/tree/master/docs/containertools).
+
+## Example
+
+From [`./examples/lighttpd.sh`](examples/lighttpd.sh):
+
+```bash
+$ cat > lighttpd.sh <<"EOF"
+#!/bin/bash -x
+
+ctr1=$(buildah from "${1:-fedora}")
+
+## Get all updates and install our minimal httpd server
+buildah run "$ctr1" -- dnf update -y
+buildah run "$ctr1" -- dnf install -y lighttpd
+
+## Include some buildtime annotations
+buildah config --annotation "com.example.build.host=$(uname -n)" "$ctr1"
+
+## Run our server and expose the port
+buildah config --cmd "/usr/sbin/lighttpd -D -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf" "$ctr1"
+buildah config --port 80 "$ctr1"
+
+## Commit this container to an image name
+buildah commit "$ctr1" "${2:-$USER/lighttpd}"
+EOF
+
+$ chmod +x lighttpd.sh
+$ sudo ./lighttpd.sh
+```
+
+## Commands
+| Command                                              | Description                                                                                          |
+| ---------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| [buildah-add(1)](/docs/buildah-add.md)               | Add the contents of a file, URL, or a directory to the container.                                    |
+| [buildah-bud(1)](/docs/buildah-bud.md)               | Build an image using instructions from Dockerfiles.                                                  |
+| [buildah-commit(1)](/docs/buildah-commit.md)         | Create an image from a working container.                                                            |
+| [buildah-config(1)](/docs/buildah-config.md)         | Update image configuration settings.                                                                 |
+| [buildah-containers(1)](/docs/buildah-containers.md) | List the working containers and their base images.                                                   |
+| [buildah-copy(1)](/docs/buildah-copy.md)             | Copies the contents of a file, URL, or directory into a container's working directory.               |
+| [buildah-from(1)](/docs/buildah-from.md)             | Creates a new working container, either from scratch or using a specified image as a starting point. |
+| [buildah-images(1)](/docs/buildah-images.md)         | List images in local storage.                                                                        |
+| [buildah-info(1)](/docs/buildah-info.md)             | Display Buildah system information.                                                                  |
+| [buildah-inspect(1)](/docs/buildah-inspect.md)       | Inspects the configuration of a container or image.                                                  |
+| [buildah-mount(1)](/docs/buildah-mount.md)           | Mount the working container's root filesystem.                                                       |
+| [buildah-pull(1)](/docs/buildah-pull.md)             | Pull an image from the specified location.                                                           |
+| [buildah-push(1)](/docs/buildah-push.md)             | Push an image from local storage to elsewhere.                                                       |
+| [buildah-rename(1)](/docs/buildah-rename.md)         | Rename a local container.                                                                            |
+| [buildah-rm(1)](/docs/buildah-rm.md)                 | Removes one or more working containers.                                                              |
+| [buildah-rmi(1)](/docs/buildah-rmi.md)               | Removes one or more images.                                                                          |
+| [buildah-run(1)](/docs/buildah-run.md)               | Run a command inside of the container.                                                               |
+| [buildah-tag(1)](/docs/buildah-tag.md)               | Add an additional name to a local image.                                                             |
+| [buildah-umount(1)](/docs/buildah-umount.md)         | Unmount a working container's root file system.                                                      |
+| [buildah-unshare(1)](/docs/buildah-unshare.md)       | Launch a command in a user namespace with modified ID mappings.                                      |
+| [buildah-version(1)](/docs/buildah-version.md)       | Display the Buildah Version Information                                                              |
+
+**Future goals include:**
+* more CI tests
+* additional CLI commands (?)

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare/unshare.c

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <linux/memfd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <grp.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <termios.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifndef F_LINUX_SPECIFIC_BASE
+#define F_LINUX_SPECIFIC_BASE 1024
+#endif
+#ifndef F_ADD_SEALS
+#define F_ADD_SEALS (F_LINUX_SPECIFIC_BASE + 9)
+#define F_GET_SEALS (F_LINUX_SPECIFIC_BASE + 10)
+#endif
+#ifndef F_SEAL_SEAL
+#define F_SEAL_SEAL   0x0001LU
+#endif
+#ifndef F_SEAL_SHRINK
+#define F_SEAL_SHRINK 0x0002LU
+#endif
+#ifndef F_SEAL_GROW
+#define F_SEAL_GROW   0x0004LU
+#endif
+#ifndef F_SEAL_WRITE
+#define F_SEAL_WRITE  0x0008LU
+#endif
+
+#define BUFSTEP 1024
+
+static const char *_max_user_namespaces = "/proc/sys/user/max_user_namespaces";
+static const char *_unprivileged_user_namespaces = "/proc/sys/kernel/unprivileged_userns_clone";
+
+static int _containers_unshare_parse_envint(const char *envname) {
+	char *p, *q;
+	long l;
+
+	p = getenv(envname);
+	if (p == NULL) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	q = NULL;
+	l = strtol(p, &q, 10);
+	if ((q == NULL) || (*q != '\0')) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Error parsing \"%s\"=\"%s\"!\n", envname, p);
+		_exit(1);
+	}
+	unsetenv(envname);
+	return l;
+}
+
+static void _check_proc_sys_file(const char *path)
+{
+	FILE *fp;
+	char buf[32];
+	size_t n_read;
+	long r;
+
+	fp = fopen(path, "r");
+	if (fp == NULL) {
+		if (errno != ENOENT)
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error reading %s: %m\n", _max_user_namespaces);
+	} else {
+		memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
+		n_read = fread(buf, 1, sizeof(buf) - 1, fp);
+		if (n_read > 0) {
+			r = atoi(buf);
+			if (r == 0) {
+				fprintf(stderr, "User namespaces are not enabled in %s.\n", path);
+			}
+		} else {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error reading %s: no contents, should contain a number greater than 0.\n", path);
+		}
+		fclose(fp);
+	}
+}
+
+static char **parse_proc_stringlist(const char *list) {
+	int fd, n, i, n_strings;
+	char *buf, *new_buf, **ret;
+	size_t size, new_size, used;
+
+	fd = open(list, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd == -1) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	buf = NULL;
+	size = 0;
+	used = 0;
+	for (;;) {
+		new_size = used + BUFSTEP;
+		new_buf = realloc(buf, new_size);
+		if (new_buf == NULL) {
+			free(buf);
+			fprintf(stderr, "realloc(%ld): out of memory\n", (long)(size + BUFSTEP));
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		buf = new_buf;
+		size = new_size;
+		memset(buf + used, '\0', size - used);
+		n = read(fd, buf + used, size - used - 1);
+		if (n < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "read(): %m\n");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+		if (n == 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+		used += n;
+	}
+	close(fd);
+	n_strings = 0;
+	for (n = 0; n < used; n++) {
+		if ((n == 0) || (buf[n-1] == '\0')) {
+			n_strings++;
+		}
+	}
+	ret = calloc(n_strings + 1, sizeof(char *));
+	if (ret == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "calloc(): out of memory\n");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	i = 0;
+	for (n = 0; n < used; n++) {
+		if ((n == 0) || (buf[n-1] == '\0')) {
+			ret[i++] = &buf[n];
+		}
+	}
+	ret[i] = NULL;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int containers_reexec(void) {
+	char **argv, *exename;
+	int fd, mmfd, n_read, n_written;
+	struct stat st;
+	char buf[2048];
+
+	argv = parse_proc_stringlist("/proc/self/cmdline");
+	if (argv == NULL) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+	fd = open("/proc/self/exe", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+	if (fd == -1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "open(\"/proc/self/exe\"): %m\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (fstat(fd, &st) == -1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "fstat(\"/proc/self/exe\"): %m\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	exename = basename(argv[0]);
+	mmfd = syscall(SYS_memfd_create, exename, (long) MFD_ALLOW_SEALING | MFD_CLOEXEC);
+	if (mmfd == -1) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "memfd_create(): %m\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	for (;;) {
+		n_read = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+		if (n_read < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "read(\"/proc/self/exe\"): %m\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (n_read == 0) {
+			break;
+		}
+		n_written = write(mmfd, buf, n_read);
+		if (n_written < 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "write(anonfd): %m\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (n_written != n_read) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "write(anonfd): short write (%d != %d)\n", n_written, n_read);
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+	close(fd);
+	if (fcntl(mmfd, F_ADD_SEALS, F_SEAL_SHRINK | F_SEAL_GROW | F_SEAL_WRITE | F_SEAL_SEAL) == -1) {
+		close(mmfd);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Error sealing memfd copy: %m\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	if (fexecve(mmfd, argv, environ) == -1) {
+		close(mmfd);
+		fprintf(stderr, "Error during reexec(...): %m\n");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void _containers_unshare(void)
+{
+	int flags, pidfd, continuefd, n, pgrp, sid, ctty;
+	char buf[2048];
+
+	flags = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-unshare");
+	if (flags == -1) {
+		return;
+	}
+	if ((flags & CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0) {
+		if (unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER) == -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during unshare(CLONE_NEWUSER): %m\n");
+                        _check_proc_sys_file (_max_user_namespaces);
+                        _check_proc_sys_file (_unprivileged_user_namespaces);
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	pidfd = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-pid-pipe");
+	if (pidfd != -1) {
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%llu", (unsigned long long) getpid());
+		size_t size = write(pidfd, buf, strlen(buf));
+		if (size != strlen(buf)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error writing PID to pipe on fd %d: %m\n", pidfd);
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+		close(pidfd);
+	}
+	continuefd = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-continue-pipe");
+	if (continuefd != -1) {
+		n = read(continuefd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+		if (n > 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error: %.*s\n", n, buf);
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+		close(continuefd);
+	}
+	sid = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-setsid");
+	if (sid == 1) {
+		if (setsid() == -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during setsid: %m\n");
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	pgrp = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-setpgrp");
+	if (pgrp == 1) {
+		if (setpgrp() == -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during setpgrp: %m\n");
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	ctty = _containers_unshare_parse_envint("_Containers-ctty");
+	if (ctty != -1) {
+		if (ioctl(ctty, TIOCSCTTY, 0) == -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error while setting controlling terminal to %d: %m\n", ctty);
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	if ((flags & CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0) {
+		if (setresgid(0, 0, 0) != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during setresgid(0): %m\n");
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+		if (setresuid(0, 0, 0) != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during setresuid(0): %m\n");
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	if ((flags & ~CLONE_NEWUSER) != 0) {
+		if (unshare(flags & ~CLONE_NEWUSER) == -1) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Error during unshare(...): %m\n");
+			_exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+	if (containers_reexec() != 0) {
+		_exit(1);
+	}
+	return;
+}

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare/unshare.go

@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+// +build linux
+
+package unshare
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"os/user"
+	"runtime"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/idtools"
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/reexec"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/syndtr/gocapability/capability"
+)
+
+// Cmd wraps an exec.Cmd created by the reexec package in unshare(), and
+// handles setting ID maps and other related settings by triggering
+// initialization code in the child.
+type Cmd struct {
+	*exec.Cmd
+	UnshareFlags               int
+	UseNewuidmap               bool
+	UidMappings                []specs.LinuxIDMapping
+	UseNewgidmap               bool
+	GidMappings                []specs.LinuxIDMapping
+	GidMappingsEnableSetgroups bool
+	Setsid                     bool
+	Setpgrp                    bool
+	Ctty                       *os.File
+	OOMScoreAdj                *int
+	Hook                       func(pid int) error
+}
+
+// Command creates a new Cmd which can be customized.
+func Command(args ...string) *Cmd {
+	cmd := reexec.Command(args...)
+	return &Cmd{
+		Cmd: cmd,
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *Cmd) Start() error {
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+
+	// Set an environment variable to tell the child to synchronize its startup.
+	if c.Env == nil {
+		c.Env = os.Environ()
+	}
+	c.Env = append(c.Env, fmt.Sprintf("_Containers-unshare=%d", c.UnshareFlags))
+
+	// Please the libpod "rootless" package to find the expected env variables.
+	if os.Geteuid() != 0 {
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, "_CONTAINERS_USERNS_CONFIGURED=done")
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, fmt.Sprintf("_CONTAINERS_ROOTLESS_UID=%d", os.Geteuid()))
+	}
+
+	// Create the pipe for reading the child's PID.
+	pidRead, pidWrite, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error creating pid pipe")
+	}
+	c.Env = append(c.Env, fmt.Sprintf("_Containers-pid-pipe=%d", len(c.ExtraFiles)+3))
+	c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, pidWrite)
+
+	// Create the pipe for letting the child know to proceed.
+	continueRead, continueWrite, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		pidRead.Close()
+		pidWrite.Close()
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error creating pid pipe")
+	}
+	c.Env = append(c.Env, fmt.Sprintf("_Containers-continue-pipe=%d", len(c.ExtraFiles)+3))
+	c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, continueRead)
+
+	// Pass along other instructions.
+	if c.Setsid {
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, "_Containers-setsid=1")
+	}
+	if c.Setpgrp {
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, "_Containers-setpgrp=1")
+	}
+	if c.Ctty != nil {
+		c.Env = append(c.Env, fmt.Sprintf("_Containers-ctty=%d", len(c.ExtraFiles)+3))
+		c.ExtraFiles = append(c.ExtraFiles, c.Ctty)
+	}
+
+	// Make sure we clean up our pipes.
+	defer func() {
+		if pidRead != nil {
+			pidRead.Close()
+		}
+		if pidWrite != nil {
+			pidWrite.Close()
+		}
+		if continueRead != nil {
+			continueRead.Close()
+		}
+		if continueWrite != nil {
+			continueWrite.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Start the new process.
+	err = c.Cmd.Start()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Close the ends of the pipes that the parent doesn't need.
+	continueRead.Close()
+	continueRead = nil
+	pidWrite.Close()
+	pidWrite = nil
+
+	// Read the child's PID from the pipe.
+	pidString := ""
+	b := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	io.Copy(b, pidRead)
+	pidString = b.String()
+	pid, err := strconv.Atoi(pidString)
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error parsing PID %q: %v", pidString, err)
+		return errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing PID %q", pidString)
+	}
+	pidString = fmt.Sprintf("%d", pid)
+
+	// If we created a new user namespace, set any specified mappings.
+	if c.UnshareFlags&syscall.CLONE_NEWUSER != 0 {
+		// Always set "setgroups".
+		setgroups, err := os.OpenFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/setgroups", pidString), os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error opening setgroups: %v", err)
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error opening /proc/%s/setgroups", pidString)
+		}
+		defer setgroups.Close()
+		if c.GidMappingsEnableSetgroups {
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(setgroups, "allow"); err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error writing \"allow\" to setgroups: %v", err)
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "error opening \"allow\" to /proc/%s/setgroups", pidString)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(setgroups, "deny"); err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error writing \"deny\" to setgroups: %v", err)
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "error writing \"deny\" to /proc/%s/setgroups", pidString)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(c.UidMappings) == 0 || len(c.GidMappings) == 0 {
+			uidmap, gidmap, err := GetHostIDMappings("")
+			if err != nil {
+				fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error reading ID mappings in parent: %v", err)
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading ID mappings in parent")
+			}
+			if len(c.UidMappings) == 0 {
+				c.UidMappings = uidmap
+				for i := range c.UidMappings {
+					c.UidMappings[i].HostID = c.UidMappings[i].ContainerID
+				}
+			}
+			if len(c.GidMappings) == 0 {
+				c.GidMappings = gidmap
+				for i := range c.GidMappings {
+					c.GidMappings[i].HostID = c.GidMappings[i].ContainerID
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(c.GidMappings) > 0 {
+			// Build the GID map, since writing to the proc file has to be done all at once.
+			g := new(bytes.Buffer)
+			for _, m := range c.GidMappings {
+				fmt.Fprintf(g, "%d %d %d\n", m.ContainerID, m.HostID, m.Size)
+			}
+			// Set the GID map.
+			if c.UseNewgidmap {
+				cmd := exec.Command("newgidmap", append([]string{pidString}, strings.Fields(strings.Replace(g.String(), "\n", " ", -1))...)...)
+				g.Reset()
+				cmd.Stdout = g
+				cmd.Stderr = g
+				err := cmd.Run()
+				if err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error running newgidmap: %v: %s", err, g.String())
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error running newgidmap: %s", g.String())
+				}
+			} else {
+				gidmap, err := os.OpenFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/gid_map", pidString), os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0)
+				if err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error opening /proc/%s/gid_map: %v", pidString, err)
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error opening /proc/%s/gid_map", pidString)
+				}
+				defer gidmap.Close()
+				if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(gidmap, "%s", g.String()); err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error writing %q to /proc/%s/gid_map: %v", g.String(), pidString, err)
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error writing %q to /proc/%s/gid_map", g.String(), pidString)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(c.UidMappings) > 0 {
+			// Build the UID map, since writing to the proc file has to be done all at once.
+			u := new(bytes.Buffer)
+			for _, m := range c.UidMappings {
+				fmt.Fprintf(u, "%d %d %d\n", m.ContainerID, m.HostID, m.Size)
+			}
+			// Set the GID map.
+			if c.UseNewuidmap {
+				cmd := exec.Command("newuidmap", append([]string{pidString}, strings.Fields(strings.Replace(u.String(), "\n", " ", -1))...)...)
+				u.Reset()
+				cmd.Stdout = u
+				cmd.Stderr = u
+				err := cmd.Run()
+				if err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error running newuidmap: %v: %s", err, u.String())
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error running newuidmap: %s", u.String())
+				}
+			} else {
+				uidmap, err := os.OpenFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/uid_map", pidString), os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0)
+				if err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error opening /proc/%s/uid_map: %v", pidString, err)
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error opening /proc/%s/uid_map", pidString)
+				}
+				defer uidmap.Close()
+				if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(uidmap, "%s", u.String()); err != nil {
+					fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error writing %q to /proc/%s/uid_map: %v", u.String(), pidString, err)
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "error writing %q to /proc/%s/uid_map", u.String(), pidString)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if c.OOMScoreAdj != nil {
+		oomScoreAdj, err := os.OpenFile(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/oom_score_adj", pidString), os.O_TRUNC|os.O_WRONLY, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error opening oom_score_adj: %v", err)
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error opening /proc/%s/oom_score_adj", pidString)
+		}
+		defer oomScoreAdj.Close()
+		if _, err := fmt.Fprintf(oomScoreAdj, "%d\n", *c.OOMScoreAdj); err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "error writing \"%d\" to oom_score_adj: %v", c.OOMScoreAdj, err)
+			return errors.Wrapf(err, "error writing \"%d\" to /proc/%s/oom_score_adj", c.OOMScoreAdj, pidString)
+		}
+	}
+	// Run any additional setup that we want to do before the child starts running proper.
+	if c.Hook != nil {
+		if err = c.Hook(pid); err != nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(continueWrite, "hook error: %v", err)
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *Cmd) Run() error {
+	if err := c.Start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return c.Wait()
+}
+
+func (c *Cmd) CombinedOutput() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("unshare: CombinedOutput() not implemented")
+}
+
+func (c *Cmd) Output() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("unshare: Output() not implemented")
+}
+
+var (
+	isRootlessOnce sync.Once
+	isRootless     bool
+)
+
+const (
+	// UsernsEnvName is the environment variable, if set indicates in rootless mode
+	UsernsEnvName = "_CONTAINERS_USERNS_CONFIGURED"
+)
+
+// IsRootless tells us if we are running in rootless mode
+func IsRootless() bool {
+	isRootlessOnce.Do(func() {
+		isRootless = os.Geteuid() != 0 || os.Getenv(UsernsEnvName) != ""
+	})
+	return isRootless
+}
+
+// GetRootlessUID returns the UID of the user in the parent userNS
+func GetRootlessUID() int {
+	uidEnv := os.Getenv("_CONTAINERS_ROOTLESS_UID")
+	if uidEnv != "" {
+		u, _ := strconv.Atoi(uidEnv)
+		return u
+	}
+	return os.Getuid()
+}
+
+// RootlessEnv returns the environment settings for the rootless containers
+func RootlessEnv() []string {
+	return append(os.Environ(), UsernsEnvName+"=done")
+}
+
+type Runnable interface {
+	Run() error
+}
+
+func bailOnError(err error, format string, a ...interface{}) {
+	if err != nil {
+		if format != "" {
+			logrus.Errorf("%s: %v", fmt.Sprintf(format, a...), err)
+		} else {
+			logrus.Errorf("%v", err)
+		}
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+}
+
+// MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace re-exec the process in a new namespace
+func MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(evenForRoot bool) {
+	// If we've already been through this once, no need to try again.
+	if os.Geteuid() == 0 && IsRootless() {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var uidNum, gidNum uint64
+	// Figure out who we are.
+	me, err := user.Current()
+	if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		bailOnError(err, "error determining current user")
+		uidNum, err = strconv.ParseUint(me.Uid, 10, 32)
+		bailOnError(err, "error parsing current UID %s", me.Uid)
+		gidNum, err = strconv.ParseUint(me.Gid, 10, 32)
+		bailOnError(err, "error parsing current GID %s", me.Gid)
+	}
+
+	runtime.LockOSThread()
+	defer runtime.UnlockOSThread()
+
+	// ID mappings to use to reexec ourselves.
+	var uidmap, gidmap []specs.LinuxIDMapping
+	if uidNum != 0 || evenForRoot {
+		// Read the set of ID mappings that we're allowed to use.  Each
+		// range in /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid file is a starting host
+		// ID and a range size.
+		uidmap, gidmap, err = GetSubIDMappings(me.Username, me.Username)
+		bailOnError(err, "error reading allowed ID mappings")
+		if len(uidmap) == 0 {
+			logrus.Warnf("Found no UID ranges set aside for user %q in /etc/subuid.", me.Username)
+		}
+		if len(gidmap) == 0 {
+			logrus.Warnf("Found no GID ranges set aside for user %q in /etc/subgid.", me.Username)
+		}
+		// Map our UID and GID, then the subuid and subgid ranges,
+		// consecutively, starting at 0, to get the mappings to use for
+		// a copy of ourselves.
+		uidmap = append([]specs.LinuxIDMapping{{HostID: uint32(uidNum), ContainerID: 0, Size: 1}}, uidmap...)
+		gidmap = append([]specs.LinuxIDMapping{{HostID: uint32(gidNum), ContainerID: 0, Size: 1}}, gidmap...)
+		var rangeStart uint32
+		for i := range uidmap {
+			uidmap[i].ContainerID = rangeStart
+			rangeStart += uidmap[i].Size
+		}
+		rangeStart = 0
+		for i := range gidmap {
+			gidmap[i].ContainerID = rangeStart
+			rangeStart += gidmap[i].Size
+		}
+	} else {
+		// If we have CAP_SYS_ADMIN, then we don't need to create a new namespace in order to be able
+		// to use unshare(), so don't bother creating a new user namespace at this point.
+		capabilities, err := capability.NewPid(0)
+		bailOnError(err, "error reading the current capabilities sets")
+		if capabilities.Get(capability.EFFECTIVE, capability.CAP_SYS_ADMIN) {
+			return
+		}
+		// Read the set of ID mappings that we're currently using.
+		uidmap, gidmap, err = GetHostIDMappings("")
+		bailOnError(err, "error reading current ID mappings")
+		// Just reuse them.
+		for i := range uidmap {
+			uidmap[i].HostID = uidmap[i].ContainerID
+		}
+		for i := range gidmap {
+			gidmap[i].HostID = gidmap[i].ContainerID
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Unlike most uses of reexec or unshare, we're using a name that
+	// _won't_ be recognized as a registered reexec handler, since we
+	// _want_ to fall through reexec.Init() to the normal main().
+	cmd := Command(append([]string{fmt.Sprintf("%s-in-a-user-namespace", os.Args[0])}, os.Args[1:]...)...)
+
+	// If, somehow, we don't become UID 0 in our child, indicate that the child shouldn't try again.
+	err = os.Setenv(UsernsEnvName, "1")
+	bailOnError(err, "error setting %s=1 in environment", UsernsEnvName)
+
+	// Set the default isolation type to use the "rootless" method.
+	if _, present := os.LookupEnv("BUILDAH_ISOLATION"); !present {
+		if err = os.Setenv("BUILDAH_ISOLATION", "rootless"); err != nil {
+			if err := os.Setenv("BUILDAH_ISOLATION", "rootless"); err != nil {
+				logrus.Errorf("error setting BUILDAH_ISOLATION=rootless in environment: %v", err)
+				os.Exit(1)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reuse our stdio.
+	cmd.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	cmd.Stdout = os.Stdout
+	cmd.Stderr = os.Stderr
+
+	// Set up a new user namespace with the ID mapping.
+	cmd.UnshareFlags = syscall.CLONE_NEWUSER | syscall.CLONE_NEWNS
+	cmd.UseNewuidmap = uidNum != 0
+	cmd.UidMappings = uidmap
+	cmd.UseNewgidmap = uidNum != 0
+	cmd.GidMappings = gidmap
+	cmd.GidMappingsEnableSetgroups = true
+
+	// Finish up.
+	logrus.Debugf("running %+v with environment %+v, UID map %+v, and GID map %+v", cmd.Cmd.Args, os.Environ(), cmd.UidMappings, cmd.GidMappings)
+	ExecRunnable(cmd)
+}
+
+// ExecRunnable runs the specified unshare command, captures its exit status,
+// and exits with the same status.
+func ExecRunnable(cmd Runnable) {
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		if exitError, ok := errors.Cause(err).(*exec.ExitError); ok {
+			if exitError.ProcessState.Exited() {
+				if waitStatus, ok := exitError.ProcessState.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus); ok {
+					if waitStatus.Exited() {
+						logrus.Errorf("%v", exitError)
+						os.Exit(waitStatus.ExitStatus())
+					}
+					if waitStatus.Signaled() {
+						logrus.Errorf("%v", exitError)
+						os.Exit(int(waitStatus.Signal()) + 128)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		logrus.Errorf("%v", err)
+		logrus.Errorf("(unable to determine exit status)")
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
+	os.Exit(0)
+}
+
+// getHostIDMappings reads mappings from the named node under /proc.
+func getHostIDMappings(path string) ([]specs.LinuxIDMapping, error) {
+	var mappings []specs.LinuxIDMapping
+	f, err := os.Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading ID mappings from %q", path)
+	}
+	defer f.Close()
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		fields := strings.Fields(line)
+		if len(fields) != 3 {
+			return nil, errors.Errorf("line %q from %q has %d fields, not 3", line, path, len(fields))
+		}
+		cid, err := strconv.ParseUint(fields[0], 10, 32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing container ID value %q from line %q in %q", fields[0], line, path)
+		}
+		hid, err := strconv.ParseUint(fields[1], 10, 32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing host ID value %q from line %q in %q", fields[1], line, path)
+		}
+		size, err := strconv.ParseUint(fields[2], 10, 32)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error parsing size value %q from line %q in %q", fields[2], line, path)
+		}
+		mappings = append(mappings, specs.LinuxIDMapping{ContainerID: uint32(cid), HostID: uint32(hid), Size: uint32(size)})
+	}
+	return mappings, nil
+}
+
+// GetHostIDMappings reads mappings for the specified process (or the current
+// process if pid is "self" or an empty string) from the kernel.
+func GetHostIDMappings(pid string) ([]specs.LinuxIDMapping, []specs.LinuxIDMapping, error) {
+	if pid == "" {
+		pid = "self"
+	}
+	uidmap, err := getHostIDMappings(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/uid_map", pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	gidmap, err := getHostIDMappings(fmt.Sprintf("/proc/%s/gid_map", pid))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return uidmap, gidmap, nil
+}
+
+// GetSubIDMappings reads mappings from /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid.
+func GetSubIDMappings(user, group string) ([]specs.LinuxIDMapping, []specs.LinuxIDMapping, error) {
+	mappings, err := idtools.NewIDMappings(user, group)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error reading subuid mappings for user %q and subgid mappings for group %q", user, group)
+	}
+	var uidmap, gidmap []specs.LinuxIDMapping
+	for _, m := range mappings.UIDs() {
+		uidmap = append(uidmap, specs.LinuxIDMapping{
+			ContainerID: uint32(m.ContainerID),
+			HostID:      uint32(m.HostID),
+			Size:        uint32(m.Size),
+		})
+	}
+	for _, m := range mappings.GIDs() {
+		gidmap = append(gidmap, specs.LinuxIDMapping{
+			ContainerID: uint32(m.ContainerID),
+			HostID:      uint32(m.HostID),
+			Size:        uint32(m.Size),
+		})
+	}
+	return uidmap, gidmap, nil
+}
+
+// ParseIDMappings parses mapping triples.
+func ParseIDMappings(uidmap, gidmap []string) ([]idtools.IDMap, []idtools.IDMap, error) {
+	uid, err := idtools.ParseIDMap(uidmap, "userns-uid-map")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	gid, err := idtools.ParseIDMap(gidmap, "userns-gid-map")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	return uid, gid, nil
+}

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare/unshare_cgo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// +build linux,cgo,!gccgo
+
+package unshare
+
+// #cgo CFLAGS: -Wall
+// extern void _containers_unshare(void);
+// void __attribute__((constructor)) init(void) {
+//   _containers_unshare();
+// }
+import "C"

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare/unshare_gccgo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// +build linux,cgo,gccgo
+
+package unshare
+
+// #cgo CFLAGS: -Wall -Wextra
+// extern void _containers_unshare(void);
+// void __attribute__((constructor)) init(void) {
+//   _containers_unshare();
+// }
+import "C"
+
+// This next bit is straight out of libcontainer.
+
+// AlwaysFalse is here to stay false
+// (and be exported so the compiler doesn't optimize out its reference)
+var AlwaysFalse bool
+
+func init() {
+	if AlwaysFalse {
+		// by referencing this C init() in a noop test, it will ensure the compiler
+		// links in the C function.
+		// https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=65134
+		C.init()
+	}
+}

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/pkg/unshare/unshare_unsupported.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// +build !linux
+
+package unshare
+
+import (
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/idtools"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/specs-go"
+)
+
+const (
+	// UsernsEnvName is the environment variable, if set indicates in rootless mode
+	UsernsEnvName = "_CONTAINERS_USERNS_CONFIGURED"
+)
+
+// IsRootless tells us if we are running in rootless mode
+func IsRootless() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// GetRootlessUID returns the UID of the user in the parent userNS
+func GetRootlessUID() int {
+	return os.Getuid()
+}
+
+// RootlessEnv returns the environment settings for the rootless containers
+func RootlessEnv() []string {
+	return append(os.Environ(), UsernsEnvName+"=")
+}
+
+// MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace re-exec the process in a new namespace
+func MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(evenForRoot bool) {
+}
+
+// GetHostIDMappings reads mappings for the specified process (or the current
+// process if pid is "self" or an empty string) from the kernel.
+func GetHostIDMappings(pid string) ([]specs.LinuxIDMapping, []specs.LinuxIDMapping, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}
+
+// ParseIDMappings parses mapping triples.
+func ParseIDMappings(uidmap, gidmap []string) ([]idtools.IDMap, []idtools.IDMap, error) {
+	return nil, nil, nil
+}

vendor/github.com/containers/buildah/vendor.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm d6e3b3328b783f23731bc4d058875b0371ff8109
+github.com/blang/semver v3.5.0
+github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.2.0
+github.com/containerd/continuity 004b46473808b3e7a4a3049c20e4376c91eb966d
+github.com/containernetworking/cni v0.7.0-rc2
+github.com/containers/image f52cf78ebfa1916da406f8b6210d8f7764ec1185
+github.com/vbauerster/mpb v3.3.4
+github.com/mattn/go-isatty v0.0.4
+github.com/VividCortex/ewma v1.1.1
+github.com/boltdb/bolt v1.3.1
+github.com/containers/storage v1.12.2
+github.com/docker/distribution 5f6282db7d65e6d72ad7c2cc66310724a57be716
+github.com/docker/docker 54dddadc7d5d89fe0be88f76979f6f6ab0dede83
+github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.6.1
+github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0
+github.com/docker/go-units v0.3.2
+github.com/docker/libtrust aabc10ec26b754e797f9028f4589c5b7bd90dc20
+github.com/docker/libnetwork 1a06131fb8a047d919f7deaf02a4c414d7884b83
+github.com/fsouza/go-dockerclient v1.3.0
+github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0
+github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.2.0
+github.com/gorilla/context v1.1.1
+github.com/gorilla/mux v1.6.2
+github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.0.0
+github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.0.0
+github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.6
+github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.3
+github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.4.11
+github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.8.3
+github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs v2.1.1
+github.com/moby/moby f8806b18b4b92c5e1980f6e11c917fad201cd73c
+github.com/mtrmac/gpgme b2432428689ca58c2b8e8dea9449d3295cf96fc9
+# TODO: Gotty has not been updated since 2012. Can we find a replacement?
+github.com/Nvveen/Gotty cd527374f1e5bff4938207604a14f2e38a9cf512
+github.com/opencontainers/go-digest c9281466c8b2f606084ac71339773efd177436e7
+github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.0.0
+github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.0.0-rc6
+github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.0.0
+github.com/opencontainers/runtime-tools v0.8.0
+github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.1
+github.com/openshift/imagebuilder v1.1.0
+github.com/ostreedev/ostree-go 9ab99253d365aac3a330d1f7281cf29f3d22820b
+github.com/pkg/errors v0.8.1
+github.com/pquerna/ffjson d49c2bc1aa135aad0c6f4fc2056623ec78f5d5ac
+github.com/seccomp/libseccomp-golang v0.9.0
+github.com/seccomp/containers-golang v0.1
+github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.0.0
+github.com/syndtr/gocapability d98352740cb2c55f81556b63d4a1ec64c5a319c2
+github.com/tchap/go-patricia v2.2.6
+github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.5
+github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.10.2
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer 4e3ac2762d5f479393488629ee9370b50873b3a6
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference bd5ef7bd5415a7ac448318e64f11a24cd21e594b
+github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.1.0
+golang.org/x/crypto ff983b9c42bc9fbf91556e191cc8efb585c16908 https://github.com/golang/crypto
+golang.org/x/net 45ffb0cd1ba084b73e26dee67e667e1be5acce83 https://github.com/golang/net
+golang.org/x/sync 37e7f081c4d4c64e13b10787722085407fe5d15f https://github.com/golang/sync
+golang.org/x/sys 7fbe1cd0fcc20051e1fcb87fbabec4a1bacaaeba https://github.com/golang/sys
+golang.org/x/text e6919f6577db79269a6443b9dc46d18f2238fb5d https://github.com/golang/text
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2
+k8s.io/client-go kubernetes-1.10.13-beta.0 https://github.com/kubernetes/client-go
+github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.1
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.4.1
+github.com/klauspost/cpuid v1.2.0
+github.com/onsi/gomega v1.4.3
+github.com/spf13/cobra v0.0.3
+github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.3
+github.com/ishidawataru/sctp 07191f837fedd2f13d1ec7b5f885f0f3ec54b1cb

vendor/github.com/containers/image/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+[![GoDoc](https://godoc.org/github.com/containers/image?status.svg)](https://godoc.org/github.com/containers/image) [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/containers/image.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/containers/image)
+=
+
+`image` is a set of Go libraries aimed at working in various way with
+containers' images and container image registries.
+
+The containers/image library allows application to pull and push images from
+container image registries, like the upstream docker registry. It also
+implements "simple image signing".
+
+The containers/image library also allows you to inspect a repository on a
+container registry without pulling down the image. This means it fetches the
+repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like json
+output about a whole repository or a tag. This library, in contrast to `docker
+inspect`, helps you gather useful information about a repository or a tag
+without requiring you to run `docker pull`.
+
+The containers/image library also allows you to translate from one image format
+to another, for example docker container images to OCI images. It also allows
+you to copy container images between various registries, possibly converting
+them as necessary, and to sign and verify images.
+
+## Command-line usage
+
+The containers/image project is only a library with no user interface;
+you can either incorporate it into your Go programs, or use the `skopeo` tool:
+
+The [skopeo](https://github.com/containers/skopeo) tool uses the
+containers/image library and takes advantage of many of its features,
+e.g. `skopeo copy` exposes the `containers/image/copy.Image` functionality.
+
+## Dependencies
+
+This library does not ship a committed version of its dependencies in a `vendor`
+subdirectory.  This is so you can make well-informed decisions about which
+libraries you should use with this package in your own projects, and because
+types defined in the `vendor` directory would be impossible to use from your projects.
+
+What this project tests against dependencies-wise is located
+[in vendor.conf](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/vendor.conf).
+
+## Building
+
+If you want to see what the library can do, or an example of how it is called,
+consider starting with the [skopeo](https://github.com/containers/skopeo) tool
+instead.
+
+To integrate this library into your project, put it into `$GOPATH` or use
+your preferred vendoring tool to include a copy in your project.
+Ensure that the dependencies documented [in vendor.conf](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/vendor.conf)
+are also available
+(using those exact versions or different versions of your choosing).
+
+This library, by default, also depends on the GpgME and libostree C libraries. Either install them:
+```sh
+Fedora$ dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel ostree-devel
+macOS$ brew install gpgme
+```
+or use the build tags described below to avoid the dependencies (e.g. using `go build -tags …`)
+
+### Supported build tags
+
+- `containers_image_openpgp`: Use a Golang-only OpenPGP implementation for signature verification instead of the default cgo/gpgme-based implementation;
+the primary downside is that creating new signatures with the Golang-only implementation is not supported.
+- `containers_image_ostree_stub`: Instead of importing `ostree:` transport in `github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports`, use a stub which reports that the transport is not supported. This allows building the library without requiring the `libostree` development libraries. The `github.com/containers/image/ostree` package is completely disabled
+and impossible to import when this build tag is in use.
+
+## [Contributing](CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+Information about contributing to this project.
+
+When developing this library, please use `make` (or `make … BUILDTAGS=…`) to take advantage of the tests and validation.
+
+## License
+
+Apache License 2.0
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+## Contact
+
+- Mailing list: [containers-dev](https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en#!forum/containers-dev)
+- IRC: #[container-projects](irc://irc.freenode.net:6667/#container-projects) on freenode.net