Bump Skopeo to v1.18.0

As the title says, bumping to v1.18.0 to go out
with Podman v5.4.

Signed-off-by: tomsweeneyredhat <tsweeney@redhat.com>

.cirrus.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+---
+
+# Main collection of env. vars to set for all tasks and scripts.
+env:
+    ####
+    #### Global variables used for all tasks
+    ####
+    # Name of the ultimate destination branch for this CI run, PR or post-merge.
+    DEST_BRANCH: "main"
+    # Overrides default location (/tmp/cirrus) for repo clone
+    GOPATH: &gopath "/var/tmp/go"
+    GOBIN: "${GOPATH}/bin"
+    GOCACHE: "${GOPATH}/cache"
+    GOSRC: &gosrc "/var/tmp/go/src/github.com/containers/skopeo"
+    # Required for consistency with containers/image CI
+    SKOPEO_PATH: *gosrc
+    CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: *gosrc
+    # The default is 'sh' if unspecified
+    CIRRUS_SHELL: "/bin/bash"
+    # Save a little typing (path relative to $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR)
+    SCRIPT_BASE: "./contrib/cirrus"
+
+    # Google-cloud VM Images
+    IMAGE_SUFFIX: "c20250131t121915z-f41f40d13"
+    FEDORA_CACHE_IMAGE_NAME: "fedora-${IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
+
+    # Container FQIN's
+    FEDORA_CONTAINER_FQIN: "quay.io/libpod/fedora_podman:${IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
+
+    # Built along with the standard PR-based workflow in c/automation_images
+    SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN: "quay.io/libpod/skopeo_cidev:${IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
+
+
+# Default timeout for each task
+timeout_in: 45m
+
+
+gcp_credentials: ENCRYPTED[52d9e807b531b37ab14e958cb5a72499460663f04c8d73e22ad608c027a31118420f1c80f0be0882fbdf96f49d8f9ac0]
+
+
+validate_task:
+    # The git-validation tool doesn't work well on branch or tag push,
+    # under Cirrus-CI, due to challenges obtaining the starting commit ID.
+    # Only do validation for PRs.
+    only_if: &is_pr $CIRRUS_PR != ''
+    container:
+        image: '${SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN}'
+        cpu: 4
+        memory: 8
+    setup_script: |
+        make tools
+    test_script: |
+        make validate-local
+        make vendor && hack/tree_status.sh
+
+doccheck_task:
+    only_if: *is_pr
+    depends_on:
+      - validate
+    container:
+        image: "${FEDORA_CONTAINER_FQIN}"
+        cpu: 4
+        memory: 8
+    env:
+        BUILDTAGS: &withopengpg 'btrfs_noversion libdm_no_deferred_remove containers_image_openpgp'
+    script: |
+      # TODO: Can't use 'runner.sh setup' inside container.  However,
+      # removing the pre-installed package is the only necessary step
+      # at the time of this comment.
+      dnf remove -y skopeo  # Guarantee non-interference
+      "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" build
+      "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" doccheck
+
+osx_task:
+    # Don't run for docs-only builds.
+    # Also don't run on release-branches or their PRs,
+    # since base container-image is not version-constrained.
+    only_if: &not_docs_or_release_branch >-
+        ($CIRRUS_BASE_BRANCH == $CIRRUS_DEFAULT_BRANCH ||
+         $CIRRUS_BRANCH == $CIRRUS_DEFAULT_BRANCH ) &&
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+    persistent_worker: &mac_pw
+        labels:
+            os: darwin
+            arch: arm64
+            purpose: prod
+    env:
+        CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: "$HOME/ci/task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}"
+        # Prevent cache-pollution fron one task to the next.
+        GOPATH: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go"
+        GOCACHE: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go/cache"
+        GOENV: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go/support"
+        GOSRC: "$HOME/ci/task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}"
+        TMPDIR: "/private/tmp/ci"
+    # This host is/was shared with potentially many other CI tasks.
+    # The previous task may have been canceled or aborted.
+    prep_script: &mac_cleanup "contrib/cirrus/mac_cleanup.sh"
+    test_script:
+        - export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
+        - go version
+        - go env
+        - make tools
+        - make validate-local test-unit-local bin/skopeo
+        - bin/skopeo -v
+    # This host is/was shared with potentially many other CI tasks.
+    # Ensure nothing is left running while waiting for the next task.
+    always:
+        task_cleanup_script: *mac_cleanup
+
+
+cross_task:
+    alias: cross
+    only_if: >-
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+    gce_instance: &standardvm
+        image_project: libpod-218412
+        zone: "us-central1-f"
+        cpu: 2
+        memory: "4Gb"
+        # Required to be 200gig, do not modify - has i/o performance impact
+        # according to gcloud CLI tool warning messages.
+        disk: 200
+        image_name: ${FEDORA_CACHE_IMAGE_NAME}
+    env:
+        BUILDTAGS: *withopengpg
+    setup_script: >-
+        "${GOSRC}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" setup
+    cross_script: >-
+        "${GOSRC}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" cross
+
+
+ostree-rs-ext_task:
+    alias: proxy_ostree_ext
+    only_if: *not_docs_or_release_branch
+    # WARNING: This task potentially performs a container image
+    # build (on change) with runtime package installs.  Therefore,
+    # its behavior can be unpredictable and potentially flake-prone.
+    # In case of emergency, uncomment the next statement to bypass.
+    #
+    # skip: $CI == "true"
+    #
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+    # Ref: https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/docker-builder-vm/#dockerfile-as-a-ci-environment
+    container:
+        # The runtime image will be rebuilt on change
+        dockerfile: contrib/cirrus/ostree_ext.dockerfile
+        docker_arguments:  # required build-args
+            BASE_FQIN: quay.io/coreos-assembler/fcos-buildroot:testing-devel
+            CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION: 3
+    env:
+        EXT_REPO_NAME: ostree-rs-ext
+        EXT_REPO_HOME: $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/../$EXT_REPO_NAME
+        EXT_REPO: https://github.com/ostreedev/${EXT_REPO_NAME}.git
+    skopeo_build_script:
+        - dnf builddep -y skopeo
+        - make
+        - make install
+    proxy_ostree_ext_build_script:
+        - git clone --depth 1 $EXT_REPO $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cd $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cargo test --no-run
+    proxy_ostree_ext_test_script:
+        - cd $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cargo test -- --nocapture --quiet
+
+
+#####
+##### NOTE: This task is subtantially duplicated in the containers/image
+##### repository's `.cirrus.yml`.  Changes made here should be fully merged
+##### prior to being manually duplicated and maintained in containers/image.
+#####
+test_skopeo_task:
+    alias: test_skopeo
+    # Don't test for [CI:DOCS], [CI:BUILD].
+    only_if: >-
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:BUILD.*' &&
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+    gce_instance:
+        image_project: libpod-218412
+        zone: "us-central1-f"
+        cpu: 2
+        memory: "4Gb"
+        # Required to be 200gig, do not modify - has i/o performance impact
+        # according to gcloud CLI tool warning messages.
+        disk: 200
+        image_name: ${FEDORA_CACHE_IMAGE_NAME}
+    matrix:
+        - name: "Skopeo Test"  # N/B: Name ref. by hack/get_fqin.sh
+          env:
+              BUILDTAGS: 'btrfs_noversion libdm_no_deferred_remove'
+        - name: "Skopeo Test w/ opengpg"
+          env:
+              BUILDTAGS: *withopengpg
+    setup_script: >-
+        "${GOSRC}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" setup
+    vendor_script: >-
+        "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" vendor
+    build_script: >-
+        "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" build
+    unit_script: >-
+        "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" unit
+    integration_script: >-
+        "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" integration
+    system_script: >
+        "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" system
+
+
+# This task is critical.  It updates the "last-used by" timestamp stored
+# in metadata for all VM images.  This mechanism functions in tandem with
+# an out-of-band pruning operation to remove disused VM images.
+meta_task:
+    name: "VM img. keepalive"
+    alias: meta
+    container: &smallcontainer
+        cpu: 2
+        memory: 2
+        image: quay.io/libpod/imgts:latest
+    env:
+        # Space-separated list of images used by this repository state
+        IMGNAMES: |
+            ${FEDORA_CACHE_IMAGE_NAME}
+            build-push-${IMAGE_SUFFIX}
+        BUILDID: "${CIRRUS_BUILD_ID}"
+        REPOREF: "${CIRRUS_REPO_NAME}"
+        GCPJSON: ENCRYPTED[6867b5a83e960e7c159a98fe6c8360064567a071c6f4b5e7d532283ecd870aa65c94ccd74bdaa9bf7aadac9d42e20a67]
+        GCPNAME: ENCRYPTED[1cf558ae125e3c39ec401e443ad76452b25d790c45eb73d77c83eb059a0f7fd5085ef7e2f7e410b04ea6e83b0aab2eb1]
+        GCPPROJECT: libpod-218412
+    clone_script: &noop mkdir -p "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR"
+    script: /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh
+
+
+# Status aggregator for all tests.  This task simply ensures a defined
+# set of tasks all passed, and allows confirming that based on the status
+# of this task.
+success_task:
+    name: "Total Success"
+    alias: success
+    # N/B: ALL tasks must be listed here, minus their '_task' suffix.
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+        - doccheck
+        - osx
+        - cross
+        - proxy_ostree_ext
+        - test_skopeo
+        - meta
+    container: *smallcontainer
+    env:
+        CTR_FQIN: ${FEDORA_CONTAINER_FQIN}
+        TEST_ENVIRON: container
+    clone_script: *noop
+    script: /bin/true

.github/renovate.json5

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+   Renovate is a service similar to GitHub Dependabot, but with
+   (fantastically) more configuration options.  So many options
+   in fact, if you're new I recommend glossing over this cheat-sheet
+   prior to the official documentation:
+
+   https://www.augmentedmind.de/2021/07/25/renovate-bot-cheat-sheet
+
+   Configuration Update/Change Procedure:
+     1. Make changes
+     2. Manually validate changes (from repo-root):
+
+        podman run -it \
+            -v ./.github/renovate.json5:/usr/src/app/renovate.json5:z \
+            docker.io/renovate/renovate:latest \
+            renovate-config-validator
+     3. Commit.
+
+   Configuration Reference:
+   https://docs.renovatebot.com/configuration-options/
+
+   Monitoring Dashboard:
+   https://app.renovatebot.com/dashboard#github/containers
+
+   Note: The Renovate bot will create/manage it's business on
+         branches named 'renovate/*'.  Otherwise, and by
+         default, the only the copy of this file that matters
+         is the one on the `main` branch.  No other branches
+         will be monitored or touched in any way.
+*/
+
+{
+  "$schema": "https://docs.renovatebot.com/renovate-schema.json",
+
+  /*************************************************
+   ****** Global/general configuration options *****
+   *************************************************/
+
+  // Re-use predefined sets of configuration options to DRY
+  "extends": [
+    // https://github.com/containers/automation/blob/main/renovate/defaults.json5
+    "github>containers/automation//renovate/defaults.json5"
+  ],
+
+  // Permit automatic rebasing when base-branch changes by more than
+  // one commit.
+  "rebaseWhen": "behind-base-branch",
+
+  /*************************************************
+   *** Repository-specific configuration options ***
+   *************************************************/
+}

.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+
+# See also:
+# https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml
+
+on:
+  # Note: This only applies to the default branch.
+  schedule:
+    # N/B: This should correspond to a period slightly after
+    # the last job finishes running.  See job defs. at:
+    # https://cirrus-ci.com/settings/repository/6706677464432640
+    - cron:  '03 03 * * 1-5'
+  # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/reusing-workflows
+  call_cron_failures:
+    uses: containers/podman/.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml@main
+    secrets: inherit

.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+
+# See also:
+# https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron:  '0 0 * * *'
+  # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/reusing-workflows
+  closed_issue_discussion_lock:
+    uses: containers/podman/.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml@main
+    secrets: inherit
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write

.github/workflows/rerun_cirrus_cron.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+---
+
+# See also: https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/.github/workflows/rerun_cirrus_cron.yml
+
+on:
+  # Note: This only applies to the default branch.
+  schedule:
+    # N/B: This should correspond to a period slightly after
+    # the last job finishes running.  See job defs. at:
+    # https://cirrus-ci.com/settings/repository/6706677464432640
+    - cron:  '01 01 * * 1-5'
+  # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/reusing-workflows
+  call_cron_rerun:
+    uses: containers/podman/.github/workflows/rerun_cirrus_cron.yml@main
+    secrets: inherit

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+name: Mark stale issues and pull requests
+
+# Please refer to https://github.com/actions/stale/blob/master/action.yml
+# to see all config knobs of the stale action.
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+  - cron: "0 0 * * *"
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  stale:
+    permissions:
+      issues: write  # for actions/stale to close stale issues
+      pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/stale@v9
+      with:
+        repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+        stale-issue-message: 'A friendly reminder that this issue had no activity for 30 days.'
+        stale-pr-message: 'A friendly reminder that this PR had no activity for 30 days.'
+        stale-issue-label: 'stale-issue'
+        stale-pr-label: 'stale-pr'
+        days-before-stale: 30
+        days-before-close: 365
+        remove-stale-when-updated: true

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
-/docs/skopeo.1
+*.1
 /layers-*
 /skopeo
+result
+/completions/
+# ignore JetBrains IDEs (GoLand) config folder
+.idea
+
+# Ignore the bin directory
+bin

.golangci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+---
+run:
+  timeout: 5m

.packit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+---
+# See the documentation for more information:
+# https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/
+
+# NOTE: The Packit copr_build tasks help to check if every commit builds on
+# supported Fedora and CentOS Stream arches.
+# They do not block the current Cirrus-based workflow.
+
+downstream_package_name: skopeo
+upstream_tag_template: v{version}
+
+packages:
+  skopeo-fedora:
+    pkg_tool: fedpkg
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+  skopeo-centos:
+    pkg_tool: centpkg
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+  skopeo-eln:
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+
+srpm_build_deps:
+  - make
+
+jobs:
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: pull_request
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    notifications: &copr_build_failure_notification
+      failure_comment:
+        message: "Ephemeral COPR build failed. @containers/packit-build please check."
+    targets:
+      - fedora-all-x86_64
+      - fedora-all-aarch64
+    enable_net: true
+
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: pull_request
+    packages: [skopeo-eln]
+    notifications: *copr_build_failure_notification
+    targets:
+      fedora-eln-x86_64:
+        additional_repos:
+          - "https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/repos/eln-build/latest/x86_64/"
+      fedora-eln-aarch64:
+        additional_repos:
+          - "https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/repos/eln-build/latest/aarch64/"
+    enable_net: true
+
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: pull_request
+    packages: [skopeo-centos]
+    notifications: *copr_build_failure_notification
+    targets:
+      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
+      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
+      - centos-stream-10-x86_64
+      - centos-stream-10-aarch64
+    enable_net: true
+
+  # Run on commit to main branch
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: commit
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    notifications:
+      failure_comment:
+        message: "podman-next COPR build failed. @containers/packit-build please check."
+    branch: main
+    owner: rhcontainerbot
+    project: podman-next
+    enable_net: true
+
+  # Sync to Fedora
+  - job: propose_downstream
+    trigger: release
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    update_release: false
+    dist_git_branches: &fedora_targets
+      - fedora-all
+
+  # Sync to CentOS Stream
+  - job: propose_downstream
+    trigger: release
+    packages: [skopeo-centos]
+    update_release: false
+    dist_git_branches:
+      - c10s
+
+  # Fedora Koji build
+  - job: koji_build
+    trigger: commit
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    sidetag_group: podman-releases
+    # Dependents are not rpm dependencies, but the package whose bodhi update
+    # should include this package.
+    # Ref: https://packit.dev/docs/fedora-releases-guide/releasing-multiple-packages
+    dependents:
+      - podman
+    dist_git_branches: *fedora_targets

.travis.yml

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-  -  os: linux
-     sudo: required
-     services:
-       - docker
-  -  os: osx
-
-notifications:
-  email: false
-
-install:
-  # NOTE: The (brew update) should not be necessary, and slows things down;
-  # we include it as a workaround for https://github.com/Homebrew/brew/issues/3299
-  # ideally Travis should bake the (brew update) into its images
-  # (https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/8552 ), but that’s only going
-  # to happen around November 2017 per https://blog.travis-ci.com/2017-10-16-a-new-default-os-x-image-is-coming .
-  # Remove the (brew update) at that time.
-  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]]; then brew update && brew install gpgme ; fi
-
-script:
-  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "osx" ]];   then hack/travis_osx.sh ; fi
-  - if [[ "$TRAVIS_OS_NAME" == "linux" ]]; then make check ; fi

CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## The skopeo Project Community Code of Conduct
+
+The skopeo project, as part of Podman Container Tools, follows the [CNCF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/main/code-of-conduct.md).

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@ that we follow.
 * [Reporting Issues](#reporting-issues)
 * [Submitting Pull Requests](#submitting-pull-requests)
 * [Communications](#communications)
+<!--
 * [Becoming a Maintainer](#becoming-a-maintainer)
+-->
 
 ## Reporting Issues
 
 Before reporting an issue, check our backlog of 
-[open issues](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/issues)
+[open issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues)
 to see if someone else has already reported it. If so, feel free to add
 your scenario, or additional information, to the discussion. Or simply 
 "subscribe" to it to be notified when it is updated.
@@ -37,9 +39,9 @@ It's ok to just open up a PR with the fix, but make sure you include the same
 information you would have included in an issue - like how to reproduce it.
 
 PRs for new features should include some background on what use cases the
-new code is trying to address. And, when possible and it makes, try to break-up
+new code is trying to address. When possible and when it makes sense, try to break-up
 larger PRs into smaller ones - it's easier to review smaller
-code changes. But, only if those smaller ones make sense as stand-alone PRs.
+code changes. But only if those smaller ones make sense as stand-alone PRs.
 
 Regardless of the type of PR, all PRs should include:
 * well documented code changes
@@ -47,9 +49,9 @@ Regardless of the type of PR, all PRs should include:
 * documentation changes
 
 Squash your commits into logical pieces of work that might want to be reviewed
-separate from the rest of the PRs. But, squashing down to just one commit is ok
-too since in the end the entire PR will be reviewed anyway. When in doubt, 
-squash.
+separate from the rest of the PRs. Ideally, each commit should implement a single
+idea, and the PR branch should pass the tests at every commit.  GitHub makes it easy
+to review the cumulative effect of many commits; so, when in doubt, use smaller commits.
 
 PRs that fix issues should include a reference like `Closes #XXXX` in the
 commit message so that github will automatically close the referenced issue
@@ -113,16 +115,47 @@ Use your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.)
 If you set your `user.name` and `user.email` git configs, you can sign your
 commit automatically with `git commit -s`.
 
+### Dependencies management
+
+Dependencies are managed via [standard go modules](https://golang.org/ref/mod).
+
+In order to add a new dependency to this project:
+
+- use `go get -d path/to/dep@version` to add a new line to `go.mod`
+- run `make vendor`
+
+In order to update an existing dependency:
+
+- use `go get -d -u path/to/dep@version` to update the relevant dependency line in `go.mod`
+- run `make vendor`
+
+When new PRs for [containers/image](https://github.com/containers/image) break `skopeo` (i.e. `containers/image` tests fail in `make test-skopeo`):
+
+- create out a new branch in your `skopeo` checkout and switch to it
+- find out the version of `containers/image` you want to use and note its commit ID. You might also want to use a fork of `containers/image`, in that case note its repo
+- use `go get -d github.com/$REPO/image/v5@$COMMIT_ID` to download the right version. The command will fetch the dependency and then fail because of a conflict in `go.mod`, this is expected. Note the pseudo-version (eg. `v5.13.1-0.20210707123201-50afbf0a326`)
+- use `go mod edit -replace=github.com/containers/image/v5=github.com/$REPO/image/v5@$PSEUDO_VERSION` to add a replacement line to `go.mod` (e.g. `replace github.com/containers/image/v5 => github.com/moio/image/v5 v5.13.1-0.20210707123201-50afbf0a3262`)
+- run `make vendor`
+- make any other necessary changes in the skopeo repo (e.g. add other dependencies now required by `containers/image`, or update skopeo for changed `containers/image` API)
+- optionally add new integration tests to the skopeo repo
+- submit the resulting branch as a skopeo PR, marked “DO NOT MERGE”
+- iterate until tests pass and the PR is reviewed
+- then the original `containers/image` PR can be merged, disregarding its `make test-skopeo` failure
+- as soon as possible after that, in the skopeo PR, use `go mod edit -dropreplace=github.com/containers/image` to remove the `replace` line in `go.mod`
+- run `make vendor`
+- update the skopeo PR with the result, drop the “DO NOT MERGE” marking
+- after tests complete successfully again, merge the skopeo PR
+
 ## Communications
 
-For general questions, or dicsussions, please use the 
-IRC group on `irc.freenode.net` called `container-projects`
+For general questions, or discussions, please use the 
+IRC channel on `irc.libera.chat` called `#container-projects`
 that has been setup.
 
 For discussions around issues/bugs and features, you can use the github
-[issues](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/issues)
+[issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues)
 and
-[PRs](https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/pulls)
+[PRs](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/pulls)
 tracking system.
 
 <!--

Dockerfile

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-FROM fedora
-
-RUN dnf -y update && dnf install -y make git golang golang-github-cpuguy83-go-md2man \
-	# storage deps
-	btrfs-progs-devel \
-	device-mapper-devel \
-	# gpgme bindings deps
-	libassuan-devel gpgme-devel \
-	ostree-devel \
-	gnupg
-
-# Install two versions of the registry. The first is an older version that
-# only supports schema1 manifests. The second is a newer version that supports
-# both. This allows integration-cli tests to cover push/pull with both schema1
-# and schema2 manifests.
-ENV REGISTRY_COMMIT_SCHEMA1 ec87e9b6971d831f0eff752ddb54fb64693e51cd
-ENV REGISTRY_COMMIT 47a064d4195a9b56133891bbb13620c3ac83a827
-RUN set -x \
-	&& export GOPATH="$(mktemp -d)" \
-	&& git clone https://github.com/docker/distribution.git "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" \
-	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" && git checkout -q "$REGISTRY_COMMIT") \
-	&& GOPATH="$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution/Godeps/_workspace:$GOPATH" \
-		go build -o /usr/local/bin/registry-v2 github.com/docker/distribution/cmd/registry \
-	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution" && git checkout -q "$REGISTRY_COMMIT_SCHEMA1") \
-	&& GOPATH="$GOPATH/src/github.com/docker/distribution/Godeps/_workspace:$GOPATH" \
-		go build -o /usr/local/bin/registry-v2-schema1 github.com/docker/distribution/cmd/registry \
-	&& rm -rf "$GOPATH"
-
-RUN set -x \
-	&& yum install -y which git tar wget hostname util-linux bsdtar socat ethtool device-mapper iptables tree findutils nmap-ncat e2fsprogs xfsprogs lsof docker iproute \
-	&& export GOPATH=$(mktemp -d) \
-	&& git clone --depth 1 -b v1.5.0-alpha.3 git://github.com/openshift/origin "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin" \
-	&& (cd "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin" && make clean build && make all WHAT=cmd/dockerregistry) \
-	&& cp -a "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin/_output/local/bin/linux"/*/* /usr/local/bin \
-	&& cp "$GOPATH/src/github.com/openshift/origin/images/dockerregistry/config.yml" /atomic-registry-config.yml \
-	&& mkdir /registry
-
-ENV GOPATH /usr/share/gocode:/go
-ENV PATH $GOPATH/bin:/usr/share/gocode/bin:$PATH
-RUN go get github.com/golang/lint/golint
-WORKDIR /go/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-COPY . /go/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-
-#ENTRYPOINT ["hack/dind"]

Dockerfile.build

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-FROM ubuntu:17.04
-
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y \
-    golang \
-    btrfs-tools \
-    git-core \
-    libdevmapper-dev \
-    libgpgme11-dev \
-    go-md2man \
-    libglib2.0-dev \
-    libostree-dev
-
-ENV GOPATH=/
-WORKDIR /src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo

Makefile

@@ -1,133 +1,263 @@
-.PHONY: all binary build-container build-local clean install install-binary install-completions shell test-integration
+.PHONY: all binary docs docs-in-container build-local clean install install-binary install-completions shell test-integration .install.vndr vendor vendor-in-container
 
-export GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
+export GOPROXY=https://proxy.golang.org
 
-ifeq ($(shell uname),Darwin)
-PREFIX ?= ${DESTDIR}/usr/local
-DARWIN_BUILD_TAG=containers_image_ostree_stub
-# On macOS, (brew install gpgme) installs it within /usr/local, but /usr/local/include is not in the default search path.
-# Rather than hard-code this directory, use gpgme-config. Sadly that must be done at the top-level user
-# instead of locally in the gpgme subpackage, because cgo supports only pkg-config, not general shell scripts,
-# and gpgme does not install a pkg-config file.
-# If gpgme is not installed or gpgme-config can’t be found for other reasons, the error is silently ignored
-# (and the user will probably find out because the cgo compilation will fail).
-GPGME_ENV := CGO_CFLAGS="$(shell gpgme-config --cflags 2>/dev/null)" CGO_LDFLAGS="$(shell gpgme-config --libs 2>/dev/null)"
+# The following variables very roughly follow https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Makefile-Conventions .
+DESTDIR ?=
+PREFIX ?= /usr/local
+ifeq ($(shell uname -s),FreeBSD)
+CONTAINERSCONFDIR ?= /usr/local/etc/containers
 else
-PREFIX ?= ${DESTDIR}/usr
+CONTAINERSCONFDIR ?= /etc/containers
+endif
+REGISTRIESDDIR ?= ${CONTAINERSCONFDIR}/registries.d
+LOOKASIDEDIR ?= /var/lib/containers/sigstore
+BINDIR ?= ${PREFIX}/bin
+MANDIR ?= ${PREFIX}/share/man
+
+BASHINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/bash-completion/completions
+ZSHINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/zsh/site-functions
+FISHINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/fish/vendor_completions.d
+
+GO ?= go
+GOBIN := $(shell $(GO) env GOBIN)
+GOOS ?= $(shell go env GOOS)
+GOARCH ?= $(shell go env GOARCH)
+
+# N/B: This value is managed by Renovate, manual changes are
+# possible, as long as they don't disturb the formatting
+# (i.e. DO NOT ADD A 'v' prefix!)
+GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION := 1.63.4
+
+ifeq ($(GOBIN),)
+GOBIN := $(GOPATH)/bin
 endif
 
-INSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/bin
-MANINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/man
-CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR=${DESTDIR}/etc/containers
-REGISTRIESDDIR=${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}/registries.d
-SIGSTOREDIR=${DESTDIR}/var/lib/atomic/sigstore
-BASHINSTALLDIR=${PREFIX}/share/bash-completion/completions
-GO_MD2MAN ?= go-md2man
-GO ?= go
+# Scripts may also use CONTAINER_RUNTIME, so we need to export it.
+# Note possibly non-obvious aspects of this:
+# - We need to use 'command -v' here, not 'which', for compatibility with MacOS.
+# - GNU Make 4.2.1 (included in Ubuntu 20.04) incorrectly tries to avoid invoking
+#   a shell, and fails because there is no /usr/bin/command. The trailing ';' in
+#   $(shell … ;) defeats that heuristic (recommended in
+#   https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?57625 ).
+export CONTAINER_RUNTIME ?= $(if $(shell command -v podman ;),podman,docker)
+GOMD2MAN ?= $(if $(shell command -v go-md2man ;),go-md2man,$(GOBIN)/go-md2man)
 
 ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
   override GOGCFLAGS += -N -l
 endif
 
-GIT_BRANCH := $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-DOCKER_IMAGE := skopeo-dev$(if $(GIT_BRANCH),:$(GIT_BRANCH))
-# set env like gobuildtag?
-DOCKER_FLAGS := docker run --rm -i #$(DOCKER_ENVS)
+ifeq ($(GOOS), linux)
+  ifneq ($(GOARCH),$(filter $(GOARCH),mips mipsle mips64 mips64le ppc64 riscv64))
+    GO_DYN_FLAGS="-buildmode=pie"
+  endif
+endif
+
+# If $TESTFLAGS is set, it is passed as extra arguments to 'go test'.
+# You can select certain tests to run, with `-run <regex>` for example:
+#
+#     make test-unit TESTFLAGS='-run ^TestManifestDigest$'
+#     make test-integration TESTFLAGS='-run copySuite.TestCopy.*'
+export TESTFLAGS ?= -timeout=15m
+
+# This is assumed to be set non-empty when operating inside a CI/automation environment
+CI ?=
+
+# This env. var. is interpreted by some tests as a permission to
+# modify local configuration files and services.
+export SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS ?= $(if $(CI),1,0)
+
+# This is a compromise, we either use a container for this or require
+# the local user to have a compatible python3 development environment.
+# Define it as a "resolve on use" variable to avoid calling out when possible
+SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN ?= $(shell hack/get_fqin.sh)
+CONTAINER_CMD ?= ${CONTAINER_RUNTIME} run --rm -i -e TESTFLAGS="$(TESTFLAGS)" -e CI=$(CI) -e SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1
 # if this session isn't interactive, then we don't want to allocate a
 # TTY, which would fail, but if it is interactive, we do want to attach
 # so that the user can send e.g. ^C through.
 INTERACTIVE := $(shell [ -t 0 ] && echo 1 || echo 0)
 ifeq ($(INTERACTIVE), 1)
-	DOCKER_FLAGS += -t
+	CONTAINER_CMD += -t
 endif
-DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER := $(DOCKER_FLAGS) "$(DOCKER_IMAGE)"
+CONTAINER_GOSRC = /src/github.com/containers/skopeo
+CONTAINER_RUN ?= $(CONTAINER_CMD) --security-opt label=disable -v $(CURDIR):$(CONTAINER_GOSRC) -w $(CONTAINER_GOSRC) $(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN)
 
-GIT_COMMIT := $(shell git rev-parse HEAD 2> /dev/null || true)
+GIT_COMMIT := $(shell GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=$$(cd ..; pwd) git rev-parse HEAD 2> /dev/null || true)
+
+EXTRA_LDFLAGS ?=
+SKOPEO_LDFLAGS := -ldflags '-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT} $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS)'
 
 MANPAGES_MD = $(wildcard docs/*.md)
+MANPAGES ?= $(MANPAGES_MD:%.md=%)
 
-BTRFS_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/btrfs_tag.sh)
-LIBDM_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/libdm_tag.sh)
-LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS = $(BTRFS_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBDM_BUILD_TAG) $(DARWIN_BUILD_TAG)
+BTRFS_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/btrfs_tag.sh) $(shell hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh)
+LIBSUBID_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/libsubid_tag.sh)
+LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS = $(BTRFS_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBSUBID_BUILD_TAG)
 BUILDTAGS += $(LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS)
 
+ifeq ($(DISABLE_CGO), 1)
+	override BUILDTAGS = exclude_graphdriver_btrfs containers_image_openpgp
+endif
+
 #   make all DEBUG=1
 #     Note: Uses the -N -l go compiler options to disable compiler optimizations
 #           and inlining. Using these build options allows you to subsequently
 #           use source debugging tools like delve.
-all: binary docs
+all: bin/skopeo docs
 
-# Build a docker image (skopeobuild) that has everything we need to build.
-# Then do the build and the output (skopeo) should appear in current dir
+codespell:
+	codespell -S Makefile,build,buildah,buildah.spec,imgtype,copy,AUTHORS,bin,vendor,.git,go.sum,CHANGELOG.md,changelog.txt,seccomp.json,.cirrus.yml,"*.xz,*.gz,*.tar,*.tgz,*ico,*.png,*.1,*.5,*.orig,*.rej" -L fpr,uint,iff,od,ERRO -w
+
+help:
+	@echo "Usage: make <target>"
+	@echo
+	@echo "Defaults to building bin/skopeo and docs"
+	@echo
+	@echo " * 'install' - Install binaries and documents to system locations"
+	@echo " * 'binary' - Build skopeo with a container"
+	@echo " * 'bin/skopeo' - Build skopeo locally"
+	@echo " * 'bin/skopeo.OS.ARCH' - Build skopeo for specific OS and ARCH"
+	@echo " * 'test-unit' - Execute unit tests"
+	@echo " * 'test-integration' - Execute integration tests"
+	@echo " * 'validate' - Verify whether there is no conflict and all Go source files have been formatted, linted and vetted"
+	@echo " * 'check' - Including above validate, test-integration and test-unit"
+	@echo " * 'shell' - Run the built image and attach to a shell"
+	@echo " * 'clean' - Clean artifacts"
+
+# Do the build and the output (skopeo) should appear in current dir
 binary: cmd/skopeo
-	docker build ${DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
-	docker run --rm --security-opt label:disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo \
-		skopeobuildimage make binary-local $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) make bin/skopeo $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
 
-binary-static: cmd/skopeo
-	docker build ${DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS} -f Dockerfile.build -t skopeobuildimage .
-	docker run --rm --security-opt label:disable -v $$(pwd):/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo \
-		skopeobuildimage make binary-local-static $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG)) BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
+# Build w/o using containers
+.PHONY: bin/skopeo
+bin/skopeo:
+	$(GO) build ${GO_DYN_FLAGS} ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
+bin/skopeo.%:
+	GOOS=$(word 2,$(subst ., ,$@)) GOARCH=$(word 3,$(subst ., ,$@)) $(GO) build ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -tags "containers_image_openpgp $(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
+local-cross: bin/skopeo.darwin.amd64 bin/skopeo.linux.arm bin/skopeo.linux.arm64 bin/skopeo.windows.386.exe bin/skopeo.windows.amd64.exe
 
-# Build w/o using Docker containers
-binary-local:
-	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) build -ldflags "-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT}" -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o skopeo ./cmd/skopeo
+$(MANPAGES): %: %.md
+ifneq ($(DISABLE_DOCS), 1)
+	sed -e 's/\((skopeo.*\.md)\)//' -e 's/\[\(skopeo.*\)\]/\1/' $<  | $(GOMD2MAN) -in /dev/stdin -out $@
+endif
 
-binary-local-static:
-	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) build -ldflags "-extldflags \"-static\" -X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT}" -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o skopeo ./cmd/skopeo
+docs: $(MANPAGES)
 
-build-container:
-	docker build ${DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS} -t "$(DOCKER_IMAGE)" .
+docs-in-container:
+	${CONTAINER_RUN} $(MAKE) docs $(if $(DEBUG),DEBUG=$(DEBUG))
 
-docs/%.1: docs/%.1.md
-	$(GO_MD2MAN) -in $< -out $@.tmp && touch $@.tmp && mv $@.tmp $@
-
-.PHONY: docs
-docs: $(MANPAGES_MD:%.md=%)
+.PHONY: completions
+completions: bin/skopeo
+	install -d -m 755 completions/bash completions/zsh completions/fish completions/powershell
+	./bin/skopeo completion bash >| completions/bash/skopeo
+	./bin/skopeo completion zsh >| completions/zsh/_skopeo
+	./bin/skopeo completion fish >| completions/fish/skopeo.fish
+	./bin/skopeo completion powershell >| completions/powershell/skopeo.ps1
 
 clean:
-	rm -f skopeo docs/*.1
+	rm -rf bin docs/*.1 completions/
 
 install: install-binary install-docs install-completions
-	install -d -m 755 ${SIGSTOREDIR}
-	install -d -m 755 ${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}
-	install -m 644 default-policy.json ${CONTAINERSSYSCONFIGDIR}/policy.json
-	install -d -m 755 ${REGISTRIESDDIR}
-	install -m 644 default.yaml ${REGISTRIESDDIR}/default.yaml
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${LOOKASIDEDIR}
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${CONTAINERSCONFDIR}
+	install -m 644 default-policy.json ${DESTDIR}${CONTAINERSCONFDIR}/policy.json
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${REGISTRIESDDIR}
+	install -m 644 default.yaml ${DESTDIR}${REGISTRIESDDIR}/default.yaml
 
-install-binary: ./skopeo
-	install -d -m 755 ${INSTALLDIR}
-	install -m 755 skopeo ${INSTALLDIR}/skopeo
+install-binary: bin/skopeo
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${BINDIR}
+	install -m 755 bin/skopeo ${DESTDIR}${BINDIR}/skopeo
 
-install-docs: docs/skopeo.1
-	install -d -m 755 ${MANINSTALLDIR}/man1
-	install -m 644 docs/skopeo.1 ${MANINSTALLDIR}/man1/skopeo.1
+install-docs: docs
+ifneq ($(DISABLE_DOCS), 1)
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${MANDIR}/man1
+	install -m 644 docs/*.1 ${DESTDIR}${MANDIR}/man1
+endif
 
-install-completions:
-	install -m 755 -d ${BASHINSTALLDIR}
-	install -m 644 completions/bash/skopeo ${BASHINSTALLDIR}/skopeo
+install-completions: completions
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${BASHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -m 644 completions/bash/skopeo ${DESTDIR}${BASHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${ZSHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -m 644 completions/zsh/_skopeo ${DESTDIR}${ZSHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -d -m 755 ${DESTDIR}${FISHINSTALLDIR}
+	install -m 644 completions/fish/skopeo.fish ${DESTDIR}${FISHINSTALLDIR}
+	# There is no common location for powershell files so do not install them. Users have to source the file from their powershell profile.
 
-shell: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) bash
+shell:
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) bash
 
-check: validate test-unit test-integration
+tools:
+	if [ ! -x "$(GOBIN)/golangci-lint" ]; then \
+		curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s -- -b $(GOBIN) v$(GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION) ; \
+	fi
 
-# The tests can run out of entropy and block in containers, so replace /dev/random.
-test-integration: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) bash -c 'rm -f /dev/random; ln -sf /dev/urandom /dev/random; SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 BUILDTAGS="$(BUILDTAGS)" hack/make.sh test-integration'
+check: validate test-unit test-integration test-system
 
-test-unit: build-container
-	# Just call (make test unit-local) here instead of worrying about environment differences, e.g. GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT.
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) make test-unit-local BUILDTAGS='$(BUILDTAGS)'
+test-integration:
+# This is intended to be equal to $(CONTAINER_RUN), but with --cap-add=cap_mknod.
+# --cap-add=cap_mknod is important to allow skopeo to use containers-storage: directly as it exists in the callers’ environment, without
+# creating a nested user namespace (which requires /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid to be set up)
+	$(CONTAINER_CMD) --security-opt label=disable --cap-add=cap_mknod -v $(CURDIR):$(CONTAINER_GOSRC) -w $(CONTAINER_GOSRC) $(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN) \
+		$(MAKE) test-integration-local
 
-validate: build-container
-	$(DOCKER_RUN_DOCKER) hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
+
+# Intended for CI, assumed to be running in quay.io/libpod/skopeo_cidev container.
+test-integration-local: bin/skopeo
+	hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh
+	hack/test-integration.sh
+
+# complicated set of options needed to run podman-in-podman
+test-system:
+	DTEMP=$(shell mktemp -d --tmpdir=/var/tmp podman-tmp.XXXXXX); \
+	$(CONTAINER_CMD) --privileged \
+		-v $(CURDIR):$(CONTAINER_GOSRC) -w $(CONTAINER_GOSRC) \
+		-v $$DTEMP:/var/lib/containers:Z -v /run/systemd/journal/socket:/run/systemd/journal/socket \
+		"$(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN)" \
+			$(MAKE) test-system-local; \
+	rc=$$?; \
+	$(CONTAINER_RUNTIME) unshare rm -rf $$DTEMP; # This probably doesn't work with Docker, oh well, better than nothing... \
+	exit $$rc
+
+# Intended for CI, assumed to already be running in quay.io/libpod/skopeo_cidev container.
+test-system-local: bin/skopeo
+	hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh
+	hack/test-system.sh
+
+test-unit:
+	# Just call (make test unit-local) here instead of worrying about environment differences
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(MAKE) test-unit-local
+
+validate:
+	$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(MAKE) validate-local
 
 # This target is only intended for development, e.g. executing it from an IDE. Use (make test) for CI or pre-release testing.
-test-all-local: validate-local test-unit-local
+test-all-local: validate-local validate-docs test-unit-local
 
+.PHONY: validate-local
 validate-local:
-	hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
+	hack/validate-git-marks.sh
+	hack/validate-gofmt.sh
+	GOBIN=$(GOBIN) hack/validate-lint.sh
+	BUILDTAGS="${BUILDTAGS}" hack/validate-vet.sh
+
+# This invokes bin/skopeo, hence cannot be run as part of validate-local
+.PHONY: validate-docs
+validate-docs: bin/skopeo
+	hack/man-page-checker
+	hack/xref-helpmsgs-manpages
 
 test-unit-local:
-	$(GPGME_ENV) $(GO) test -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" $$($(GO) list -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/projectatomic/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
+	$(GO) test -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" $$($(GO) list -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/containers/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
+
+vendor:
+	$(GO) mod tidy
+	$(GO) mod vendor
+	$(GO) mod verify
+
+vendor-in-container:
+	podman run --privileged --rm --env HOME=/root -v $(CURDIR):/src -w /src golang $(MAKE) vendor
+
+# CAUTION: This is not a replacement for RPMs provided by your distro.
+# Only intended to build and test the latest unreleased changes.
+rpm:
+	rpkg local

OWNERS

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+approvers:
+  - mtrmac
+  - lsm5
+  - TomSweeneyRedHat
+  - rhatdan
+  - vrothberg
+reviewers:
+  - ashley-cui
+  - giuseppe
+  - containers/image-maintainers
+  - lsm5
+  - mtrmac
+  - QiWang19
+  - rhatdan
+  - runcom
+  - TomSweeneyRedHat
+  - vrothberg

README.md

@@ -1,26 +1,39 @@
-skopeo [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/projectatomic/skopeo.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/projectatomic/skopeo)
-=
+<p align="center">
+   <img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/skopeo/main/docs/skopeo.svg" width="250" alt="Skopeo">
+</p>
 
-`skopeo` is a command line utility that performs various operations on container images and image repositories.  Skopeo works with API V2 registries such as Docker registries, the Atomic registry, private registries, local directories and local OCI-layout directories.  Skopeo does not require a daemon to be running to perform these operations which consist of:
+----
+
+`skopeo` is a command line utility that performs various operations on container images and image repositories.
+
+`skopeo` does not require the user to be running as root to do most of its operations.
+
+`skopeo` does not require a daemon to be running to perform its operations.
+
+`skopeo` can work with [OCI images](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec) as well as the original Docker v2 images.
+
+Skopeo works with API V2 container image registries such as [docker.io](https://docker.io) and [quay.io](https://quay.io) registries, private registries, local directories and local OCI-layout directories. Skopeo can perform operations which consist of:
 
- * Inspecting an image showing its properties including its layers.
  * Copying an image from and to various storage mechanisms.
+   For example you can copy images from one registry to another, without requiring privilege.
+ * Inspecting a remote image showing its properties including its layers, without requiring you to pull the image to the host.
  * Deleting an image from an image repository.
+ * Syncing an external image repository to an internal registry for air-gapped deployments.
  * When required by the repository, skopeo can pass the appropriate credentials and certificates for authentication.
 
  Skopeo operates on the following image and repository types:
 
  * containers-storage:docker-reference
-         An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Location and image store specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf
+         An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Both the location and image store are specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf. (This is  the backend for [Podman](https://podman.io), [CRI-O](https://cri-o.io), [Buildah](https://buildah.io) and friends)
 
  * dir:path
          An existing local directory path storing the manifest, layer tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or noninvasive container inspection.
 
  * docker://docker-reference
-         An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in $HOME/.docker/config.json, which is set e.g. using (docker login).
+         An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `skopeo login`.
 
  * docker-archive:path[:docker-reference]
-         An image is stored in the `docker save` formated file.  docker-reference is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
+         An image is stored in a `docker save`-formatted file.  docker-reference is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
 
  * docker-daemon:docker-reference
          An image docker-reference stored in the docker daemon internal storage.  docker-reference must contain either a tag or a digest.  Alternatively, when reading images, the format can also be docker-daemon:algo:digest (an image ID).
@@ -28,204 +41,183 @@ skopeo [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/projectatomic/skopeo.svg?branch=ma
  * oci:path:tag
          An image tag in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at path.
 
- * ostree:image[@/absolute/repo/path]
-         An image in local OSTree repository.  /absolute/repo/path defaults to /ostree/repo.
-
-Inspecting a repository
+[Obtaining skopeo](./install.md)
 -
-`skopeo` is able to _inspect_ a repository on a Docker registry and fetch images layers.
+
+For a detailed description how to install or build skopeo, see
+[install.md](./install.md).
+
+Skopeo is also available as a Container Image on [quay.io](https://quay.io/skopeo/stable).  For more information, see the [Skopeo Image](https://github.com/containers/image_build/blob/main/skopeo/README.md) page.
+
+## Inspecting a repository
+`skopeo` is able to _inspect_ a repository on a container registry and fetch images layers.
 The _inspect_ command fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like
 json output about a whole repository or a tag. This tool, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about
 a repository or a tag before pulling it (using disk space).  The inspect command can show you which tags are available for the given 
 repository, the labels the image has, the creation date and operating system of the image and more.  
 
-
 Examples:
-```sh
-# show properties of fedora:latest
-$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
+
+#### Show properties of fedora:latest
+```console
+$ skopeo inspect docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
 {
-    "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
-    "Tag": "latest",
-    "Digest": "sha256:cfd8f071bf8da7a466748f522406f7ae5908d002af1b1a1c0dcf893e183e5b32",
+    "Name": "registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora",
+    "Digest": "sha256:0f65bee641e821f8118acafb44c2f8fe30c2fc6b9a2b3729c0660376391aa117",
     "RepoTags": [
-        "20",
-        "21",
-        "22",
-        "23",
-        "heisenbug",
+        "34-aarch64",
+        "34",
         "latest",
-        "rawhide"
+        ...
     ],
-    "Created": "2016-03-04T18:40:02.92155334Z",
-    "DockerVersion": "1.9.1",
-    "Labels": {},
+    "Created": "2022-11-24T13:54:18Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "1.10.1",
+    "Labels": {
+        "license": "MIT",
+        "name": "fedora",
+        "vendor": "Fedora Project",
+        "version": "37"
+    },
     "Architecture": "amd64",
     "Os": "linux",
     "Layers": [
-        "sha256:236608c7b546e2f4e7223526c74fc71470ba06d46ec82aeb402e704bfdee02a2",
-        "sha256:a3ed95caeb02ffe68cdd9fd84406680ae93d633cb16422d00e8a7c22955b46d4"
+        "sha256:2a0fc6bf62e155737f0ace6142ee686f3c471c1aab4241dc3128904db46288f0"
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:2a0fc6bf62e155737f0ace6142ee686f3c471c1aab4241dc3128904db46288f0",
+            "Size": 71355009,
+            "Annotations": null
+        }
+    ],
+    "Env": [
+        "DISTTAG=f37container",
+        "FGC=f37",
+        "container=oci"
     ]
 }
-
-# show unverifed image's digest
-$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora:rawhide | jq '.Digest'
-"sha256:905b4846938c8aef94f52f3e41a11398ae5b40f5855fb0e40ed9c157e721d7f8"
 ```
 
-Copying images
--
-`skopeo` can copy container images between various storage mechanisms,
-e.g. Docker registries (including the Docker Hub), the Atomic Registry,
-local directories, and local OCI-layout directories:
+#### Show container configuration from `fedora:latest`
 
-```sh
-$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:1-glibc atomic:myns/unsigned:streaming
-$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:existingemptydirectory
-$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest oci:busybox_ocilayout
+```console
+$ skopeo inspect --config docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest  | jq
+{
+  "created": "2020-04-29T06:48:16Z",
+  "architecture": "amd64",
+  "os": "linux",
+  "config": {
+    "Env": [
+      "DISTTAG=f32container",
+      "FGC=f32",
+      "container=oci"
+    ],
+    "Cmd": [
+      "/bin/bash"
+    ],
+    "Labels": {
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "name": "fedora",
+      "vendor": "Fedora Project",
+      "version": "32"
+    }
+  },
+  "rootfs": {
+    "type": "layers",
+    "diff_ids": [
+      "sha256:a4c0fa2b217d3fd63d51e55a6fd59432e543d499c0df2b1acd48fbe424f2ddd1"
+    ]
+  },
+  "history": [
+    {
+      "created": "2020-04-29T06:48:16Z",
+      "comment": "Created by Image Factory"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```
+#### Show unverified image's digest
+```console
+$ skopeo inspect docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest | jq '.Digest'
+"sha256:655721ff613ee766a4126cb5e0d5ae81598e1b0c3bcf7017c36c4d72cb092fe9"
 ```
 
-Deleting images
--
-For example,
-```sh
+## Copying images
+
+`skopeo` can copy container images between various storage mechanisms, including:
+* Container registries
+
+  -  The Quay, Docker Hub, OpenShift, GCR, Artifactory ...
+
+* Container Storage backends
+
+  -  [github.com/containers/storage](https://github.com/containers/storage) (Backend for [Podman](https://podman.io), [CRI-O](https://cri-o.io), [Buildah](https://buildah.io) and friends)
+
+  -  Docker daemon storage
+
+* Local directories
+
+* Local OCI-layout directories
+
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://quay.io/buildah/stable docker://registry.internal.company.com/buildah
+$ skopeo copy oci:busybox_ocilayout:latest dir:existingemptydirectory
+```
+
+## Deleting images
+```console
 $ skopeo delete docker://localhost:5000/imagename:latest
 ```
 
-Private registries with authentication
--
-When interacting with private registries, `skopeo` first looks for `--creds` (for `skopeo inspect|delete`) or `--src-creds|--dest-creds` (for `skopeo copy`) flags. If those aren't provided, it looks for the Docker's cli config file (usually located at `$HOME/.docker/config.json`) to get the credentials needed to authenticate. The ultimate fallback, as Docker does, is to provide an empty authentication when interacting with those registries.
+## Syncing registries
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb
+```
 
-Examples:
-```sh
-$ cat /home/runcom/.docker/config.json
-{
-	"auths": {
-		"myregistrydomain.com:5000": {
-			"auth": "dGVzdHVzZXI6dGVzdHBhc3N3b3Jk",
-			"email": "stuf@ex.cm"
-		}
-	}
-}
+## Authenticating to a registry
 
-# we can see I'm already authenticated via docker login so everything will be fine
+#### Private registries with authentication
+skopeo uses credentials from the --creds (for skopeo inspect|delete) or --src-creds|--dest-creds (for skopeo copy) flags, if set; otherwise it uses configuration set by skopeo login, podman login, buildah login, or docker login.
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login --username USER myregistrydomain.com:5000
+Password:
 $ skopeo inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
 {"Tag":"latest","Digest":"sha256:473bb2189d7b913ed7187a33d11e743fdc2f88931122a44d91a301b64419f092","RepoTags":["latest"],"Comment":"","Created":"2016-01-15T18:06:41.282540103Z","ContainerConfig":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["/bin/sh","-c","#(nop) CMD [\"sh\"]"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"DockerVersion":"1.8.3","Author":"","Config":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["sh"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"Architecture":"amd64","Os":"linux"}
+$ skopeo logout myregistrydomain.com:5000
+```
 
-# let's try now to fake a non existent Docker's config file
-$ cat /home/runcom/.docker/config.json
-{}
+#### Using --creds directly
 
-$ skopeo inspect docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
-FATA[0000] unauthorized: authentication required
-
-# passing --creds - we can see that everything goes fine
+```console
 $ skopeo inspect --creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/busybox
 {"Tag":"latest","Digest":"sha256:473bb2189d7b913ed7187a33d11e743fdc2f88931122a44d91a301b64419f092","RepoTags":["latest"],"Comment":"","Created":"2016-01-15T18:06:41.282540103Z","ContainerConfig":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["/bin/sh","-c","#(nop) CMD [\"sh\"]"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"DockerVersion":"1.8.3","Author":"","Config":{"Hostname":"aded96b43f48","Domainname":"","User":"","AttachStdin":false,"AttachStdout":false,"AttachStderr":false,"Tty":false,"OpenStdin":false,"StdinOnce":false,"Env":null,"Cmd":["sh"],"Image":"9e77fef7a1c9f989988c06620dabc4020c607885b959a2cbd7c2283c91da3e33","Volumes":null,"WorkingDir":"","Entrypoint":null,"OnBuild":null,"Labels":null},"Architecture":"amd64","Os":"linux"}
+```
 
-# skopeo copy example:
+```console
 $ skopeo copy --src-creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/private oci:local_oci_image
 ```
-If your cli config is found but it doesn't contain the necessary credentials for the queried registry
-you'll get an error. You can fix this by either logging in (via `docker login`) or providing `--creds` or `--src-creds|--dest-creds`.
 
-Building
--
-To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.5 because it uses the latest `GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT` flag.
-
-There are two ways to build skopeo: in a container, or locally without a container.  Choose the one which better matches your needs and environment.
-
-### Building without a container
-Building without a container requires a bit more manual work and setup in your environment, but it is more flexible:
-- It should work in more environments (e.g. for native macOS builds)
-- It does not require root privileges (after dependencies are installed)
-- It is faster, therefore more convenient for developing `skopeo`.
-
-Install the necessary dependencies:
-```sh
-Fedora$ sudo dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel btrfs-progs-devel device-mapper-devel ostree-devel
-macOS$ brew install gpgme
-```
-
-Make sure to clone this repository in your `GOPATH` - otherwise compilation fails.
-
-```sh
-$ git clone https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo $GOPATH/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
-$ cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/projectatomic/skopeo && make binary-local
-```
-
-### Building in a container
-Building in a container is simpler, but more restrictive:
-- It requires the `docker` command and the ability to run Linux containers
-- The created executable is a Linux executable, and depends on dynamic libraries which may only be available only in a container of a similar Linux distribution.
-
-```sh
-$ make binary # Or (make all) to also build documentation, see below.
-```
-
-### Building documentation
-To build the manual you will need go-md2man.
-```sh
-Debian$ sudo apt-get install go-md2man
-Fedora$ sudo dnf install go-md2man
-```
-Then
-```sh
-$ make docs
-```
-
-Installing
--
-If you built from source:
-```sh
-$ sudo make install
-```
-`skopeo` is also available from Fedora 23 (and later):
-```sh
-$ sudo dnf install skopeo
-```
-TODO
--
-- list all images on registry?
-- registry v2 search?
-- show repo tags via flag or when reference isn't tagged or digested
-- support rkt/appc image spec
-
-NOT TODO
--
-- provide a _format_ flag - just use the awesome [jq](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/)
-
-CONTRIBUTING
+Contributing
 -
 
-### Dependencies management
+Please read the [contribution guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) if you want to collaborate in the project.
 
-`skopeo` uses [`vndr`](https://github.com/LK4D4/vndr) for dependencies management.
-
-In order to add a new dependency to this project:
-
-- add a new line to `vendor.conf` according to `vndr` rules (e.g. `github.com/pkg/errors master`)
-- run `vndr github.com/pkg/errors`
-
-In order to update an existing dependency:
-
-- update the relevant dependency line in `vendor.conf`
-- run `vndr github.com/pkg/errors`
-
-When new PRs for [containers/image](https://github.com/containers/image) break `skopeo` (i.e. `containers/image` tests fail in `make test-skopeo`):
-
-- create out a new branch in your `skopeo` checkout and switch to it
-- update `vendor.conf`. Find out the `containers/image` dependency; update it to vendor from your own branch and your own repository fork (e.g. `github.com/containers/image my-branch https://github.com/runcom/image`)
-- run `vndr github.com/containers/image`
-- make any other necessary changes in the skopeo repo (e.g. add other dependencies now requied by `containers/image`, or update skopeo for changed `containers/image` API)
-- optionally add new integration tests to the skopeo repo
-- submit the resulting branch as a skopeo PR, marked “DO NOT MERGE”
-- iterate until tests pass and the PR is reviewed
-- then the original `containers/image` PR can be merged, disregarding its `make test-skopeo` failure
-- as soon as possible after that, in the skopeo PR, restore the `containers/image` line in `vendor.conf` to use `containers/image:master`
-- run `vndr github.com/containers/image`
-- update the skopeo PR with the result, drop the “DO NOT MERGE” marking
-- after tests complete succcesfully again, merge the skopeo PR
+## Commands
+| Command                                            | Description                                                                                  |
+| -------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| [skopeo-copy(1)](/docs/skopeo-copy.1.md)           | Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.        |
+| [skopeo-delete(1)](/docs/skopeo-delete.1.md)       | Mark the image-name for later deletion by the registry's garbage collector.                                                                |
+| [skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)](/docs/skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md)    | Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.  |
+| [skopeo-inspect(1)](/docs/skopeo-inspect.1.md)     | Return  low-level  information about image-name in a registry.                                |
+| [skopeo-list-tags(1)](/docs/skopeo-list-tags.1.md) | Return a list of tags for the transport-specific image repository.                               |
+| [skopeo-login(1)](/docs/skopeo-login.1.md)         | Login to a container registry.                                                               |
+| [skopeo-logout(1)](/docs/skopeo-logout.1.md)       | Logout of a container registry.                                                              |
+| [skopeo-manifest-digest(1)](/docs/skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md)    | Compute a manifest digest for a manifest-file and write it to standard output.   |
+| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.                     |
+| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files.                  |
+| [skopeo-sync(1)](/docs/skopeo-sync.1.md)           | Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.                      |
 
 License
 -

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## Security and Disclosure Information Policy for the skopeo Project
+
+The skopeo Project follows the [Security and Disclosure Information Policy](https://github.com/containers/common/blob/main/SECURITY.md) for the Containers Projects.

cmd/skopeo/cgo_pthread_ordering_workaround.go

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// +build !containers_image_openpgp
-
-package main
-
-/*
-This is a pretty horrible workaround.  Due to a glibc bug
-https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1326903 , we must ensure we link
-with -lgpgme before -lpthread.  Such arguments come from various packages
-using cgo, and the ordering of these arguments is, with current (go tool link),
-dependent on the order in which the cgo-using packages are found in a
-breadth-first search following dependencies, starting from “main”.
-
-Thus, if
-   import "net"
-is processed before
-   import "…/skopeo/signature"
-it will, in the next level of the BFS, pull in "runtime/cgo" (a dependency of
-"net") before "mtrmac/gpgme" (a dependency of "…/skopeo/signature"), causing
--lpthread (used by "runtime/cgo") to be used before -lgpgme.
-
-This might be possible to work around by careful import ordering, or by removing
-a direct dependency on "net", but that would be very fragile.
-
-So, until the above bug is fixed, add -lgpgme directly in the "main" package
-to ensure the needed build order.
-
-Unfortunately, this workaround needs to be applied at the top level of any user
-of "…/skopeo/signature"; it cannot be added to "…/skopeo/signature" itself,
-by that time this package is first processed by the linker, a -lpthread may
-already be queued and it would be too late.
-*/
-
-// #cgo LDFLAGS: -lgpgme
-import "C"

cmd/skopeo/completions.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/tarball"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// autocompleteSupportedTransports list all supported transports with the colon suffix.
+func autocompleteSupportedTransports(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
+	tps := transports.ListNames()
+	suggestions := make([]string, 0, len(tps))
+	for _, tp := range tps {
+		// ListNames is generally expected to filter out deprecated transports.
+		// tarball: is not deprecated, but it is only usable from a Go caller (using tarball.ConfigUpdater),
+		// so don’t offer it on the CLI.
+		if tp != tarball.Transport.Name() {
+			suggestions = append(suggestions, tp+":")
+		}
+	}
+	return suggestions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+}

cmd/skopeo/copy.go

@@ -3,123 +3,319 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/copy"
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
-	"github.com/containers/image/types"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/reference"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli/sigstore"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature/signer"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	encconfig "github.com/containers/ocicrypt/config"
+	enchelpers "github.com/containers/ocicrypt/helpers"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-// contextsFromGlobalOptions returns source and destionation types.SystemContext depending on c.
-func contextsFromGlobalOptions(c *cli.Context) (*types.SystemContext, *types.SystemContext, error) {
-	sourceCtx, err := contextFromGlobalOptions(c, "src-")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	destinationCtx, err := contextFromGlobalOptions(c, "dest-")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-
-	return sourceCtx, destinationCtx, nil
+type copyOptions struct {
+	global                   *globalOptions
+	deprecatedTLSVerify      *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	srcImage                 *imageOptions
+	destImage                *imageDestOptions
+	retryOpts                *retry.Options
+	additionalTags           []string                  // For docker-archive: destinations, in addition to the name:tag specified as destination, also add these
+	removeSignatures         bool                      // Do not copy signatures from the source image
+	signByFingerprint        string                    // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
+	signBySigstoreParamFile  string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore signature per configuration in a param file
+	signBySigstorePrivateKey string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore private key
+	signPassphraseFile       string                    // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing (for either signature format, but only one of them)
+	signIdentity             string                    // Identity of the signed image, must be a fully specified docker reference
+	digestFile               string                    // Write digest to this file
+	format                   commonFlag.OptionalString // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
+	quiet                    bool                      // Suppress output information when copying images
+	all                      bool                      // Copy all of the images if the source is a list
+	multiArch                commonFlag.OptionalString // How to handle multi architecture images
+	preserveDigests          bool                      // Preserve digests during copy
+	encryptLayer             []int                     // The list of layers to encrypt
+	encryptionKeys           []string                  // Keys needed to encrypt the image
+	decryptionKeys           []string                  // Keys needed to decrypt the image
+	imageParallelCopies      uint                      // Maximum number of parallel requests when copying images
 }
 
-func copyHandler(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 2 {
-		return errors.New("Usage: copy source destination")
+func copyCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt := deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags()
+	srcFlags, srcOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "src-", "screds")
+	destFlags, destOpts := imageDestFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "dest-", "dcreds")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	opts := copyOptions{global: global,
+		deprecatedTLSVerify: deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt,
+		srcImage:            srcOpts,
+		destImage:           destOpts,
+		retryOpts:           retryOpts,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "copy [command options] SOURCE-IMAGE DESTINATION-IMAGE",
+		Short: "Copy an IMAGE-NAME from one location to another",
+		Long: fmt.Sprintf(`Container "IMAGE-NAME" uses a "transport":"details" format.
+
+Supported transports:
+%s
+
+See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		RunE:              commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example:           `skopeo copy docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest docker://registry.example.com/skopeo:latest`,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&srcFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&destFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.additionalTags, "additional-tag", []string{}, "additional tags (supports docker-archive)")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.quiet, "quiet", "q", false, "Suppress output information when copying images")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.all, "all", "a", false, "Copy all images if SOURCE-IMAGE is a list")
+	flags.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.multiArch), "multi-arch", `How to handle multi-architecture images (system, all, or index-only)`)
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.preserveDigests, "preserve-digests", false, "Preserve digests of images and lists")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.removeSignatures, "remove-signatures", false, "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE-IMAGE")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signByFingerprint, "sign-by", "", "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, "sign-by-sigstore", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore parameter file at `PATH`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, "sign-by-sigstore-private-key", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore private key at `PATH`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signPassphraseFile, "sign-passphrase-file", "", "Read a passphrase for signing an image from `PATH`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signIdentity, "sign-identity", "", "Identity of signed image, must be a fully specified docker reference. Defaults to the target docker reference.")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.digestFile, "digestfile", "", "Write the digest of the pushed image to the specified file")
+	flags.VarP(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.format), "format", "f", `MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use in the destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)`)
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.encryptionKeys, "encryption-key", []string{}, "*Experimental* key with the encryption protocol to use needed to encrypt the image (e.g. jwe:/path/to/key.pem)")
+	flags.IntSliceVar(&opts.encryptLayer, "encrypt-layer", []int{}, "*Experimental* the 0-indexed layer indices, with support for negative indexing (e.g. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer)")
+	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.decryptionKeys, "decryption-key", []string{}, "*Experimental* key needed to decrypt the image")
+	flags.UintVar(&opts.imageParallelCopies, "image-parallel-copies", 0, "Maximum number of image layers to be copied (pulled/pushed) simultaneously. Not setting this field will fall back to containers/image defaults.")
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// parseMultiArch parses the list processing selection
+// It returns the copy.ImageListSelection to use with image.Copy option
+func parseMultiArch(multiArch string) (copy.ImageListSelection, error) {
+	switch multiArch {
+	case "system":
+		return copy.CopySystemImage, nil
+	case "all":
+		return copy.CopyAllImages, nil
+	// There is no CopyNoImages value in copy.ImageListSelection, but because we
+	// don't provide an option to select a set of images to copy, we can use
+	// CopySpecificImages.
+	case "index-only":
+		return copy.CopySpecificImages, nil
+	// We don't expose CopySpecificImages other than index-only above, because
+	// we currently don't provide an option to choose the images to copy. That
+	// could be added in the future.
+	default:
+		return copy.CopySystemImage, fmt.Errorf("unknown multi-arch option %q. Choose one of the supported options: 'system', 'all', or 'index-only'", multiArch)
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *copyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		return errorShouldDisplayUsage{errors.New("Exactly two arguments expected")}
+	}
+	opts.deprecatedTLSVerify.warnIfUsed([]string{"--src-tls-verify", "--dest-tls-verify"})
+	imageNames := args
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageNames...); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	policyContext, err := getPolicyContext(context)
+	policyContext, err := opts.global.getPolicyContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error loading trust policy: %v", err)
 	}
-	defer policyContext.Destroy()
+	defer func() {
+		if err := policyContext.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "tearing down policy context", err)
+		}
+	}()
 
-	srcRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[0])
+	srcRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageNames[0])
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", context.Args()[0], err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", imageNames[0], err)
 	}
-	destRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[1])
+	destRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageNames[1])
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid destination name %s: %v", context.Args()[1], err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid destination name %s: %v", imageNames[1], err)
 	}
-	signBy := context.String("sign-by")
-	removeSignatures := context.Bool("remove-signatures")
 
-	sourceCtx, destinationCtx, err := contextsFromGlobalOptions(context)
+	sourceCtx, err := opts.srcImage.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	destinationCtx, err := opts.destImage.newSystemContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	return copy.Image(policyContext, destRef, srcRef, &copy.Options{
-		RemoveSignatures: removeSignatures,
-		SignBy:           signBy,
-		ReportWriter:     os.Stdout,
-		SourceCtx:        sourceCtx,
-		DestinationCtx:   destinationCtx,
-	})
-}
-
-var copyCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:  "copy",
-	Usage: "Copy an IMAGE-NAME from one location to another",
-	Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
-
-	Container "IMAGE-NAME" uses a "transport":"details" format.
-
-	Supported transports:
-	%s
-
-	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
-	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
-	ArgsUsage: "SOURCE-IMAGE DESTINATION-IMAGE",
-	Action:    copyHandler,
-	// FIXME: Do we need to namespace the GPG aspect?
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "remove-signatures",
-			Usage: "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE-IMAGE",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "sign-by",
-			Usage: "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "src-creds, screds",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the source registry",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "dest-creds, dcreds",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the destination registry",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "src-cert-dir",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the source registry",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:  "src-tls-verify",
-			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container source registry (defaults to true)",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "dest-cert-dir",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the destination registry",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:  "dest-tls-verify",
-			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container destination registry (defaults to true)",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "dest-ostree-tmp-dir",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "`DIRECTORY` to use for OSTree temporary files",
-		},
-	},
+	var manifestType string
+	if opts.format.Present() {
+		manifestType, err = parseManifestFormat(opts.format.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, image := range opts.additionalTags {
+		ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error parsing additional-tag '%s': %v", image, err)
+		}
+		namedTagged, isNamedTagged := ref.(reference.NamedTagged)
+		if !isNamedTagged {
+			return fmt.Errorf("additional-tag '%s' must be a tagged reference", image)
+		}
+		destinationCtx.DockerArchiveAdditionalTags = append(destinationCtx.DockerArchiveAdditionalTags, namedTagged)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if opts.quiet {
+		stdout = nil
+	}
+
+	imageListSelection := copy.CopySystemImage
+	if opts.multiArch.Present() && opts.all {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot use --all and --multi-arch flags together")
+	}
+	if opts.multiArch.Present() {
+		imageListSelection, err = parseMultiArch(opts.multiArch.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if opts.all {
+		imageListSelection = copy.CopyAllImages
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.encryptionKeys) > 0 && len(opts.decryptionKeys) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--encryption-key and --decryption-key cannot be specified together")
+	}
+
+	var encLayers *[]int
+	var encConfig *encconfig.EncryptConfig
+	var decConfig *encconfig.DecryptConfig
+
+	if len(opts.encryptLayer) > 0 && len(opts.encryptionKeys) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("--encrypt-layer can only be used with --encryption-key")
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.encryptionKeys) > 0 {
+		// encryption
+		p := opts.encryptLayer
+		encLayers = &p
+		encryptionKeys := opts.encryptionKeys
+		ecc, err := enchelpers.CreateCryptoConfig(encryptionKeys, []string{})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid encryption keys: %v", err)
+		}
+		cc := encconfig.CombineCryptoConfigs([]encconfig.CryptoConfig{ecc})
+		encConfig = cc.EncryptConfig
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.decryptionKeys) > 0 {
+		// decryption
+		decryptionKeys := opts.decryptionKeys
+		dcc, err := enchelpers.CreateCryptoConfig([]string{}, decryptionKeys)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid decryption keys: %v", err)
+		}
+		cc := encconfig.CombineCryptoConfigs([]encconfig.CryptoConfig{dcc})
+		decConfig = cc.DecryptConfig
+	}
+
+	// c/image/copy.Image does allow creating both simple signing and sigstore signatures simultaneously,
+	// with independent passphrases, but that would make the CLI probably too confusing.
+	// For now, use the passphrase with either, but only one of them.
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" && opts.signByFingerprint != "" && opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Only one of --sign-by and sign-by-sigstore-private-key can be used with sign-passphrase-file")
+	}
+	var passphrase string
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" {
+		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.signPassphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} else if opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		p, err := promptForPassphrase(opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} // opts.signByFingerprint triggers a GPG-agent passphrase prompt, possibly using a more secure channel, so we usually shouldn’t prompt ourselves if no passphrase was explicitly provided.
+
+	var signers []*signer.Signer
+	if opts.signBySigstoreParamFile != "" {
+		signer, err := sigstore.NewSignerFromParameterFile(opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, &sigstore.Options{
+			PrivateKeyPassphrasePrompt: func(keyFile string) (string, error) {
+				return promptForPassphrase(keyFile, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+			},
+			Stdin:  os.Stdin,
+			Stdout: stdout,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error using --sign-by-sigstore: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer signer.Close()
+		signers = append(signers, signer)
+	}
+
+	var signIdentity reference.Named = nil
+	if opts.signIdentity != "" {
+		signIdentity, err = reference.ParseNamed(opts.signIdentity)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Could not parse --sign-identity: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	opts.destImage.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(destRef.Transport())
+
+	return retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		manifestBytes, err := copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, srcRef, &copy.Options{
+			RemoveSignatures:                 opts.removeSignatures,
+			Signers:                          signers,
+			SignBy:                           opts.signByFingerprint,
+			SignPassphrase:                   passphrase,
+			SignBySigstorePrivateKeyFile:     opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey,
+			SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase: []byte(passphrase),
+			SignIdentity:                     signIdentity,
+			ReportWriter:                     stdout,
+			SourceCtx:                        sourceCtx,
+			DestinationCtx:                   destinationCtx,
+			ForceManifestMIMEType:            manifestType,
+			ImageListSelection:               imageListSelection,
+			PreserveDigests:                  opts.preserveDigests,
+			OciDecryptConfig:                 decConfig,
+			OciEncryptLayers:                 encLayers,
+			OciEncryptConfig:                 encConfig,
+			MaxParallelDownloads:             opts.imageParallelCopies,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if opts.digestFile != "" {
+			manifestDigest, err := manifest.Digest(manifestBytes)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			if err = os.WriteFile(opts.digestFile, []byte(manifestDigest.String()), 0644); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("Failed to write digest to file %q: %w", opts.digestFile, err)
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}, opts.retryOpts)
 }

cmd/skopeo/copy_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1"},
+		{"a1", "a2", "a3"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"--insecure-policy", "copy"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly two arguments expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in integration and systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/delete.go

@@ -3,57 +3,74 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-func deleteHandler(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 1 {
+type deleteOptions struct {
+	global    *globalOptions
+	image     *imageOptions
+	retryOpts *retry.Options
+}
+
+func deleteCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, nil, "", "")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	opts := deleteOptions{
+		global:    global,
+		image:     imageOpts,
+		retryOpts: retryOpts,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "delete [command options] IMAGE-NAME",
+		Short: "Delete image IMAGE-NAME",
+		Long: fmt.Sprintf(`Delete an "IMAGE_NAME" from a transport
+Supported transports:
+%s
+See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		RunE:              commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example:           `skopeo delete docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest`,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *deleteOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: delete imageReference")
 	}
+	imageName := args[0]
 
-	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(context.Args()[0])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", context.Args()[0], err)
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 
-	ctx, err := contextFromGlobalOptions(context, "")
+	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid source name %s: %v", imageName, err)
+	}
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	return ref.DeleteImage(ctx)
-}
-
-var deleteCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:  "delete",
-	Usage: "Delete image IMAGE-NAME",
-	Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
-	Delete an "IMAGE_NAME" from a transport
-
-	Supported transports:
-	%s
-
-	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
-	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
-	Action:    deleteHandler,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "creds",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "cert-dir",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:  "tls-verify",
-			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)",
-		},
-	},
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	return retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		return ref.DeleteImage(ctx, sys)
+	}, opts.retryOpts)
 }

cmd/skopeo/generate_sigstore_key.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature/sigstore"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type generateSigstoreKeyOptions struct {
+	outputPrefix   string
+	passphraseFile string
+}
+
+func generateSigstoreKeyCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	var opts generateSigstoreKeyOptions
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "generate-sigstore-key [command options] --output-prefix PREFIX",
+		Short:   "Generate a sigstore public/private key pair",
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: "skopeo generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix my-key",
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.outputPrefix, "output-prefix", "", "Write the keys to `PREFIX`.pub and `PREFIX`.private")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.passphraseFile, "passphrase-file", "", "Read a passphrase for the private key from `PATH`")
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// ensurePathDoesNotExist verifies that path does not refer to an existing file,
+// and returns an error if so.
+func ensurePathDoesNotExist(path string) error {
+	switch _, err := os.Stat(path); {
+	case err == nil:
+		return fmt.Errorf("Refusing to overwrite existing %q", path)
+	case errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist):
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error checking existence of %q: %w", path, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *generateSigstoreKeyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 0 || opts.outputPrefix == "" {
+		return errors.New("Usage: generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix PREFIX")
+	}
+
+	pubKeyPath := opts.outputPrefix + ".pub"
+	privateKeyPath := opts.outputPrefix + ".private"
+	if err := ensurePathDoesNotExist(pubKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ensurePathDoesNotExist(privateKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var passphrase string
+	if opts.passphraseFile != "" {
+		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.passphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} else {
+		p, err := promptForPassphrase(privateKeyPath, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	}
+
+	keys, err := sigstore.GenerateKeyPair([]byte(passphrase))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error generating key pair: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(privateKeyPath, keys.PrivateKey, 0600); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing private key to %q: %w", privateKeyPath, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(pubKeyPath, keys.PublicKey, 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing private key to %q: %w", pubKeyPath, err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Key written to %q and %q", privateKeyPath, pubKeyPath)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/generate_sigstore_key_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGenerateSigstoreKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"--output-prefix", "foo", "a1"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"generate-sigstore-key"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Usage")
+	}
+
+	// One of the destination files already exists
+	outputSuffixes := []string{".pub", ".private"}
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+		err := os.WriteFile(prefix+suffix, []byte{}, 0600)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+			"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", "/dev/null",
+		)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Refusing to overwrite")
+	}
+
+	// One of the destinations is inaccessible (simulate by a symlink that tries to
+	// traverse a non-directory)
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		nonDirectory := filepath.Join(dir, "nondirectory")
+		err := os.WriteFile(nonDirectory, []byte{}, 0600)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+		err = os.Symlink(filepath.Join(nonDirectory, "unaccessible"), prefix+suffix)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+			"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", "/dev/null",
+		)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, prefix+suffix) // + an OS-specific error message
+	}
+	destDir := t.TempDir()
+	// Error reading passphrase
+	out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+		"--output-prefix", filepath.Join(destDir, "prefix"),
+		"--passphrase-file", filepath.Join(destDir, "this-does-not-exist"),
+	)
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "this-does-not-exist")
+
+	// (The interactive passphrase prompting is not yet tested)
+
+	// Error writing outputs is untested: when unit tests run as root, we can’t use permissions on a directory to cause write failures,
+	// with the --output-prefix mechanism, and refusing to even start writing to pre-exisiting files, directories are the only mechanism
+	// we have to trigger a write failure.
+
+	// Success
+	// Just a smoke-test, usability of the keys is tested in the generate implementation.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+	passphraseFile := filepath.Join(dir, "passphrase")
+	err = os.WriteFile(passphraseFile, []byte("some passphrase"), 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	out, err = runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+		"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", passphraseFile,
+	)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		assert.Contains(t, out, prefix+suffix)
+	}
+
+}

cmd/skopeo/inspect.go

@@ -2,126 +2,235 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"strings"
-	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/docker"
-	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports"
-	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/report"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/image"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/containers/skopeo/cmd/skopeo/inspect"
+	"github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/errcode"
+	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-// inspectOutput is the output format of (skopeo inspect), primarily so that we can format it with a simple json.MarshalIndent.
-type inspectOutput struct {
-	Name          string `json:",omitempty"`
-	Tag           string `json:",omitempty"`
-	Digest        digest.Digest
-	RepoTags      []string
-	Created       time.Time
-	DockerVersion string
-	Labels        map[string]string
-	Architecture  string
-	Os            string
-	Layers        []string
+type inspectOptions struct {
+	global        *globalOptions
+	image         *imageOptions
+	retryOpts     *retry.Options
+	format        string
+	raw           bool // Output the raw manifest instead of parsing information about the image
+	config        bool // Output the raw config blob instead of parsing information about the image
+	doNotListTags bool // Do not list all tags available in the same repository
 }
 
-var inspectCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:  "inspect",
-	Usage: "Inspect image IMAGE-NAME",
-	Description: fmt.Sprintf(`
-	Return low-level information about "IMAGE-NAME" in a registry/transport
+func inspectCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, nil, "", "")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	opts := inspectOptions{
+		global:    global,
+		image:     imageOpts,
+		retryOpts: retryOpts,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "inspect [command options] IMAGE-NAME",
+		Short: "Inspect image IMAGE-NAME",
+		Long: fmt.Sprintf(`Return low-level information about "IMAGE-NAME" in a registry/transport
+Supported transports:
+%s
 
-	Supported transports:
-	%s
+See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
+`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
+		RunE: commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: `skopeo inspect docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora
+skopeo inspect --config docker://docker.io/alpine
+skopeo inspect --format "Name: {{.Name}} Digest: {{.Digest}}" docker://registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8`,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.raw, "raw", false, "output raw manifest or configuration")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.config, "config", false, "output configuration")
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.format, "format", "f", "", "Format the output to a Go template")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.doNotListTags, "no-tags", "n", false, "Do not list the available tags from the repository in the output")
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	return cmd
+}
 
-	See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
-	`, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME",
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "cert-dir",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:  "tls-verify",
-			Usage: "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)",
-		},
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "raw",
-			Usage: "output raw manifest",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "creds",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry",
-		},
-	},
-	Action: func(c *cli.Context) (retErr error) {
-		img, err := parseImage(c)
+func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	var (
+		rawManifest []byte
+		src         types.ImageSource
+		imgInspect  *types.ImageInspectInfo
+	)
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return errors.New("Exactly one argument expected")
+	}
+	if opts.raw && opts.format != "" {
+		return errors.New("raw output does not support format option")
+	}
+	imageName := args[0]
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		src, err = parseImageSource(ctx, opts.image, imageName)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error parsing image name %q: %w", imageName, err)
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := src.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "closing image", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		rawManifest, _, err = src.GetManifest(ctx, nil)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving manifest for image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if opts.raw && !opts.config {
+		_, err := stdout.Write(rawManifest)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing manifest to standard output: %w", err)
 		}
 
-		defer func() {
-			if err := img.Close(); err != nil {
-				retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, fmt.Sprintf("(could not close image: %v) ", err))
-			}
-		}()
-
-		rawManifest, _, err := img.Manifest()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if c.Bool("raw") {
-			_, err := c.App.Writer.Write(rawManifest)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("Error writing manifest to standard output: %v", err)
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-		imgInspect, err := img.Inspect()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		outputData := inspectOutput{
-			Name: "", // Possibly overridden for a docker.Image.
-			Tag:  imgInspect.Tag,
-			// Digest is set below.
-			RepoTags:      []string{}, // Possibly overriden for a docker.Image.
-			Created:       imgInspect.Created,
-			DockerVersion: imgInspect.DockerVersion,
-			Labels:        imgInspect.Labels,
-			Architecture:  imgInspect.Architecture,
-			Os:            imgInspect.Os,
-			Layers:        imgInspect.Layers,
-		}
-		outputData.Digest, err = manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Error computing manifest digest: %v", err)
-		}
-		if dockerImg, ok := img.(*docker.Image); ok {
-			outputData.Name = dockerImg.SourceRefFullName()
-			outputData.RepoTags, err = dockerImg.GetRepositoryTags()
-			if err != nil {
-				// some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint
-				// gracefully allow the inspect to continue in this case. Currently
-				// the IBM Bluemix container registry has this restriction.
-				if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "401") {
-					return fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags: %v", err)
-				}
-				logrus.Warnf("Registry disallows tag list retrieval; skipping")
-			}
-		}
-		out, err := json.MarshalIndent(outputData, "", "    ")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		fmt.Fprintln(c.App.Writer, string(out))
 		return nil
-	},
+	}
+
+	img, err := image.FromUnparsedImage(ctx, sys, image.UnparsedInstance(src, nil))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error parsing manifest for image: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if opts.config && opts.raw {
+		var configBlob []byte
+		if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+			configBlob, err = img.ConfigBlob(ctx)
+			return err
+		}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading configuration blob: %w", err)
+		}
+		_, err = stdout.Write(configBlob)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing configuration blob to standard output: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	} else if opts.config {
+		var config *v1.Image
+		if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+			config, err = img.OCIConfig(ctx)
+			return err
+		}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading OCI-formatted configuration data: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err := opts.writeOutput(stdout, config); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing OCI-formatted configuration data to standard output: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		imgInspect, err = img.Inspect(ctx)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	outputData := inspect.Output{
+		Name: "", // Set below if DockerReference() is known
+		Tag:  imgInspect.Tag,
+		// Digest is set below.
+		RepoTags:      []string{}, // Possibly overridden for docker.Transport.
+		Created:       imgInspect.Created,
+		DockerVersion: imgInspect.DockerVersion,
+		Labels:        imgInspect.Labels,
+		Architecture:  imgInspect.Architecture,
+		Os:            imgInspect.Os,
+		Layers:        imgInspect.Layers,
+		LayersData:    imgInspect.LayersData,
+		Env:           imgInspect.Env,
+	}
+	outputData.Digest, err = manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error computing manifest digest: %w", err)
+	}
+	if dockerRef := img.Reference().DockerReference(); dockerRef != nil {
+		outputData.Name = dockerRef.Name()
+	}
+	if !opts.doNotListTags && img.Reference().Transport() == docker.Transport {
+		sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		outputData.RepoTags, err = docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sys, img.Reference())
+		if err != nil {
+			// Some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint;
+			// gracefully allow the inspect to continue in this case:
+			fatalFailure := true
+			// - AWS ECR rejects it if the "ecr:ListImages" action is not allowed.
+			//   https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/726
+			var ec errcode.ErrorCoder
+			if ok := errors.As(err, &ec); ok && ec.ErrorCode() == errcode.ErrorCodeDenied {
+				fatalFailure = false
+			}
+			// - public.ecr.aws does not implement the endpoint at all, and fails with 404:
+			//   https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/1230
+			//   This is actually "code":"NOT_FOUND", and the parser doesn’t preserve that.
+			//   So, also check the error text.
+			if ok := errors.As(err, &ec); ok && ec.ErrorCode() == errcode.ErrorCodeUnknown {
+				var e errcode.Error
+				if ok := errors.As(err, &e); ok && e.Code == errcode.ErrorCodeUnknown && e.Message == "404 page not found" {
+					fatalFailure = false
+				}
+			}
+			if fatalFailure {
+				return fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags: %w", err)
+			}
+			logrus.Warnf("Registry disallows tag list retrieval; skipping")
+		}
+	}
+	return opts.writeOutput(stdout, outputData)
+}
+
+// writeOutput writes data depending on opts.format to stdout
+func (opts *inspectOptions) writeOutput(stdout io.Writer, data any) error {
+	if report.IsJSON(opts.format) || opts.format == "" {
+		out, err := json.MarshalIndent(data, "", "    ")
+		if err == nil {
+			fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", string(out))
+		}
+		return err
+	}
+
+	rpt, err := report.New(stdout, "skopeo inspect").Parse(report.OriginUser, opts.format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer rpt.Flush()
+	return rpt.Execute([]any{data})
 }

cmd/skopeo/inspect/output.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package inspect
+
+import (
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	digest "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+)
+
+// Output is the output format of (skopeo inspect),
+// primarily so that we can format it with a simple json.MarshalIndent.
+type Output struct {
+	Name          string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Tag           string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Digest        digest.Digest
+	RepoTags      []string
+	Created       *time.Time
+	DockerVersion string
+	Labels        map[string]string
+	Architecture  string
+	Os            string
+	Layers        []string
+	LayersData    []types.ImageInspectLayer
+	Env           []string
+}

cmd/skopeo/layers.go

@@ -1,114 +1,174 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/directory"
-	"github.com/containers/image/image"
-	"github.com/containers/image/types"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/image"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/blobinfocache"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
-	"github.com/pkg/errors"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-var layersCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "layers",
-	Usage:     "Get layers of IMAGE-NAME",
-	ArgsUsage: "IMAGE-NAME [LAYER...]",
-	Hidden:    true,
-	Action: func(c *cli.Context) (retErr error) {
-		fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, `DEPRECATED: skopeo layers is deprecated in favor of skopeo copy`)
-		if c.NArg() == 0 {
-			return errors.New("Usage: layers imageReference [layer...]")
-		}
-		rawSource, err := parseImageSource(c, c.Args()[0])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		src, err := image.FromSource(rawSource)
-		if err != nil {
-			if closeErr := rawSource.Close(); closeErr != nil {
-				return errors.Wrapf(err, " (close error: %v)", closeErr)
-			}
-
-			return err
-		}
-		defer func() {
-			if err := src.Close(); err != nil {
-				retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, " (close error: %v)", err)
-			}
-		}()
-
-		var blobDigests []digest.Digest
-		for _, dString := range c.Args().Tail() {
-			if !strings.HasPrefix(dString, "sha256:") {
-				dString = "sha256:" + dString
-			}
-			d, err := digest.Parse(dString)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			blobDigests = append(blobDigests, d)
-		}
-
-		if len(blobDigests) == 0 {
-			layers := src.LayerInfos()
-			seenLayers := map[digest.Digest]struct{}{}
-			for _, info := range layers {
-				if _, ok := seenLayers[info.Digest]; !ok {
-					blobDigests = append(blobDigests, info.Digest)
-					seenLayers[info.Digest] = struct{}{}
-				}
-			}
-			configInfo := src.ConfigInfo()
-			if configInfo.Digest != "" {
-				blobDigests = append(blobDigests, configInfo.Digest)
-			}
-		}
-
-		tmpDir, err := ioutil.TempDir(".", "layers-")
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		tmpDirRef, err := directory.NewReference(tmpDir)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		dest, err := tmpDirRef.NewImageDestination(nil)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		defer func() {
-			if err := dest.Close(); err != nil {
-				retErr = errors.Wrapf(retErr, " (close error: %v)", err)
-			}
-		}()
-
-		for _, digest := range blobDigests {
-			r, blobSize, err := rawSource.GetBlob(types.BlobInfo{Digest: digest, Size: -1})
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
-			if _, err := dest.PutBlob(r, types.BlobInfo{Digest: digest, Size: blobSize}); err != nil {
-				if closeErr := r.Close(); closeErr != nil {
-					return errors.Wrapf(err, " (close error: %v)", closeErr)
-				}
-				return err
-			}
-		}
-
-		manifest, _, err := src.Manifest()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		if err := dest.PutManifest(manifest); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		return dest.Commit()
-	},
+type layersOptions struct {
+	global    *globalOptions
+	image     *imageOptions
+	retryOpts *retry.Options
+}
+
+func layersCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, nil, "", "")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	opts := layersOptions{
+		global:    global,
+		image:     imageOpts,
+		retryOpts: retryOpts,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Hidden: true,
+		Use:    "layers [command options] IMAGE-NAME [LAYER...]",
+		Short:  "Get layers of IMAGE-NAME",
+		RunE:   commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *layersOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	fmt.Fprintln(os.Stderr, `DEPRECATED: skopeo layers is deprecated in favor of skopeo copy`)
+	if len(args) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("Usage: layers imageReference [layer...]")
+	}
+	imageName := args[0]
+
+	if err := reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageName); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	cache := blobinfocache.DefaultCache(sys)
+	var (
+		rawSource types.ImageSource
+		src       types.ImageCloser
+	)
+	if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		rawSource, err = parseImageSource(ctx, opts.image, imageName)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		src, err = image.FromSource(ctx, sys, rawSource)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		if closeErr := rawSource.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w (closing image source: %v)", err, closeErr)
+		}
+
+		return err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := src.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "closing image", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	type blobDigest struct {
+		digest   digest.Digest
+		isConfig bool
+	}
+	var blobDigests []blobDigest
+	for _, dString := range args[1:] {
+		if !strings.HasPrefix(dString, "sha256:") {
+			dString = "sha256:" + dString
+		}
+		d, err := digest.Parse(dString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: d, isConfig: false})
+	}
+
+	if len(blobDigests) == 0 {
+		layers := src.LayerInfos()
+		seenLayers := map[digest.Digest]struct{}{}
+		for _, info := range layers {
+			if _, ok := seenLayers[info.Digest]; !ok {
+				blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: info.Digest, isConfig: false})
+				seenLayers[info.Digest] = struct{}{}
+			}
+		}
+		configInfo := src.ConfigInfo()
+		if configInfo.Digest != "" {
+			blobDigests = append(blobDigests, blobDigest{digest: configInfo.Digest, isConfig: true})
+		}
+	}
+
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp(".", "layers-")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	tmpDirRef, err := directory.NewReference(tmpDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	dest, err := tmpDirRef.NewImageDestination(ctx, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := dest.Close(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "closing destination", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	for _, bd := range blobDigests {
+		var (
+			r        io.ReadCloser
+			blobSize int64
+		)
+		if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+			r, blobSize, err = rawSource.GetBlob(ctx, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: -1}, cache)
+			return err
+		}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if _, err := dest.PutBlob(ctx, r, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: blobSize}, cache, bd.isConfig); err != nil {
+			if closeErr := r.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%w (close error: %v)", err, closeErr)
+			}
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	var manifest []byte
+	if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		manifest, _, err = src.Manifest(ctx)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := dest.PutManifest(ctx, manifest, nil); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return dest.Commit(ctx, image.UnparsedInstance(rawSource, nil))
 }

cmd/skopeo/list_tags.go

@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"sort"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/archive"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/reference"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
+)
+
+// tagListOutput is the output format of (skopeo list-tags), primarily so that we can format it with a simple json.MarshalIndent.
+type tagListOutput struct {
+	Repository string `json:",omitempty"`
+	Tags       []string
+}
+
+type tagsOptions struct {
+	global    *globalOptions
+	image     *imageOptions
+	retryOpts *retry.Options
+}
+
+var transportHandlers = map[string]func(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, opts *tagsOptions, userInput string) (repositoryName string, tagListing []string, err error){
+	docker.Transport.Name():  listDockerRepoTags,
+	archive.Transport.Name(): listDockerArchiveTags,
+}
+
+// supportedTransports returns all the supported transports
+func supportedTransports(joinStr string) string {
+	res := maps.Keys(transportHandlers)
+	sort.Strings(res)
+	return strings.Join(res, joinStr)
+}
+
+func tagsCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := dockerImageFlags(global, sharedOpts, nil, "", "")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+
+	opts := tagsOptions{
+		global:    global,
+		image:     imageOpts,
+		retryOpts: retryOpts,
+	}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "list-tags [command options] SOURCE-IMAGE",
+		Short: "List tags in the transport/repository specified by the SOURCE-IMAGE",
+		Long: `Return the list of tags from the transport/repository "SOURCE-IMAGE"
+
+Supported transports:
+` + supportedTransports(" ") + `
+
+See skopeo-list-tags(1) section "REPOSITORY NAMES" for the expected format
+`,
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: `skopeo list-tags docker://docker.io/fedora`,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// Customized version of the alltransports.ParseImageName and docker.ParseReference that does not place a default tag in the reference
+// Would really love to not have this, but needed to enforce tag-less and digest-less names
+func parseDockerRepositoryReference(refString string) (types.ImageReference, error) {
+	dockerRefString, ok := strings.CutPrefix(refString, docker.Transport.Name()+"://")
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("docker: image reference %s does not start with %s://", refString, docker.Transport.Name())
+	}
+
+	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(dockerRefString)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if !reference.IsNameOnly(ref) {
+		return nil, errors.New(`No tag or digest allowed in reference`)
+	}
+
+	// Checks ok, now return a reference. This is a hack because the tag listing code expects a full image reference even though the tag is ignored
+	return docker.NewReference(reference.TagNameOnly(ref))
+}
+
+// List the tags from a repository contained in the imgRef reference. Any tag value in the reference is ignored
+func listDockerTags(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, imgRef types.ImageReference) (string, []string, error) {
+	repositoryName := imgRef.DockerReference().Name()
+
+	tags, err := docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sys, imgRef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ``, nil, fmt.Errorf("Error listing repository tags: %w", err)
+	}
+	return repositoryName, tags, nil
+}
+
+// return the tagLists from a docker repo
+func listDockerRepoTags(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, opts *tagsOptions, userInput string) (repositoryName string, tagListing []string, err error) {
+	// Do transport-specific parsing and validation to get an image reference
+	imgRef, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(userInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		repositoryName, tagListing, err = listDockerTags(ctx, sys, imgRef)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// return the tagLists from a docker archive file
+func listDockerArchiveTags(_ context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, _ *tagsOptions, userInput string) (repositoryName string, tagListing []string, err error) {
+	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(userInput)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	tarReader, _, err := archive.NewReaderForReference(sys, ref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer tarReader.Close()
+
+	imageRefs, err := tarReader.List()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var repoTags []string
+	for imageIndex, items := range imageRefs {
+		for _, ref := range items {
+			repoTags, err = tarReader.ManifestTagsForReference(ref)
+			if err != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			// handle for each untagged image
+			if len(repoTags) == 0 {
+				repoTags = []string{fmt.Sprintf("@%d", imageIndex)}
+			}
+			tagListing = append(tagListing, repoTags...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (opts *tagsOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return errorShouldDisplayUsage{errors.New("Exactly one non-option argument expected")}
+	}
+
+	sys, err := opts.image.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	transport := alltransports.TransportFromImageName(args[0])
+	if transport == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Invalid %q: does not specify a transport", args[0])
+	}
+
+	var repositoryName string
+	var tagListing []string
+
+	if val, ok := transportHandlers[transport.Name()]; ok {
+		repositoryName, tagListing, err = val(ctx, sys, opts, args[0])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	} else {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Unsupported transport '%s' for tag listing. Only supported: %s",
+			transport.Name(), supportedTransports(", "))
+	}
+
+	outputData := tagListOutput{
+		Repository: repositoryName,
+		Tags:       tagListing,
+	}
+
+	out, err := json.MarshalIndent(outputData, "", "    ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	_, err = fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", string(out))
+
+	return err
+}

cmd/skopeo/list_tags_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// Tests the kinds of inputs allowed and expected to the command
+func TestDockerRepositoryReferenceParser(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range [][]string{
+		{"docker://myhost.com:1000/nginx"}, //no tag
+		{"docker://myhost.com/nginx"},      //no port or tag
+		{"docker://somehost.com"},          // Valid default expansion
+		{"docker://nginx"},                 // Valid default expansion
+	} {
+		ref, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(test[0])
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		expected, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(test[0])
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, expected.DockerReference().Name(), ref.DockerReference().Name(), "Mismatched parse result for input %v", test[0])
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range [][]string{
+		{"oci://somedir"},
+		{"dir:/somepath"},
+		{"docker-archive:/tmp/dir"},
+		{"container-storage:myhost.com/someimage"},
+		{"docker-daemon:myhost.com/someimage"},
+		{"docker://myhost.com:1000/nginx:foobar:foobar"},           // Invalid repository ref
+		{"docker://somehost.com:5000/"},                            // no repo
+		{"docker://myhost.com:1000/nginx:latest"},                  //tag not allowed
+		{"docker://myhost.com:1000/nginx@sha256:abcdef1234567890"}, //digest not allowed
+	} {
+		_, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(test[0])
+		assert.Error(t, err, test[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDockerRepositoryReferenceParserDrift(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range [][]string{
+		{"docker://myhost.com:1000/nginx", "myhost.com:1000/nginx"}, //no tag
+		{"docker://myhost.com/nginx", "myhost.com/nginx"},           //no port or tag
+		{"docker://somehost.com", "docker.io/library/somehost.com"}, // Valid default expansion
+		{"docker://nginx", "docker.io/library/nginx"},               // Valid default expansion
+	} {
+		ref, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(test[0])
+		ref2, err2 := alltransports.ParseImageName(test[0])
+
+		if assert.NoError(t, err, "Could not parse, got error on %v", test[0]) && assert.NoError(t, err2, "Could not parse with regular parser, got error on %v", test[0]) {
+			assert.Equal(t, ref.DockerReference().String(), ref2.DockerReference().String(), "Different parsing output for input %v. Repo parse = %v, regular parser = %v", test[0], ref, ref2)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestListTags(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1", "a2"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"list-tags"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly one non-option argument expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/login.go

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/auth"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type loginOptions struct {
+	global    *globalOptions
+	loginOpts auth.LoginOptions
+	tlsVerify commonFlag.OptionalBool
+}
+
+func loginCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	opts := loginOptions{
+		global: global,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "login [command options] REGISTRY",
+		Short:   "Login to a container registry",
+		Long:    "Login to a container registry on a specified server.",
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: `skopeo login quay.io`,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
+	flags.AddFlagSet(auth.GetLoginFlags(&opts.loginOpts))
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *loginOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+	opts.loginOpts.Stdout = stdout
+	opts.loginOpts.Stdin = os.Stdin
+	opts.loginOpts.AcceptRepositories = true
+	sys := opts.global.newSystemContext()
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		sys.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.tlsVerify.Value())
+	}
+	return auth.Login(ctx, sys, &opts.loginOpts, args)
+}

cmd/skopeo/login_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLogin(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	authFile := filepath.Join(dir, "auth.json")
+	compatAuthFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+
+	// Just a trivial smoke-test exercising one error-handling path.
+	// We can’t test full operation without a registry, unit tests should mostly
+	// exist in c/common/pkg/auth, not here.
+	out, err := runSkopeo("login", "--authfile", authFile, "--compat-auth-file", compatAuthFile, "example.com")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "options for paths to the credential file and to the Docker-compatible credential file can not be set simultaneously")
+}

cmd/skopeo/logout.go

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/auth"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type logoutOptions struct {
+	global     *globalOptions
+	logoutOpts auth.LogoutOptions
+	tlsVerify  commonFlag.OptionalBool
+}
+
+func logoutCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	opts := logoutOptions{
+		global: global,
+	}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "logout [command options] REGISTRY",
+		Short:   "Logout of a container registry",
+		Long:    "Logout of a container registry on a specified server.",
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: `skopeo logout quay.io`,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
+	flags.AddFlagSet(auth.GetLogoutFlags(&opts.logoutOpts))
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *logoutOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	opts.logoutOpts.Stdout = stdout
+	opts.logoutOpts.AcceptRepositories = true
+	sys := opts.global.newSystemContext()
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		sys.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.tlsVerify.Value())
+	}
+	return auth.Logout(sys, &opts.logoutOpts, args)
+}

cmd/skopeo/logout_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestLogout(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	authFile := filepath.Join(dir, "auth.json")
+	compatAuthFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+
+	// Just a trivial smoke-test exercising one error-handling path.
+	// We can’t test full operation without a registry, unit tests should mostly
+	// exist in c/common/pkg/auth, not here.
+	err := os.WriteFile(authFile, []byte("{}"), 0o700)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = os.WriteFile(compatAuthFile, []byte("{}"), 0o700)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	out, err := runSkopeo("logout", "--authfile", authFile, "--compat-auth-file", compatAuthFile, "example.com")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "options for paths to the credential file and to the Docker-compatible credential file can not be set simultaneously")
+}

cmd/skopeo/main.go

@@ -1,102 +1,185 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/containers/skopeo/version"
 	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/reexec"
-	"github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/version"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
 // gitCommit will be the hash that the binary was built from
 // and will be populated by the Makefile
 var gitCommit = ""
 
-// createApp returns a cli.App to be run or tested.
-func createApp() *cli.App {
-	app := cli.NewApp()
-	app.EnableBashCompletion = true
-	app.Name = "skopeo"
+var defaultUserAgent = "skopeo/" + version.Version
+
+type globalOptions struct {
+	debug              bool                    // Enable debug output
+	tlsVerify          commonFlag.OptionalBool // Require HTTPS and verify certificates (for docker: and docker-daemon:)
+	policyPath         string                  // Path to a signature verification policy file
+	insecurePolicy     bool                    // Use an "allow everything" signature verification policy
+	registriesDirPath  string                  // Path to a "registries.d" registry configuration directory
+	overrideArch       string                  // Architecture to use for choosing images, instead of the runtime one
+	overrideOS         string                  // OS to use for choosing images, instead of the runtime one
+	overrideVariant    string                  // Architecture variant to use for choosing images, instead of the runtime one
+	commandTimeout     time.Duration           // Timeout for the command execution
+	registriesConfPath string                  // Path to the "registries.conf" file
+	tmpDir             string                  // Path to use for big temporary files
+}
+
+// requireSubcommand returns an error if no sub command is provided
+// This was copied from podman: `github.com/containers/podman/cmd/podman/validate/args.go
+// Some small style changes to match skopeo were applied, but try to apply any
+// bugfixes there first.
+func requireSubcommand(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	if len(args) > 0 {
+		suggestions := cmd.SuggestionsFor(args[0])
+		if len(suggestions) == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Unrecognized command `%[1]s %[2]s`\nTry '%[1]s --help' for more information", cmd.CommandPath(), args[0])
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("Unrecognized command `%[1]s %[2]s`\n\nDid you mean this?\n\t%[3]s\n\nTry '%[1]s --help' for more information", cmd.CommandPath(), args[0], strings.Join(suggestions, "\n\t"))
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("Missing command '%[1]s COMMAND'\nTry '%[1]s --help' for more information", cmd.CommandPath())
+}
+
+// createApp returns a cobra.Command, and the underlying globalOptions object, to be run or tested.
+func createApp() (*cobra.Command, *globalOptions) {
+	opts := globalOptions{}
+
+	rootCommand := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:               "skopeo",
+		Long:              "Various operations with container images and container image registries",
+		RunE:              requireSubcommand,
+		PersistentPreRunE: opts.before,
+		SilenceUsage:      true,
+		SilenceErrors:     true,
+		// Hide the completion command which is provided by cobra
+		CompletionOptions: cobra.CompletionOptions{HiddenDefaultCmd: true},
+		// This is documented to parse "local" (non-PersistentFlags) flags of parent commands before
+		// running subcommands and handling their options. We don't really run into such cases,
+		// because all of our flags on rootCommand are in PersistentFlags, except for the deprecated --tls-verify;
+		// in that case we need TraverseChildren so that we can distinguish between
+		// (skopeo --tls-verify inspect) (causes a warning) and (skopeo inspect --tls-verify) (no warning).
+		TraverseChildren: true,
+	}
 	if gitCommit != "" {
-		app.Version = fmt.Sprintf("%s commit: %s", version.Version, gitCommit)
+		rootCommand.Version = fmt.Sprintf("%s commit: %s", version.Version, gitCommit)
 	} else {
-		app.Version = version.Version
+		rootCommand.Version = version.Version
 	}
-	app.Usage = "Various operations with container images and container image registries"
-	app.Flags = []cli.Flag{
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "debug",
-			Usage: "enable debug output",
-		},
-		cli.BoolTFlag{
-			Name:   "tls-verify",
-			Usage:  "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)",
-			Hidden: true,
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "policy",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "Path to a trust policy file",
-		},
-		cli.BoolFlag{
-			Name:  "insecure-policy",
-			Usage: "run the tool without any policy check",
-		},
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "registries.d",
-			Value: "",
-			Usage: "use registry configuration files in `DIR` (e.g. for container signature storage)",
-		},
+	// Override default `--version` global flag to enable `-v` shorthand
+	var dummyVersion bool
+	rootCommand.Flags().BoolVarP(&dummyVersion, "version", "v", false, "Version for Skopeo")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&opts.debug, "debug", false, "enable debug output")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.policyPath, "policy", "", "Path to a trust policy file")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().BoolVar(&opts.insecurePolicy, "insecure-policy", false, "run the tool without any policy check")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.registriesDirPath, "registries.d", "", "use registry configuration files in `DIR` (e.g. for container signature storage)")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.overrideArch, "override-arch", "", "use `ARCH` instead of the architecture of the machine for choosing images")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.overrideOS, "override-os", "", "use `OS` instead of the running OS for choosing images")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.overrideVariant, "override-variant", "", "use `VARIANT` instead of the running architecture variant for choosing images")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().DurationVar(&opts.commandTimeout, "command-timeout", 0, "timeout for the command execution")
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.registriesConfPath, "registries-conf", "", "path to the registries.conf file")
+	if err := rootCommand.PersistentFlags().MarkHidden("registries-conf"); err != nil {
+		logrus.Fatal("unable to mark registries-conf flag as hidden")
 	}
-	app.Before = func(c *cli.Context) error {
-		if c.GlobalBool("debug") {
-			logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
-		}
-		if c.GlobalIsSet("tls-verify") {
-			logrus.Warn("'--tls-verify' is deprecated, please set this on the specific subcommand")
-		}
-		return nil
+	rootCommand.PersistentFlags().StringVar(&opts.tmpDir, "tmpdir", "", "directory used to store temporary files")
+	flag := commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(rootCommand.Flags(), &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "Require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
+	flag.Hidden = true
+	rootCommand.AddCommand(
+		copyCmd(&opts),
+		deleteCmd(&opts),
+		generateSigstoreKeyCmd(),
+		inspectCmd(&opts),
+		layersCmd(&opts),
+		loginCmd(&opts),
+		logoutCmd(&opts),
+		manifestDigestCmd(),
+		proxyCmd(&opts),
+		syncCmd(&opts),
+		standaloneSignCmd(),
+		standaloneVerifyCmd(),
+		tagsCmd(&opts),
+		untrustedSignatureDumpCmd(),
+	)
+	return rootCommand, &opts
+}
+
+// before is run by the cli package for any command, before running the command-specific handler.
+func (opts *globalOptions) before(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	if opts.debug {
+		logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
 	}
-	app.Commands = []cli.Command{
-		copyCmd,
-		inspectCmd,
-		layersCmd,
-		deleteCmd,
-		manifestDigestCmd,
-		standaloneSignCmd,
-		standaloneVerifyCmd,
-		untrustedSignatureDumpCmd,
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		logrus.Warn("'--tls-verify' is deprecated, please set this on the specific subcommand")
 	}
-	return app
+	return nil
 }
 
 func main() {
 	if reexec.Init() {
 		return
 	}
-	app := createApp()
-	if err := app.Run(os.Args); err != nil {
+	rootCmd, _ := createApp()
+	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		if isNotFoundImageError(err) {
+			logrus.StandardLogger().Log(logrus.FatalLevel, err)
+			logrus.Exit(2)
+		}
 		logrus.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }
 
-// getPolicyContext handles the global "policy" flag.
-func getPolicyContext(c *cli.Context) (*signature.PolicyContext, error) {
-	policyPath := c.GlobalString("policy")
-	var policy *signature.Policy // This could be cached across calls, if we had an application context.
+// getPolicyContext returns a *signature.PolicyContext based on opts.
+func (opts *globalOptions) getPolicyContext() (*signature.PolicyContext, error) {
+	var policy *signature.Policy // This could be cached across calls in opts.
 	var err error
-	if c.GlobalBool("insecure-policy") {
+	if opts.insecurePolicy {
 		policy = &signature.Policy{Default: []signature.PolicyRequirement{signature.NewPRInsecureAcceptAnything()}}
-	} else if policyPath == "" {
+	} else if opts.policyPath == "" {
 		policy, err = signature.DefaultPolicy(nil)
 	} else {
-		policy, err = signature.NewPolicyFromFile(policyPath)
+		policy, err = signature.NewPolicyFromFile(opts.policyPath)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	return signature.NewPolicyContext(policy)
 }
+
+// commandTimeoutContext returns a context.Context and a cancellation callback based on opts.
+// The caller should usually "defer cancel()" immediately after calling this.
+func (opts *globalOptions) commandTimeoutContext() (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	var cancel context.CancelFunc = func() {}
+	if opts.commandTimeout > 0 {
+		ctx, cancel = context.WithTimeout(ctx, opts.commandTimeout)
+	}
+	return ctx, cancel
+}
+
+// newSystemContext returns a *types.SystemContext corresponding to opts.
+// It is guaranteed to return a fresh instance, so it is safe to make additional updates to it.
+func (opts *globalOptions) newSystemContext() *types.SystemContext {
+	ctx := &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:        opts.registriesDirPath,
+		ArchitectureChoice:       opts.overrideArch,
+		OSChoice:                 opts.overrideOS,
+		VariantChoice:            opts.overrideVariant,
+		SystemRegistriesConfPath: opts.registriesConfPath,
+		BigFilesTemporaryDir:     opts.tmpDir,
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent:  defaultUserAgent,
+	}
+	// DEPRECATED: We support this for backward compatibility, but override it if a per-image flag is provided.
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.tlsVerify.Value())
+	}
+	return ctx
+}

cmd/skopeo/main_test.go

@@ -1,14 +1,51 @@
 package main
 
-import "bytes"
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
 
 // runSkopeo creates an app object and runs it with args, with an implied first "skopeo".
 // Returns output intended for stdout and the returned error, if any.
 func runSkopeo(args ...string) (string, error) {
-	app := createApp()
+	app, _ := createApp()
 	stdout := bytes.Buffer{}
-	app.Writer = &stdout
-	args = append([]string{"skopeo"}, args...)
-	err := app.Run(args)
+	app.SetOut(&stdout)
+	app.SetArgs(args)
+	err := app.Execute()
 	return stdout.String(), err
 }
+
+func TestGlobalOptionsNewSystemContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// Default state
+	opts, _ := fakeGlobalOptions(t, []string{})
+	res := opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		// User-Agent is set by default.
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+	}, res)
+	// Set everything to non-default values.
+	opts, _ = fakeGlobalOptions(t, []string{
+		"--registries.d", "/srv/registries.d",
+		"--override-arch", "overridden-arch",
+		"--override-os", "overridden-os",
+		"--override-variant", "overridden-variant",
+		"--tmpdir", "/srv",
+		"--registries-conf", "/srv/registries.conf",
+		"--tls-verify=false",
+	})
+	res = opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:           "/srv/registries.d",
+		ArchitectureChoice:          "overridden-arch",
+		OSChoice:                    "overridden-os",
+		VariantChoice:               "overridden-variant",
+		BigFilesTemporaryDir:        "/srv",
+		SystemRegistriesConfPath:    "/srv/registries.conf",
+		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify: types.OptionalBoolTrue,
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent:     defaultUserAgent,
+	}, res)
+}

cmd/skopeo/manifest.go

@@ -3,19 +3,35 @@ package main
 import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
+	"os"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/manifest"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-func manifestDigest(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 1 {
+type manifestDigestOptions struct {
+}
+
+func manifestDigestCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	var opts manifestDigestOptions
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "manifest-digest MANIFEST-FILE",
+		Short:   "Compute a manifest digest of a file",
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: "skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json",
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *manifestDigestOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo manifest-digest manifest")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
 
-	man, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+	man, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading manifest from %s: %v", manifestPath, err)
 	}
@@ -23,13 +39,6 @@ func manifestDigest(context *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error computing digest: %v", err)
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintf(context.App.Writer, "%s\n", digest)
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", digest)
 	return nil
 }
-
-var manifestDigestCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "manifest-digest",
-	Usage:     "Compute a manifest digest of a file",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST",
-	Action:    manifestDigest,
-}

cmd/skopeo/manifest_test.go

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ func TestManifestDigest(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Error reading manifest
-	out, err := runSkopeo("manifest-digest", "/this/doesnt/exist")
-	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+	out, err := runSkopeo("manifest-digest", "/this/does/not/exist")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/does/not/exist")
 
 	// Error computing manifest
 	out, err = runSkopeo("manifest-digest", "fixtures/v2s1-invalid-signatures.manifest.json")

cmd/skopeo/proxy.go

@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+//go:build !windows
+// +build !windows
+
+package main
+
+/*
+  This code is currently only intended to be used by ostree
+  to fetch content via containers.  The API is subject
+  to change.  A goal however is to stabilize the API
+  eventually as a full out-of-process interface to the
+  core containers/image library functionality.
+
+  To use this command, in a parent process create a
+  `socketpair()` of type `SOCK_SEQPACKET`.  Fork
+  off this command, and pass one half of the socket
+  pair to the child.  Providing it on stdin (fd 0)
+  is the expected default.
+
+  The protocol is JSON for the control layer,
+  and  a read side of a `pipe()` passed for large data.
+
+ Base JSON protocol:
+
+ request: { method: "MethodName": args: [arguments] }
+ reply: { success: bool, value: JSVAL, pipeid: number, error: string }
+
+ For any non-metadata i.e. payload data from `GetManifest`
+ and `GetBlob` the server will pass back the read half of a `pipe(2)` via FD passing,
+ along with a `pipeid` integer.
+
+ The expected flow looks like this:
+
+  - Initialize
+    And validate the returned protocol version versus
+	what your client supports.
+  - OpenImage docker://quay.io/someorg/example:latest
+    (returns an imageid)
+  - GetManifest imageid (and associated <pipeid>)
+  (Streaming read data from pipe)
+  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
+  - GetBlob imageid sha256:...
+  (Streaming read data from pipe)
+  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
+  - GetBlob imageid sha256:...
+  (Streaming read data from pipe)
+  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
+  - CloseImage imageid
+
+ You may interleave invocations of these methods, e.g. one
+ can also invoke `OpenImage` multiple times, as well as
+ starting multiple GetBlob requests before calling `FinishPipe`
+ on them.  The server will stream data into the pipefd
+ until `FinishPipe` is invoked.
+
+ Note that the pipe will not be closed by the server until
+ the client has invoked `FinishPipe`.  This is to ensure
+ that the client checks for errors.  For example, `GetBlob`
+ performs digest (e.g. sha256) verification and this must
+ be checked after all data has been written.
+*/
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/image"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/blobinfocache"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+// protocolVersion is semantic version of the protocol used by this proxy.
+// The first version of the protocol has major version 0.2 to signify a
+// departure from the original code which used HTTP.
+//
+// 0.2.1: Initial version
+// 0.2.2: Added support for fetching image configuration as OCI
+// 0.2.3: Added GetFullConfig
+// 0.2.4: Added OpenImageOptional
+// 0.2.5: Added LayerInfoJSON
+// 0.2.6: Policy Verification before pulling OCI
+const protocolVersion = "0.2.6"
+
+// maxMsgSize is the current limit on a packet size.
+// Note that all non-metadata (i.e. payload data) is sent over a pipe.
+const maxMsgSize = 32 * 1024
+
+// maxJSONFloat is ECMA Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+// https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
+// We hard error if the input JSON numbers we expect to be
+// integers are above this.
+const maxJSONFloat = float64(uint64(1)<<53 - 1)
+
+// sentinelImageID represents "image not found" on the wire
+const sentinelImageID = 0
+
+// request is the JSON serialization of a function call
+type request struct {
+	// Method is the name of the function
+	Method string `json:"method"`
+	// Args is the arguments (parsed inside the function)
+	Args []any `json:"args"`
+}
+
+// reply is serialized to JSON as the return value from a function call.
+type reply struct {
+	// Success is true if and only if the call succeeded.
+	Success bool `json:"success"`
+	// Value is an arbitrary value (or values, as array/map) returned from the call.
+	Value any `json:"value"`
+	// PipeID is an index into open pipes, and should be passed to FinishPipe
+	PipeID uint32 `json:"pipeid"`
+	// Error should be non-empty if Success == false
+	Error string `json:"error"`
+}
+
+// replyBuf is our internal deserialization of reply plus optional fd
+type replyBuf struct {
+	// value will be converted to a reply Value
+	value any
+	// fd is the read half of a pipe, passed back to the client
+	fd *os.File
+	// pipeid will be provided to the client as PipeID, an index into our open pipes
+	pipeid uint32
+}
+
+// activePipe is an open pipe to the client.
+// It contains an error value
+type activePipe struct {
+	// w is the write half of the pipe
+	w *os.File
+	// wg is completed when our worker goroutine is done
+	wg sync.WaitGroup
+	// err may be set in our worker goroutine
+	err error
+}
+
+// openImage is an opened image reference
+type openImage struct {
+	// id is an opaque integer handle
+	id        uint64
+	src       types.ImageSource
+	cachedimg types.Image
+}
+
+// proxyHandler is the state associated with our socket.
+type proxyHandler struct {
+	// lock protects everything else in this structure.
+	lock sync.Mutex
+	// opts is CLI options
+	opts   *proxyOptions
+	sysctx *types.SystemContext
+	cache  types.BlobInfoCache
+
+	// imageSerial is a counter for open images
+	imageSerial uint64
+	// images holds our opened images
+	images map[uint64]*openImage
+	// activePipes maps from "pipeid" to a pipe + goroutine pair
+	activePipes map[uint32]*activePipe
+}
+
+// convertedLayerInfo is the reduced form of the OCI type BlobInfo
+// Used in the return value of GetLayerInfo
+type convertedLayerInfo struct {
+	Digest    digest.Digest `json:"digest"`
+	Size      int64         `json:"size"`
+	MediaType string        `json:"media_type"`
+}
+
+// Initialize performs one-time initialization, and returns the protocol version
+func (h *proxyHandler) Initialize(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if len(args) != 0 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting zero arguments")
+	}
+
+	if h.sysctx != nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("already initialized")
+	}
+
+	sysctx, err := h.opts.imageOpts.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	h.sysctx = sysctx
+	h.cache = blobinfocache.DefaultCache(sysctx)
+
+	r := replyBuf{
+		value: protocolVersion,
+	}
+	return r, nil
+}
+
+// OpenImage accepts a string image reference i.e. TRANSPORT:REF - like `skopeo copy`.
+// The return value is an opaque integer handle.
+func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImage(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	return h.openImageImpl(args, false)
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) openImageImpl(args []any, allowNotFound bool) (retReplyBuf replyBuf, retErr error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting one argument")
+	}
+	imageref, ok := args[0].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("expecting string imageref, not %T", args[0])
+	}
+
+	imgRef, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imageref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	imgsrc, err := imgRef.NewImageSource(context.Background(), h.sysctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		if allowNotFound && isNotFoundImageError(err) {
+			ret.value = sentinelImageID
+			return ret, nil
+		}
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	policyContext, err := h.opts.global.getPolicyContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := policyContext.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "tearing down policy context", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	unparsedTopLevel := image.UnparsedInstance(imgsrc, nil)
+	allowed, err := policyContext.IsRunningImageAllowed(context.Background(), unparsedTopLevel)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	if !allowed {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("internal inconsistency: policy verification failed without returning an error")
+	}
+
+	// Note that we never return zero as an imageid; this code doesn't yet
+	// handle overflow though.
+	h.imageSerial++
+	openimg := &openImage{
+		id:  h.imageSerial,
+		src: imgsrc,
+	}
+	h.images[openimg.id] = openimg
+	ret.value = openimg.id
+
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// OpenImage accepts a string image reference i.e. TRANSPORT:REF - like `skopeo copy`.
+// The return value is an opaque integer handle.  If the image does not exist, zero
+// is returned.
+func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImageOptional(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	return h.openImageImpl(args, true)
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) CloseImage(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting one argument")
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	imgref.src.Close()
+	delete(h.images, imgref.id)
+
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// parseUint64 validates that a number fits inside a JavaScript safe integer
+func parseUint64(v any) (uint64, error) {
+	f, ok := v.(float64)
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expecting numeric, not %T", v)
+	}
+	if f > maxJSONFloat {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("out of range integer for numeric %f", f)
+	}
+	return uint64(f), nil
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) parseImageFromID(v any) (*openImage, error) {
+	imgid, err := parseUint64(v)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if imgid == sentinelImageID {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid imageid value of zero")
+	}
+	imgref, ok := h.images[imgid]
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no image %v", imgid)
+	}
+	return imgref, nil
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) allocPipe() (*os.File, *activePipe, error) {
+	piper, pipew, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, nil, err
+	}
+	f := activePipe{
+		w: pipew,
+	}
+	h.activePipes[uint32(pipew.Fd())] = &f
+	f.wg.Add(1)
+	return piper, &f, nil
+}
+
+// returnBytes generates a return pipe() from a byte array
+// In the future it might be nicer to return this via memfd_create()
+func (h *proxyHandler) returnBytes(retval any, buf []byte) (replyBuf, error) {
+	var ret replyBuf
+	piper, f, err := h.allocPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	go func() {
+		// Signal completion when we return
+		defer f.wg.Done()
+		_, err = io.Copy(f.w, bytes.NewReader(buf))
+		if err != nil {
+			f.err = err
+		}
+	}()
+
+	ret.value = retval
+	ret.fd = piper
+	ret.pipeid = uint32(f.w.Fd())
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// cacheTargetManifest is invoked when GetManifest or GetConfig is invoked
+// the first time for a given image.  If the requested image is a manifest
+// list, this function resolves it to the image matching the calling process'
+// operating system and architecture.
+//
+// TODO: Add GetRawManifest or so that exposes manifest lists
+func (h *proxyHandler) cacheTargetManifest(img *openImage) error {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	if img.cachedimg != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	unparsedToplevel := image.UnparsedInstance(img.src, nil)
+	mfest, manifestType, err := unparsedToplevel.Manifest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var target *image.UnparsedImage
+	if manifest.MIMETypeIsMultiImage(manifestType) {
+		manifestList, err := manifest.ListFromBlob(mfest, manifestType)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		instanceDigest, err := manifestList.ChooseInstance(h.sysctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		target = image.UnparsedInstance(img.src, &instanceDigest)
+	} else {
+		target = unparsedToplevel
+	}
+	cachedimg, err := image.FromUnparsedImage(ctx, h.sysctx, target)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	img.cachedimg = cachedimg
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetManifest returns a copy of the manifest, converted to OCI format, along with the original digest.
+// Manifest lists are resolved to the current operating system and architecture.
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetManifest(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting one argument")
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	rawManifest, manifestType, err := img.Manifest(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	// We only support OCI and docker2schema2.  We know docker2schema2 can be easily+cheaply
+	// converted into OCI, so consumers only need to see OCI.
+	switch manifestType {
+	case imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest, manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType:
+		break
+	// Explicitly reject e.g. docker schema 1 type with a "legacy" note
+	case manifest.DockerV2Schema1MediaType, manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType:
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("unsupported legacy manifest MIME type: %s", manifestType)
+	default:
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("unsupported manifest MIME type: %s", manifestType)
+	}
+
+	// We always return the original digest, as that's what clients need to do pull-by-digest
+	// and in general identify the image.
+	digest, err := manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	var serialized []byte
+	// But, we convert to OCI format on the wire if it's not already.  The idea here is that by reusing the containers/image
+	// stack, clients to this proxy can pretend the world is OCI only, and not need to care about e.g.
+	// docker schema and MIME types.
+	if manifestType != imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest {
+		manifestUpdates := types.ManifestUpdateOptions{ManifestMIMEType: imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest}
+		ociImage, err := img.UpdatedImage(ctx, manifestUpdates)
+		if err != nil {
+			return ret, err
+		}
+
+		ociSerialized, _, err := ociImage.Manifest(ctx)
+		if err != nil {
+			return ret, err
+		}
+		serialized = ociSerialized
+	} else {
+		serialized = rawManifest
+	}
+	return h.returnBytes(digest, serialized)
+}
+
+// GetFullConfig returns a copy of the image configuration, converted to OCI format.
+// https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/config.md
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetFullConfig(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting: [imgid]")
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	config, err := img.OCIConfig(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	serialized, err := json.Marshal(&config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	return h.returnBytes(nil, serialized)
+}
+
+// GetConfig returns a copy of the container runtime configuration, converted to OCI format.
+// Note that due to a historical mistake, this returns not the full image configuration,
+// but just the container runtime configuration.  You should use GetFullConfig instead.
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetConfig(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("invalid request, expecting: [imgid]")
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	config, err := img.OCIConfig(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	serialized, err := json.Marshal(&config.Config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	return h.returnBytes(nil, serialized)
+}
+
+// GetBlob fetches a blob, performing digest verification.
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetBlob(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 3 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("found %d args, expecting (imgid, digest, size)", len(args))
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	digestStr, ok := args[1].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("expecting string blobid")
+	}
+	size, err := parseUint64(args[2])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	d, err := digest.Parse(digestStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	blobr, blobSize, err := imgref.src.GetBlob(ctx, types.BlobInfo{Digest: d, Size: int64(size)}, h.cache)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	piper, f, err := h.allocPipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		blobr.Close()
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	go func() {
+		// Signal completion when we return
+		defer blobr.Close()
+		defer f.wg.Done()
+		verifier := d.Verifier()
+		tr := io.TeeReader(blobr, verifier)
+		n, err := io.Copy(f.w, tr)
+		if err != nil {
+			f.err = err
+			return
+		}
+		if n != int64(size) {
+			f.err = fmt.Errorf("expected %d bytes in blob, got %d", size, n)
+		}
+		if !verifier.Verified() {
+			f.err = fmt.Errorf("corrupted blob, expecting %s", d.String())
+		}
+	}()
+
+	ret.value = blobSize
+	ret.fd = piper
+	ret.pipeid = uint32(f.w.Fd())
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// GetLayerInfo returns data about the layers of an image, useful for reading the layer contents.
+//
+// This needs to be called since the data returned by GetManifest() does not allow to correctly
+// calling GetBlob() for the containers-storage: transport (which doesn’t store the original compressed
+// representations referenced in the manifest).
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetLayerInfo(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("found %d args, expecting (imgid)", len(args))
+	}
+
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	layerInfos, err := img.LayerInfosForCopy(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	if layerInfos == nil {
+		layerInfos = img.LayerInfos()
+	}
+
+	layers := make([]convertedLayerInfo, 0, len(layerInfos))
+	for _, layer := range layerInfos {
+		layers = append(layers, convertedLayerInfo{layer.Digest, layer.Size, layer.MediaType})
+	}
+
+	ret.value = layers
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// FinishPipe waits for the worker goroutine to finish, and closes the write side of the pipe.
+func (h *proxyHandler) FinishPipe(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	pipeidv, err := parseUint64(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	pipeid := uint32(pipeidv)
+
+	f, ok := h.activePipes[pipeid]
+	if !ok {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("finishpipe: no active pipe %d", pipeid)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for the goroutine to complete
+	f.wg.Wait()
+	logrus.Debug("Completed pipe goroutine")
+	// And only now do we close the write half; this forces the client to call this API
+	f.w.Close()
+	// Propagate any errors from the goroutine worker
+	err = f.err
+	delete(h.activePipes, pipeid)
+	return ret, err
+}
+
+// close releases all resources associated with this proxy backend
+func (h *proxyHandler) close() {
+	for _, image := range h.images {
+		err := image.src.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			// This shouldn't be fatal
+			logrus.Warnf("Failed to close image %s: %v", transports.ImageName(image.cachedimg.Reference()), err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// send writes a reply buffer to the socket
+func (buf replyBuf) send(conn *net.UnixConn, err error) error {
+	logrus.Debugf("Sending reply: err=%v value=%v pipeid=%v", err, buf.value, buf.pipeid)
+	replyToSerialize := reply{
+		Success: err == nil,
+		Value:   buf.value,
+		PipeID:  buf.pipeid,
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		replyToSerialize.Error = err.Error()
+	}
+	serializedReply, err := json.Marshal(&replyToSerialize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// We took ownership of the FD - close it when we're done.
+	defer func() {
+		if buf.fd != nil {
+			buf.fd.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+	// Copy the FD number to the socket ancillary buffer
+	fds := make([]int, 0)
+	if buf.fd != nil {
+		fds = append(fds, int(buf.fd.Fd()))
+	}
+	oob := syscall.UnixRights(fds...)
+	n, oobn, err := conn.WriteMsgUnix(serializedReply, oob, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Validate that we sent the full packet
+	if n != len(serializedReply) || oobn != len(oob) {
+		return io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+type proxyOptions struct {
+	global    *globalOptions
+	imageOpts *imageOptions
+	sockFd    int
+}
+
+func proxyCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, nil, "", "")
+	opts := proxyOptions{global: global, imageOpts: imageOpts}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "experimental-image-proxy [command options] IMAGE",
+		Short: "Interactive proxy for fetching container images (EXPERIMENTAL)",
+		Long:  `Run skopeo as a proxy, supporting HTTP requests to fetch manifests and blobs.`,
+		RunE:  commandAction(opts.run),
+		Args:  cobra.ExactArgs(0),
+		// Not stabilized yet
+		Hidden:  true,
+		Example: `skopeo experimental-image-proxy --sockfd 3`,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.IntVar(&opts.sockFd, "sockfd", 0, "Serve on opened socket pair (default 0/stdin)")
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// processRequest dispatches a remote request.
+// replyBuf is the result of the invocation.
+// terminate should be true if processing of requests should halt.
+func (h *proxyHandler) processRequest(readBytes []byte) (rb replyBuf, terminate bool, err error) {
+	var req request
+
+	// Parse the request JSON
+	if err = json.Unmarshal(readBytes, &req); err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("invalid request: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	logrus.Debugf("Executing method %s", req.Method)
+
+	// Dispatch on the method
+	switch req.Method {
+	case "Initialize":
+		rb, err = h.Initialize(req.Args)
+	case "OpenImage":
+		rb, err = h.OpenImage(req.Args)
+	case "OpenImageOptional":
+		rb, err = h.OpenImageOptional(req.Args)
+	case "CloseImage":
+		rb, err = h.CloseImage(req.Args)
+	case "GetManifest":
+		rb, err = h.GetManifest(req.Args)
+	case "GetConfig":
+		rb, err = h.GetConfig(req.Args)
+	case "GetFullConfig":
+		rb, err = h.GetFullConfig(req.Args)
+	case "GetBlob":
+		rb, err = h.GetBlob(req.Args)
+	case "GetLayerInfo":
+		rb, err = h.GetLayerInfo(req.Args)
+	case "FinishPipe":
+		rb, err = h.FinishPipe(req.Args)
+	case "Shutdown":
+		terminate = true
+	// NOTE: If you add a method here, you should very likely be bumping the
+	// const protocolVersion above.
+	default:
+		err = fmt.Errorf("unknown method: %s", req.Method)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// Implementation of podman experimental-image-proxy
+func (opts *proxyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	handler := &proxyHandler{
+		opts:        opts,
+		images:      make(map[uint64]*openImage),
+		activePipes: make(map[uint32]*activePipe),
+	}
+	defer handler.close()
+
+	// Convert the socket FD passed by client into a net.FileConn
+	fd := os.NewFile(uintptr(opts.sockFd), "sock")
+	fconn, err := net.FileConn(fd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	conn := fconn.(*net.UnixConn)
+
+	// Allocate a buffer to copy the packet into
+	buf := make([]byte, maxMsgSize)
+	for {
+		n, _, err := conn.ReadFrom(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+				return nil
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("reading socket: %v", err)
+		}
+		readbuf := buf[0:n]
+
+		rb, terminate, err := handler.processRequest(readbuf)
+		if terminate {
+			logrus.Debug("terminating")
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		if err := rb.send(conn, err); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("writing to socket: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/skopeo/proxy_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//go:build windows
+// +build windows
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type proxyOptions struct {
+	global *globalOptions
+}
+
+func proxyCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	opts := proxyOptions{global: global}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		RunE: commandAction(opts.run),
+		Args: cobra.ExactArgs(0),
+		// Not stabilized yet
+		Hidden: true,
+	}
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *proxyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("This command is not supported on Windows")
+}

cmd/skopeo/signing.go

@@ -4,103 +4,173 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
-func standaloneSign(context *cli.Context) error {
-	outputFile := context.String("output")
-	if len(context.Args()) != 3 || outputFile == "" {
+type standaloneSignOptions struct {
+	output         string // Output file path
+	passphraseFile string // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing
+}
+
+func standaloneSignCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := standaloneSignOptions{}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "standalone-sign [command options] MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT --output|-o SIGNATURE",
+		Short: "Create a signature using local files",
+		RunE:  commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.output, "output", "o", "", "output the signature to `SIGNATURE`")
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.passphraseFile, "passphrase-file", "", "", "file that contains a passphrase for the --sign-by key")
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *standaloneSignOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 3 || opts.output == "" {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo standalone-sign manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint -o signature")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
-	dockerReference := context.Args()[1]
-	fingerprint := context.Args()[2]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
+	dockerReference := args[1]
+	fingerprint := args[2]
 
-	manifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+	manifest, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading %s: %v", manifestPath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
 	}
 
 	mech, err := signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer mech.Close()
-	signature, err := signature.SignDockerManifest(manifest, dockerReference, mech, fingerprint)
+
+	passphrase, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.passphraseFile)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating signature: %v", err)
+		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := ioutil.WriteFile(outputFile, signature, 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %v", outputFile, err)
+	signature, err := signature.SignDockerManifestWithOptions(manifest, dockerReference, mech, fingerprint, &signature.SignOptions{Passphrase: passphrase})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating signature: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(opts.output, signature, 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %w", opts.output, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-var standaloneSignCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "standalone-sign",
-	Usage:     "Create a signature using local files",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT",
-	Action:    standaloneSign,
-	Flags: []cli.Flag{
-		cli.StringFlag{
-			Name:  "output, o",
-			Usage: "output the signature to `SIGNATURE`",
-		},
-	},
+type standaloneVerifyOptions struct {
+	publicKeyFile string
 }
 
-func standaloneVerify(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 4 {
+func standaloneVerifyCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := standaloneVerifyOptions{}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "standalone-verify MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINTS SIGNATURE",
+		Short: "Verify a signature using local files",
+		Long: `Verify a signature using local files
+
+KEY-FINGERPRINTS can be a comma separated list of fingerprints, or "any" if you trust all the keys in the public key file.`,
+		RunE: commandAction(opts.run),
+	}
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.publicKeyFile, "public-key-file", "", `File containing public keys. If not specified, will use local GPG keys.`)
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *standaloneVerifyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 4 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo standalone-verify manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint signature")
 	}
-	manifestPath := context.Args()[0]
-	expectedDockerReference := context.Args()[1]
-	expectedFingerprint := context.Args()[2]
-	signaturePath := context.Args()[3]
+	manifestPath := args[0]
+	expectedDockerReference := args[1]
+	expectedFingerprints := strings.Split(args[2], ",")
+	signaturePath := args[3]
 
-	unverifiedManifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading manifest from %s: %v", manifestPath, err)
+	if opts.publicKeyFile == "" && len(expectedFingerprints) == 1 && expectedFingerprints[0] == "any" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot use any fingerprint without a public key file")
 	}
-	unverifiedSignature, err := ioutil.ReadFile(signaturePath)
+	unverifiedManifest, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading signature from %s: %v", signaturePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading manifest from %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
+	}
+	unverifiedSignature, err := os.ReadFile(signaturePath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading signature from %s: %w", signaturePath, err)
 	}
 
-	mech, err := signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
+	var mech signature.SigningMechanism
+	var publicKeyfingerprints []string
+	if opts.publicKeyFile != "" {
+		publicKeys, err := os.ReadFile(opts.publicKeyFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading public keys from %s: %w", opts.publicKeyFile, err)
+		}
+		mech, publicKeyfingerprints, err = signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism(publicKeys)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
+
+		}
+	} else {
+		mech, err = signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 	defer mech.Close()
-	sig, err := signature.VerifyDockerManifestSignature(unverifiedSignature, unverifiedManifest, expectedDockerReference, mech, expectedFingerprint)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying signature: %v", err)
+
+	if len(expectedFingerprints) == 1 && expectedFingerprints[0] == "any" {
+		expectedFingerprints = publicKeyfingerprints
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(context.App.Writer, "Signature verified, digest %s\n", sig.DockerManifestDigest)
+	sig, verificationFingerprint, err := signature.VerifyImageManifestSignatureUsingKeyIdentityList(unverifiedSignature, unverifiedManifest, expectedDockerReference, mech, expectedFingerprints)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying signature: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Signature verified using fingerprint %s, digest %s\n", verificationFingerprint, sig.DockerManifestDigest)
 	return nil
 }
 
-var standaloneVerifyCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "standalone-verify",
-	Usage:     "Verify a signature using local files",
-	ArgsUsage: "MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT SIGNATURE",
-	Action:    standaloneVerify,
+// WARNING: Do not use the contents of this for ANY security decisions,
+// and be VERY CAREFUL about showing this information to humans in any way which suggest that these values “are probably” reliable.
+// There is NO REASON to expect the values to be correct, or not intentionally misleading
+// (including things like “✅ Verified by $authority”)
+//
+// The subcommand is undocumented, and it may be renamed or entirely disappear in the future.
+type untrustedSignatureDumpOptions struct {
 }
 
-func untrustedSignatureDump(context *cli.Context) error {
-	if len(context.Args()) != 1 {
+func untrustedSignatureDumpCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	opts := untrustedSignatureDumpOptions{}
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:    "untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification SIGNATURE",
+		Short:  "Dump contents of a signature WITHOUT VERIFYING IT",
+		RunE:   commandAction(opts.run),
+		Hidden: true,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+func (opts *untrustedSignatureDumpOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 1 {
 		return errors.New("Usage: skopeo untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification signature")
 	}
-	untrustedSignaturePath := context.Args()[0]
+	untrustedSignaturePath := args[0]
 
-	untrustedSignature, err := ioutil.ReadFile(untrustedSignaturePath)
+	untrustedSignature, err := os.ReadFile(untrustedSignaturePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading untrusted signature from %s: %v", untrustedSignaturePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading untrusted signature from %s: %w", untrustedSignaturePath, err)
 	}
 
 	untrustedInfo, err := signature.GetUntrustedSignatureInformationWithoutVerifying(untrustedSignature)
@@ -111,20 +181,6 @@ func untrustedSignatureDump(context *cli.Context) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	fmt.Fprintln(context.App.Writer, string(untrustedOut))
+	fmt.Fprintln(stdout, string(untrustedOut))
 	return nil
 }
-
-// WARNING: Do not use the contents of this for ANY security decisions,
-// and be VERY CAREFUL about showing this information to humans in any way which suggest that these values “are probably” reliable.
-// There is NO REASON to expect the values to be correct, or not intentionally misleading
-// (including things like “✅ Verified by $authority”)
-//
-// The subcommand is undocumented, and it may be renamed or entirely disappear in the future.
-var untrustedSignatureDumpCmd = cli.Command{
-	Name:      "untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification",
-	Usage:     "Dump contents of a signature WITHOUT VERIFYING IT",
-	ArgsUsage: "SIGNATURE",
-	Hidden:    true,
-	Action:    untrustedSignatureDump,
-}

cmd/skopeo/signing_test.go

@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/signature"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -25,9 +24,8 @@ const (
 // Test that results of runSkopeo failed with nothing on stdout, and substring
 // within the error message.
 func assertTestFailed(t *testing.T, stdout string, err error, substring string) {
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorContains(t, err, substring)
 	assert.Empty(t, stdout)
-	assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), substring)
 }
 
 func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
@@ -40,8 +38,7 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 
 	manifestPath := "fixtures/image.manifest.json"
 	dockerReference := "testing/manifest"
-	os.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "fixtures")
-	defer os.Unsetenv("GNUPGHOME")
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "fixtures")
 
 	// Invalid command-line arguments
 	for _, args := range [][]string{
@@ -58,8 +55,8 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Error reading manifest
 	out, err := runSkopeo("standalone-sign", "-o", "/dev/null",
-		"/this/doesnt/exist", dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint)
-	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+		"/this/does/not/exist", dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint)
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/does/not/exist")
 
 	// Invalid Docker reference
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-sign", "-o", "/dev/null",
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/dev/full")
 
 	// Success
-	sigOutput, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "sig")
+	sigOutput, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sig")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(sigOutput.Name())
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-sign", "-o", sigOutput.Name(),
@@ -86,9 +83,9 @@ func TestStandaloneSign(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, out)
 
-	sig, err := ioutil.ReadFile(sigOutput.Name())
+	sig, err := os.ReadFile(sigOutput.Name())
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	manifest, err := ioutil.ReadFile(manifestPath)
+	manifest, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	mech, err = signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
@@ -103,8 +100,7 @@ func TestStandaloneVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	manifestPath := "fixtures/image.manifest.json"
 	signaturePath := "fixtures/image.signature"
 	dockerReference := "testing/manifest"
-	os.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "fixtures")
-	defer os.Unsetenv("GNUPGHOME")
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "fixtures")
 
 	// Invalid command-line arguments
 	for _, args := range [][]string{
@@ -117,25 +113,50 @@ func TestStandaloneVerify(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Error reading manifest
-	out, err := runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "/this/doesnt/exist",
+	out, err := runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "/this/does/not/exist",
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
-	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/does/not/exist")
 
 	// Error reading signature
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
-		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, "/this/doesnt/exist")
-	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, "/this/does/not/exist")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/does/not/exist")
 
 	// Error verifying signature
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, "fixtures/corrupt.signature")
 	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Error verifying signature")
 
+	// Error using any without a public key file
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "any", signaturePath)
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Cannot use any fingerprint without a public key file")
+
 	// Success
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified, digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using multiple fingerprints
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF01234567,"+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+",DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF", signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using a public key file
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "")
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "--public-key-file", "fixtures/pubring.gpg", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using a public key file matching any public key
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "")
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "--public-key-file", "fixtures/pubring.gpg", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "any", signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
 }
 
 func TestUntrustedSignatureDump(t *testing.T) {
@@ -151,8 +172,8 @@ func TestUntrustedSignatureDump(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Error reading manifest
 	out, err := runSkopeo("untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification",
-		"/this/doesnt/exist")
-	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/doesnt/exist")
+		"/this/does/not/exist")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "/this/does/not/exist")
 
 	// Error reading signature (input is not a signature)
 	out, err = runSkopeo("untrusted-signature-dump-without-verification", "fixtures/image.manifest.json")

cmd/skopeo/sync.go

@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+	"path"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/reference"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli/sigstore"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature/signer"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+// syncOptions contains information retrieved from the skopeo sync command line.
+type syncOptions struct {
+	global                   *globalOptions // Global (not command dependent) skopeo options
+	deprecatedTLSVerify      *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	srcImage                 *imageOptions     // Source image options
+	destImage                *imageDestOptions // Destination image options
+	retryOpts                *retry.Options
+	removeSignatures         bool                      // Do not copy signatures from the source image
+	signByFingerprint        string                    // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
+	signBySigstoreParamFile  string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore signature per configuration in a param file
+	signBySigstorePrivateKey string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore private key
+	signPassphraseFile       string                    // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing
+	format                   commonFlag.OptionalString // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
+	source                   string                    // Source repository name
+	destination              string                    // Destination registry name
+	digestFile               string                    // Write digest to this file
+	scoped                   bool                      // When true, namespace copied images at destination using the source repository name
+	all                      bool                      // Copy all of the images if an image in the source is a list
+	dryRun                   bool                      // Don't actually copy anything, just output what it would have done
+	preserveDigests          bool                      // Preserve digests during sync
+	keepGoing                bool                      // Whether or not to abort the sync if there are any errors during syncing the images
+	appendSuffix             string                    // Suffix to append to destination image tag
+}
+
+// repoDescriptor contains information of a single repository used as a sync source.
+type repoDescriptor struct {
+	DirBasePath string                 // base path when source is 'dir'
+	ImageRefs   []types.ImageReference // List of tagged image found for the repository
+	Context     *types.SystemContext   // SystemContext for the sync command
+}
+
+// tlsVerifyConfig is an implementation of the Unmarshaler interface, used to
+// customize the unmarshaling behaviour of the tls-verify YAML key.
+type tlsVerifyConfig struct {
+	skip types.OptionalBool // skip TLS verification check (false by default)
+}
+
+// registrySyncConfig contains information about a single registry, read from
+// the source YAML file
+type registrySyncConfig struct {
+	Images           map[string][]string    // Images map images name to slices with the images' references (tags, digests)
+	ImagesByTagRegex map[string]string      `yaml:"images-by-tag-regex"` // Images map images name to regular expression with the images' tags
+	ImagesBySemver   map[string]string      `yaml:"images-by-semver"`    // ImagesBySemver maps a repository to a semver constraint (e.g. '>=3.14') to match images' tags to
+	Credentials      types.DockerAuthConfig // Username and password used to authenticate with the registry
+	TLSVerify        tlsVerifyConfig        `yaml:"tls-verify"` // TLS verification mode (enabled by default)
+	CertDir          string                 `yaml:"cert-dir"`   // Path to the TLS certificates of the registry
+}
+
+// sourceConfig contains all registries information read from the source YAML file
+type sourceConfig map[string]registrySyncConfig
+
+func syncCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt := deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags()
+	srcFlags, srcOpts := dockerImageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "src-", "screds")
+	destFlags, destOpts := dockerImageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "dest-", "dcreds")
+	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+
+	opts := syncOptions{
+		global:              global,
+		deprecatedTLSVerify: deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt,
+		srcImage:            srcOpts,
+		destImage:           &imageDestOptions{imageOptions: destOpts},
+		retryOpts:           retryOpts,
+	}
+
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:   "sync [command options] --src TRANSPORT --dest TRANSPORT SOURCE DESTINATION",
+		Short: "Synchronize one or more images from one location to another",
+		Long: `Copy all the images from a SOURCE to a DESTINATION.
+
+Allowed SOURCE transports (specified with --src): docker, dir, yaml.
+Allowed DESTINATION transports (specified with --dest): docker, dir.
+
+See skopeo-sync(1) for details.
+`,
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: `skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir --scoped registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb`,
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.removeSignatures, "remove-signatures", false, "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE images")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signByFingerprint, "sign-by", "", "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, "sign-by-sigstore", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore parameter file at `PATH`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, "sign-by-sigstore-private-key", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore private key at `PATH`")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.signPassphraseFile, "sign-passphrase-file", "", "File that contains a passphrase for the --sign-by key")
+	flags.VarP(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.format), "format", "f", `MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use when syncing image(s) to a destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)`)
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.source, "src", "s", "", "SOURCE transport type")
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.destination, "dest", "d", "", "DESTINATION transport type")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.scoped, "scoped", false, "Images at DESTINATION are prefix using the full source image path as scope")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.appendSuffix, "append-suffix", "", "String to append to DESTINATION tags")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.digestFile, "digestfile", "", "Write the digests and Image References of the resulting images to the specified file, separated by newlines")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.all, "all", "a", false, "Copy all images if SOURCE-IMAGE is a list")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.dryRun, "dry-run", false, "Run without actually copying data")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.preserveDigests, "preserve-digests", false, "Preserve digests of images and lists")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.keepGoing, "keep-going", "", false, "Do not abort the sync if any image copy fails")
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&srcFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&destFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// UnmarshalYAML is the implementation of the Unmarshaler interface method
+// for the tlsVerifyConfig type.
+// It unmarshals the 'tls-verify' YAML key so that, when they key is not
+// specified, tls verification is enforced.
+func (tls *tlsVerifyConfig) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
+	var verify bool
+	if err := value.Decode(&verify); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	tls.skip = types.NewOptionalBool(!verify)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// newSourceConfig unmarshals the provided YAML file path to the sourceConfig type.
+// It returns a new unmarshaled sourceConfig object and any error encountered.
+func newSourceConfig(yamlFile string) (sourceConfig, error) {
+	var cfg sourceConfig
+	source, err := os.ReadFile(yamlFile)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cfg, err
+	}
+	err = yaml.Unmarshal(source, &cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return cfg, fmt.Errorf("Failed to unmarshal %q: %w", yamlFile, err)
+	}
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+// parseRepositoryReference parses input into a reference.Named, and verifies that it names a repository, not an image.
+func parseRepositoryReference(input string) (reference.Named, error) {
+	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if !reference.IsNameOnly(ref) {
+		return nil, errors.New("input names a reference, not a repository")
+	}
+	return ref, nil
+}
+
+// destinationReference creates an image reference using the provided transport.
+// It returns a image reference to be used as destination of an image copy and
+// any error encountered.
+func destinationReference(destination string, transport string) (types.ImageReference, error) {
+	var imageTransport types.ImageTransport
+
+	switch transport {
+	case docker.Transport.Name():
+		destination = fmt.Sprintf("//%s", destination)
+		imageTransport = docker.Transport
+	case directory.Transport.Name():
+		_, err := os.Stat(destination)
+		if err == nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Refusing to overwrite destination directory %q", destination)
+		}
+		if !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Destination directory could not be used: %w", err)
+		}
+		// the directory holding the image must be created here
+		if err = os.MkdirAll(destination, 0755); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error creating directory for image %s: %w", destination, err)
+		}
+		imageTransport = directory.Transport
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid destination transport", transport)
+	}
+	logrus.Debugf("Destination for transport %q: %s", transport, destination)
+
+	destRef, err := imageTransport.ParseReference(destination)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot obtain a valid image reference for transport %q and reference %q: %w", imageTransport.Name(), destination, err)
+	}
+
+	return destRef, nil
+}
+
+// getImageTags lists all tags in a repository.
+// It returns a string slice of tags and any error encountered.
+func getImageTags(ctx context.Context, sysCtx *types.SystemContext, repoRef reference.Named) ([]string, error) {
+	name := repoRef.Name()
+	logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+		"image": name,
+	}).Info("Getting tags")
+	// Ugly: NewReference rejects IsNameOnly references, and GetRepositoryTags ignores the tag/digest.
+	// So, we use TagNameOnly here only to shut up NewReference
+	dockerRef, err := docker.NewReference(reference.TagNameOnly(repoRef))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err // Should never happen for a reference with tag and no digest
+	}
+	tags, err := docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sysCtx, dockerRef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags for repo %s: %w", name, err)
+	}
+
+	return tags, nil
+}
+
+// imagesToCopyFromRepo builds a list of image references from the tags
+// found in a source repository.
+// It returns an image reference slice with as many elements as the tags found
+// and any error encountered.
+func imagesToCopyFromRepo(sys *types.SystemContext, repoRef reference.Named) ([]types.ImageReference, error) {
+	tags, err := getImageTags(context.Background(), sys, repoRef)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+	for _, tag := range tags {
+		taggedRef, err := reference.WithTag(repoRef, tag)
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+				"repo": repoRef.Name(),
+				"tag":  tag,
+			}).Errorf("Error creating a tagged reference from registry tag list: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		ref, err := docker.NewReference(taggedRef)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot obtain a valid image reference for transport %q and reference %s: %w", docker.Transport.Name(), taggedRef.String(), err)
+		}
+		sourceReferences = append(sourceReferences, ref)
+	}
+	return sourceReferences, nil
+}
+
+// imagesToCopyFromDir builds a list of image references from the images found
+// in the source directory.
+// It returns an image reference slice with as many elements as the images found
+// and any error encountered.
+func imagesToCopyFromDir(dirPath string) ([]types.ImageReference, error) {
+	var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+	err := filepath.WalkDir(dirPath, func(path string, d fs.DirEntry, err error) error {
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !d.IsDir() && d.Name() == "manifest.json" {
+			dirname := filepath.Dir(path)
+			ref, err := directory.Transport.ParseReference(dirname)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("Cannot obtain a valid image reference for transport %q and reference %q: %w", directory.Transport.Name(), dirname, err)
+			}
+			sourceReferences = append(sourceReferences, ref)
+			return filepath.SkipDir
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return sourceReferences,
+			fmt.Errorf("Error walking the path %q: %w", dirPath, err)
+	}
+
+	return sourceReferences, nil
+}
+
+// imagesToCopyFromRegistry builds a list of repository descriptors from the images
+// in a registry configuration.
+// It returns a repository descriptors slice with as many elements as the images
+// found and any error encountered. Each element of the slice is a list of
+// image references, to be used as sync source.
+func imagesToCopyFromRegistry(registryName string, cfg registrySyncConfig, sourceCtx types.SystemContext) ([]repoDescriptor, error) {
+	serverCtx := &sourceCtx
+	// override ctx with per-registryName options
+	serverCtx.DockerCertPath = cfg.CertDir
+	serverCtx.DockerDaemonCertPath = cfg.CertDir
+	serverCtx.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify = (cfg.TLSVerify.skip == types.OptionalBoolTrue)
+	serverCtx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = cfg.TLSVerify.skip
+	if cfg.Credentials != (types.DockerAuthConfig{}) {
+		serverCtx.DockerAuthConfig = &cfg.Credentials
+	}
+	var repoDescList []repoDescriptor
+
+	if len(cfg.Images) == 0 && len(cfg.ImagesByTagRegex) == 0 && len(cfg.ImagesBySemver) == 0 {
+		logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"registry": registryName,
+		}).Warn("No images specified for registry")
+		return repoDescList, nil
+	}
+
+	for imageName, refs := range cfg.Images {
+		repoLogger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"repo":     imageName,
+			"registry": registryName,
+		})
+		repoRef, err := parseRepositoryReference(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", registryName, imageName))
+		if err != nil {
+			repoLogger.Error("Error parsing repository name, skipping")
+			logrus.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		repoLogger.Info("Processing repo")
+
+		var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+		if len(refs) != 0 {
+			for _, ref := range refs {
+				tagLogger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{"ref": ref})
+				var named reference.Named
+				// first try as digest
+				if d, err := digest.Parse(ref); err == nil {
+					named, err = reference.WithDigest(repoRef, d)
+					if err != nil {
+						tagLogger.Error("Error processing ref, skipping")
+						logrus.Error(err)
+						continue
+					}
+				} else {
+					tagLogger.Debugf("Ref was not a digest, trying as a tag: %s", err)
+					named, err = reference.WithTag(repoRef, ref)
+					if err != nil {
+						tagLogger.Error("Error parsing ref, skipping")
+						logrus.Error(err)
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+
+				imageRef, err := docker.NewReference(named)
+				if err != nil {
+					tagLogger.Error("Error processing ref, skipping")
+					logrus.Errorf("Error getting image reference: %s", err)
+					continue
+				}
+				sourceReferences = append(sourceReferences, imageRef)
+			}
+		} else { // len(refs) == 0
+			repoLogger.Info("Querying registry for image tags")
+			sourceReferences, err = imagesToCopyFromRepo(serverCtx, repoRef)
+			if err != nil {
+				repoLogger.Error("Error processing repo, skipping")
+				logrus.Error(err)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(sourceReferences) == 0 {
+			repoLogger.Warnf("No refs to sync found")
+			continue
+		}
+		repoDescList = append(repoDescList, repoDescriptor{
+			ImageRefs: sourceReferences,
+			Context:   serverCtx})
+	}
+
+	// include repository descriptors for cfg.ImagesByTagRegex
+	{
+		filterCollection, err := tagRegexFilterCollection(cfg.ImagesByTagRegex)
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Error(err)
+		} else {
+			additionalRepoDescList := filterSourceReferences(serverCtx, registryName, filterCollection)
+			repoDescList = append(repoDescList, additionalRepoDescList...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// include repository descriptors for cfg.ImagesBySemver
+	{
+		filterCollection, err := semverFilterCollection(cfg.ImagesBySemver)
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Error(err)
+		} else {
+			additionalRepoDescList := filterSourceReferences(serverCtx, registryName, filterCollection)
+			repoDescList = append(repoDescList, additionalRepoDescList...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return repoDescList, nil
+}
+
+// filterFunc is a function used to limit the initial set of image references
+// using tags, patterns, semver, etc.
+type filterFunc func(*logrus.Entry, types.ImageReference) bool
+
+// filterCollection is a map of repository names to filter functions.
+type filterCollection map[string]filterFunc
+
+// filterSourceReferences lists tags for images specified in the collection and
+// filters them using assigned filter functions.
+// It returns a list of repoDescriptors.
+func filterSourceReferences(sys *types.SystemContext, registryName string, collection filterCollection) []repoDescriptor {
+	var repoDescList []repoDescriptor
+	for repoName, filter := range collection {
+		logger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"repo":     repoName,
+			"registry": registryName,
+		})
+
+		repoRef, err := parseRepositoryReference(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", registryName, repoName))
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error parsing repository name, skipping")
+			logrus.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		logger.Info("Processing repo")
+
+		var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+
+		logger.Info("Querying registry for image tags")
+		sourceReferences, err = imagesToCopyFromRepo(sys, repoRef)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error processing repo, skipping")
+			logrus.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var filteredSourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+		for _, ref := range sourceReferences {
+			if filter(logger, ref) {
+				filteredSourceReferences = append(filteredSourceReferences, ref)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(filteredSourceReferences) == 0 {
+			logger.Warnf("No refs to sync found")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		repoDescList = append(repoDescList, repoDescriptor{
+			ImageRefs: filteredSourceReferences,
+			Context:   sys,
+		})
+	}
+	return repoDescList
+}
+
+// tagRegexFilterCollection converts a map of (repository name, tag regex) pairs
+// into a filterCollection, which is a map of (repository name, filter function)
+// pairs.
+func tagRegexFilterCollection(collection map[string]string) (filterCollection, error) {
+	filters := filterCollection{}
+
+	for repoName, tagRegex := range collection {
+		pattern, err := regexp.Compile(tagRegex)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		f := func(logger *logrus.Entry, sourceReference types.ImageReference) bool {
+			tagged, isTagged := sourceReference.DockerReference().(reference.Tagged)
+			if !isTagged {
+				logger.Errorf("Internal error, reference %s does not have a tag, skipping", sourceReference.DockerReference())
+				return false
+			}
+			return pattern.MatchString(tagged.Tag())
+		}
+		filters[repoName] = f
+	}
+
+	return filters, nil
+}
+
+// semverFilterCollection converts a map of (repository name, array of semver constraints) pairs
+// into a filterCollection, which is a map of (repository name, filter function)
+// pairs.
+func semverFilterCollection(collection map[string]string) (filterCollection, error) {
+	filters := filterCollection{}
+
+	for repoName, constraintString := range collection {
+		constraint, err := semver.NewConstraint(constraintString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		f := func(logger *logrus.Entry, sourceReference types.ImageReference) bool {
+			tagged, isTagged := sourceReference.DockerReference().(reference.Tagged)
+			if !isTagged {
+				logger.Errorf("Internal error, reference %s does not have a tag, skipping", sourceReference.DockerReference())
+				return false
+			}
+			tagVersion, err := semver.NewVersion(tagged.Tag())
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Tracef("Tag %q cannot be parsed as semver, skipping", tagged.Tag())
+				return false
+			}
+			return constraint.Check(tagVersion)
+		}
+
+		filters[repoName] = f
+	}
+
+	return filters, nil
+}
+
+// imagesToCopy retrieves all the images to copy from a specified sync source
+// and transport.
+// It returns a slice of repository descriptors, where each descriptor is a
+// list of tagged image references to be used as sync source, and any error
+// encountered.
+func imagesToCopy(source string, transport string, sourceCtx *types.SystemContext) ([]repoDescriptor, error) {
+	var descriptors []repoDescriptor
+
+	switch transport {
+	case docker.Transport.Name():
+		desc := repoDescriptor{
+			Context: sourceCtx,
+		}
+		named, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(source) // May be a repository or an image.
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot obtain a valid image reference for transport %q and reference %q: %w", docker.Transport.Name(), source, err)
+		}
+		imageTagged := !reference.IsNameOnly(named)
+		logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"imagename": source,
+			"tagged":    imageTagged,
+		}).Info("Tag presence check")
+		if imageTagged {
+			srcRef, err := docker.NewReference(named)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("Cannot obtain a valid image reference for transport %q and reference %q: %w", docker.Transport.Name(), named.String(), err)
+			}
+			desc.ImageRefs = []types.ImageReference{srcRef}
+		} else {
+			desc.ImageRefs, err = imagesToCopyFromRepo(sourceCtx, named)
+			if err != nil {
+				return descriptors, err
+			}
+			if len(desc.ImageRefs) == 0 {
+				return descriptors, fmt.Errorf("No images to sync found in %q", source)
+			}
+		}
+		descriptors = append(descriptors, desc)
+
+	case directory.Transport.Name():
+		desc := repoDescriptor{
+			Context: sourceCtx,
+		}
+
+		if _, err := os.Stat(source); err != nil {
+			return descriptors, fmt.Errorf("Invalid source directory specified: %w", err)
+		}
+		desc.DirBasePath = source
+		var err error
+		desc.ImageRefs, err = imagesToCopyFromDir(source)
+		if err != nil {
+			return descriptors, err
+		}
+		if len(desc.ImageRefs) == 0 {
+			return descriptors, fmt.Errorf("No images to sync found in %q", source)
+		}
+		descriptors = append(descriptors, desc)
+
+	case "yaml":
+		cfg, err := newSourceConfig(source)
+		if err != nil {
+			return descriptors, err
+		}
+		for registryName, registryConfig := range cfg {
+			descs, err := imagesToCopyFromRegistry(registryName, registryConfig, *sourceCtx)
+			if err != nil {
+				return descriptors, fmt.Errorf("Failed to retrieve list of images from registry %q: %w", registryName, err)
+			}
+			descriptors = append(descriptors, descs...)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return descriptors, nil
+}
+
+func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		return errorShouldDisplayUsage{errors.New("Exactly two arguments expected")}
+	}
+	opts.deprecatedTLSVerify.warnIfUsed([]string{"--src-tls-verify", "--dest-tls-verify"})
+
+	policyContext, err := opts.global.getPolicyContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error loading trust policy: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := policyContext.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "tearing down policy context", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// validate source and destination options
+	if len(opts.source) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("A source transport must be specified")
+	}
+	if !slices.Contains([]string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name(), "yaml"}, opts.source) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid source transport", opts.source)
+	}
+
+	if len(opts.destination) == 0 {
+		return errors.New("A destination transport must be specified")
+	}
+	if !slices.Contains([]string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name()}, opts.destination) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid destination transport", opts.destination)
+	}
+
+	if opts.source == opts.destination && opts.source == directory.Transport.Name() {
+		return errors.New("sync from 'dir' to 'dir' not implemented, consider using rsync instead")
+	}
+
+	opts.destImage.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(transports.Get(opts.destination))
+
+	imageListSelection := copy.CopySystemImage
+	if opts.all {
+		imageListSelection = copy.CopyAllImages
+	}
+
+	sourceCtx, err := opts.srcImage.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var manifestType string
+	if opts.format.Present() {
+		manifestType, err = parseManifestFormat(opts.format.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
+	defer cancel()
+
+	sourceArg := args[0]
+	var srcRepoList []repoDescriptor
+	if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+		srcRepoList, err = imagesToCopy(sourceArg, opts.source, sourceCtx)
+		return err
+	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	destination := args[1]
+	destinationCtx, err := opts.destImage.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// c/image/copy.Image does allow creating both simple signing and sigstore signatures simultaneously,
+	// with independent passphrases, but that would make the CLI probably too confusing.
+	// For now, use the passphrase with either, but only one of them.
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" && opts.signByFingerprint != "" && opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Only one of --sign-by and sign-by-sigstore-private-key can be used with sign-passphrase-file")
+	}
+	var passphrase string
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" {
+		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.signPassphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} else if opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		p, err := promptForPassphrase(opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	}
+
+	var signers []*signer.Signer
+	if opts.signBySigstoreParamFile != "" {
+		signer, err := sigstore.NewSignerFromParameterFile(opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, &sigstore.Options{
+			PrivateKeyPassphrasePrompt: func(keyFile string) (string, error) {
+				return promptForPassphrase(keyFile, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+			},
+			Stdin:  os.Stdin,
+			Stdout: stdout,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error using --sign-by-sigstore: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer signer.Close()
+		signers = append(signers, signer)
+	}
+
+	options := copy.Options{
+		RemoveSignatures:                      opts.removeSignatures,
+		Signers:                               signers,
+		SignBy:                                opts.signByFingerprint,
+		SignPassphrase:                        passphrase,
+		SignBySigstorePrivateKeyFile:          opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey,
+		SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase:      []byte(passphrase),
+		ReportWriter:                          stdout,
+		DestinationCtx:                        destinationCtx,
+		ImageListSelection:                    imageListSelection,
+		PreserveDigests:                       opts.preserveDigests,
+		OptimizeDestinationImageAlreadyExists: true,
+		ForceManifestMIMEType:                 manifestType,
+	}
+	errorsPresent := false
+	imagesNumber := 0
+	if opts.dryRun {
+		logrus.Warn("Running in dry-run mode")
+	}
+
+	var digestFile *os.File
+	if opts.digestFile != "" && !opts.dryRun {
+		digestFile, err = os.OpenFile(opts.digestFile, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error creating digest file: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := digestFile.Close(); err != nil {
+				retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "closing digest file", err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
+	for _, srcRepo := range srcRepoList {
+		options.SourceCtx = srcRepo.Context
+		for counter, ref := range srcRepo.ImageRefs {
+			var destSuffix string
+			var manifestBytes []byte
+			switch ref.Transport() {
+			case docker.Transport:
+				// docker -> dir or docker -> docker
+				destSuffix = ref.DockerReference().String()
+			case directory.Transport:
+				// dir -> docker (we don't allow `dir` -> `dir` sync operations)
+				destSuffix = strings.TrimPrefix(ref.StringWithinTransport(), srcRepo.DirBasePath)
+				if destSuffix == "" {
+					// if source is a full path to an image, have destPath scoped to repo:tag
+					destSuffix = path.Base(srcRepo.DirBasePath)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !opts.scoped {
+				destSuffix = path.Base(destSuffix)
+			}
+
+			destRef, err := destinationReference(path.Join(destination, destSuffix)+opts.appendSuffix, opts.destination)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			fromToFields := logrus.Fields{
+				"from": transports.ImageName(ref),
+				"to":   transports.ImageName(destRef),
+			}
+			if opts.dryRun {
+				logrus.WithFields(fromToFields).Infof("Would have copied image ref %d/%d", counter+1, len(srcRepo.ImageRefs))
+			} else {
+				logrus.WithFields(fromToFields).Infof("Copying image ref %d/%d", counter+1, len(srcRepo.ImageRefs))
+				if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
+					manifestBytes, err = copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, ref, &options)
+					return err
+				}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
+					if !opts.keepGoing {
+						return fmt.Errorf("Error copying ref %q: %w", transports.ImageName(ref), err)
+					}
+					// log the error, keep a note that there was a failure and move on to the next
+					// image ref
+					errorsPresent = true
+					logrus.WithError(err).Errorf("Error copying ref %q", transports.ImageName(ref))
+					continue
+				}
+				// Ensure that we log the manifest digest to a file only if the copy operation was successful
+				if opts.digestFile != "" {
+					manifestDigest, err := manifest.Digest(manifestBytes)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					outputStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", manifestDigest.String(), transports.ImageName(destRef))
+					if _, err = digestFile.WriteString(outputStr + "\n"); err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("Failed to write digest to file %q: %w", opts.digestFile, err)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			imagesNumber++
+		}
+	}
+
+	if opts.dryRun {
+		logrus.Infof("Would have synced %d images from %d sources", imagesNumber, len(srcRepoList))
+	} else {
+		logrus.Infof("Synced %d images from %d sources", imagesNumber, len(srcRepoList))
+	}
+	if !errorsPresent {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return errors.New("Sync failed due to previous reported error(s) for one or more images")
+}

cmd/skopeo/sync_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+var _ yaml.Unmarshaler = (*tlsVerifyConfig)(nil)
+
+func TestTLSVerifyConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	type container struct { // An example of a larger config file
+		TLSVerify tlsVerifyConfig `yaml:"tls-verify"`
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input    string
+		expected tlsVerifyConfig
+	}{
+		{
+			input:    `tls-verify: true`,
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolFalse},
+		},
+		{
+			input:    `tls-verify: false`,
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolTrue},
+		},
+		{
+			input:    ``, // No value
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolUndefined},
+		},
+	} {
+		config := container{}
+		err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(c.input), &config)
+		require.NoError(t, err, c.input)
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expected, config.TLSVerify, c.input)
+	}
+
+	// Invalid input
+	config := container{}
+	err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(`tls-verify: "not a valid bool"`), &config)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestSync(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1"},
+		{"a1", "a2", "a3"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"sync"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly two arguments expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in integration and systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/unshare.go

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+//go:build !linux
+// +build !linux
+
+package main
+
+func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(_ ...string) error {
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/unshare_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/unshare"
+	"github.com/moby/sys/capability"
+)
+
+var neededCapabilities = []capability.Cap{
+	capability.CAP_CHOWN,
+	capability.CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE,
+	capability.CAP_FOWNER,
+	capability.CAP_FSETID,
+	capability.CAP_MKNOD,
+	capability.CAP_SETFCAP,
+}
+
+func maybeReexec() error {
+	// With Skopeo we need only the subset of the root capabilities necessary
+	// for pulling an image to the storage.  Do not attempt to create a namespace
+	// if we already have the capabilities we need.
+	capabilities, err := capability.NewPid2(0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error reading the current capabilities sets: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := capabilities.Load(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error loading the current capabilities sets: %w", err)
+	}
+	if slices.ContainsFunc(neededCapabilities, func(cap capability.Cap) bool {
+		return !capabilities.Get(capability.EFFECTIVE, cap)
+	}) {
+		// We miss a capability we need, create a user namespaces
+		unshare.MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(true)
+		return nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageNames ...string) error {
+	// Check if container-storage is used before doing unshare
+	if slices.ContainsFunc(imageNames, func(imageName string) bool {
+		transport := alltransports.TransportFromImageName(imageName)
+		// Hard-code the storage name to avoid a reference on c/image/storage.
+		// See https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/771#issuecomment-563125006.
+		return transport != nil && transport.Name() == "containers-storage"
+	}) {
+		return maybeReexec()
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/utils.go

@@ -1,48 +1,332 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"context"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
-	"github.com/containers/image/transports/alltransports"
-	"github.com/containers/image/types"
-	"github.com/urfave/cli"
+	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	ocilayout "github.com/containers/image/v5/oci/layout"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/compression"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/storage"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	dockerdistributionerrcode "github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/errcode"
+	dockerdistributionapi "github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/v2"
+	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"golang.org/x/term"
 )
 
-func contextFromGlobalOptions(c *cli.Context, flagPrefix string) (*types.SystemContext, error) {
-	ctx := &types.SystemContext{
-		RegistriesDirPath: c.GlobalString("registries.d"),
-		DockerCertPath:    c.String(flagPrefix + "cert-dir"),
-		// DEPRECATED: keep this here for backward compatibility, but override
-		// them if per subcommand flags are provided (see below).
-		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify: !c.GlobalBoolT("tls-verify"),
-		OSTreeTmpDirPath:            c.String(flagPrefix + "ostree-tmp-dir"),
+// errorShouldDisplayUsage is a subtype of error used by command handlers to indicate that the command’s help should be included.
+type errorShouldDisplayUsage struct {
+	error
+}
+
+// noteCloseFailure returns (possibly-nil) err modified to account for (non-nil) closeErr.
+// The error for closeErr is annotated with description (which is not a format string)
+// Typical usage:
+//
+//	defer func() {
+//		if err := something.Close(); err != nil {
+//			returnedErr = noteCloseFailure(returnedErr, "closing something", err)
+//		}
+//	}
+func noteCloseFailure(err error, description string, closeErr error) error {
+	// We don’t accept a Closer() and close it ourselves because signature.PolicyContext has .Destroy(), not .Close().
+	// This also makes it harder for a caller to do
+	//     defer noteCloseFailure(returnedErr, …)
+	// which doesn’t use the right value of returnedErr, and doesn’t update it.
+	if err == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", description, closeErr)
 	}
-	if c.IsSet(flagPrefix + "tls-verify") {
-		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = !c.BoolT(flagPrefix + "tls-verify")
+	// In this case we prioritize the primary error for use with %w; closeErr is usually less relevant, or might be a consequence of the primary error.
+	return fmt.Errorf("%w (%s: %v)", err, description, closeErr)
+}
+
+// commandAction intermediates between the RunE interface and the real handler,
+// primarily to ensure that cobra.Command is not available to the handler, which in turn
+// makes sure that the cmd.Flags() etc. flag access functions are not used,
+// and everything is done using the *Options structures and the *Var() methods of cmd.Flag().
+// handler may return errorShouldDisplayUsage to cause c.Help to be called.
+func commandAction(handler func(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error) func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+	return func(c *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+		err := handler(args, c.OutOrStdout())
+		var shouldDisplayUsage errorShouldDisplayUsage
+		if errors.As(err, &shouldDisplayUsage) {
+			c.SetOut(c.ErrOrStderr()) // This mutates c, but we are failing anyway.
+			_ = c.Help()              // Even if this failed, we prefer to report the original error
+		}
+		return err
 	}
-	if c.IsSet(flagPrefix + "creds") {
+}
+
+// deprecatedTLSVerifyOption represents a deprecated --tls-verify option,
+// which was accepted for all subcommands, for a time.
+// Every user should call deprecatedTLSVerifyOption.warnIfUsed() as part of handling the CLI,
+// whether or not the value actually ends up being used.
+// DO NOT ADD ANY NEW USES OF THIS; just call dockerImageFlags with an appropriate, possibly empty, flagPrefix.
+type deprecatedTLSVerifyOption struct {
+	tlsVerify commonFlag.OptionalBool // FIXME FIXME: Warn if this is used, or even if it is ignored.
+}
+
+// warnIfUsed warns if tlsVerify was set by the user, and suggests alternatives (which should
+// start with "--").
+// Every user should call this as part of handling the CLI, whether or not the value actually
+// ends up being used.
+func (opts *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption) warnIfUsed(alternatives []string) {
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		logrus.Warnf("'--tls-verify' is deprecated, instead use: %s", strings.Join(alternatives, ", "))
+	}
+}
+
+// deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags prepares the CLI flag writing into deprecatedTLSVerifyOption, and the managed deprecatedTLSVerifyOption structure.
+// DO NOT ADD ANY NEW USES OF THIS; just call dockerImageFlags with an appropriate, possibly empty, flagPrefix.
+func deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption) {
+	opts := deprecatedTLSVerifyOption{}
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	flag := commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(&fs, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the container registry")
+	flag.Hidden = true
+	return fs, &opts
+}
+
+// sharedImageOptions collects CLI flags which are image-related, but do not change across images.
+// This really should be a part of globalOptions, but that would break existing users of (skopeo copy --authfile=).
+type sharedImageOptions struct {
+	authFilePath string // Path to a */containers/auth.json
+}
+
+// sharedImageFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into sharedImageOptions, and the managed sharedImageOptions structure.
+func sharedImageFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *sharedImageOptions) {
+	opts := sharedImageOptions{}
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.authFilePath, "authfile", os.Getenv("REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE"), "path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
+	return fs, &opts
+}
+
+// dockerImageOptions collects CLI flags specific to the "docker" transport, which are
+// the same across subcommands, but may be different for each image
+// (e.g. may differ between the source and destination of a copy)
+type dockerImageOptions struct {
+	global              *globalOptions             // May be shared across several imageOptions instances.
+	shared              *sharedImageOptions        // May be shared across several imageOptions instances.
+	deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption // May be shared across several imageOptions instances, or nil.
+	authFilePath        commonFlag.OptionalString  // Path to a */containers/auth.json (prefixed version to override shared image option).
+	credsOption         commonFlag.OptionalString  // username[:password] for accessing a registry
+	userName            commonFlag.OptionalString  // username for accessing a registry
+	password            commonFlag.OptionalString  // password for accessing a registry
+	registryToken       commonFlag.OptionalString  // token to be used directly as a Bearer token when accessing the registry
+	dockerCertPath      string                     // A directory using Docker-like *.{crt,cert,key} files for connecting to a registry or a daemon
+	tlsVerify           commonFlag.OptionalBool    // Require HTTPS and verify certificates (for docker: and docker-daemon:)
+	noCreds             bool                       // Access the registry anonymously
+}
+
+// imageOptions collects CLI flags which are the same across subcommands, but may be different for each image
+// (e.g. may differ between the source and destination of a copy)
+type imageOptions struct {
+	dockerImageOptions
+	sharedBlobDir    string // A directory to use for OCI blobs, shared across repositories
+	dockerDaemonHost string // docker-daemon: host to connect to
+}
+
+// dockerImageFlags prepares a collection of docker-transport specific CLI flags
+// writing into imageOptions, and the managed imageOptions structure.
+func dockerImageFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) (pflag.FlagSet, *imageOptions) {
+	flags := imageOptions{
+		dockerImageOptions: dockerImageOptions{
+			global:              global,
+			shared:              shared,
+			deprecatedTLSVerify: deprecatedTLSVerify,
+		},
+	}
+
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	if flagPrefix != "" {
+		// the non-prefixed flag is handled by a shared flag.
+		fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.authFilePath), flagPrefix+"authfile", "path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
+	}
+	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.credsOption), flagPrefix+"creds", "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry")
+	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.userName), flagPrefix+"username", "Username for accessing the registry")
+	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.password), flagPrefix+"password", "Password for accessing the registry")
+	if credsOptionAlias != "" {
+		// This is horribly ugly, but we need to support the old option forms of (skopeo copy) for compatibility.
+		// Don't add any more cases like this.
+		f := fs.VarPF(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.credsOption), credsOptionAlias, "", "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry")
+		f.Hidden = true
+	}
+	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.registryToken), flagPrefix+"registry-token", "Provide a Bearer token for accessing the registry")
+	fs.StringVar(&flags.dockerCertPath, flagPrefix+"cert-dir", "", "use certificates at `PATH` (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry or daemon")
+	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(&fs, &flags.tlsVerify, flagPrefix+"tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon")
+	fs.BoolVar(&flags.noCreds, flagPrefix+"no-creds", false, "Access the registry anonymously")
+	return fs, &flags
+}
+
+// imageFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into imageOptions, and the managed imageOptions structure.
+func imageFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) (pflag.FlagSet, *imageOptions) {
+	dockerFlags, opts := dockerImageFlags(global, shared, deprecatedTLSVerify, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias)
+
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.sharedBlobDir, flagPrefix+"shared-blob-dir", "", "`DIRECTORY` to use to share blobs across OCI repositories")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.dockerDaemonHost, flagPrefix+"daemon-host", "", "use docker daemon host at `HOST` (docker-daemon: only)")
+	fs.AddFlagSet(&dockerFlags)
+	return fs, opts
+}
+
+func retryFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *retry.Options) {
+	opts := retry.Options{}
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.IntVar(&opts.MaxRetry, "retry-times", 0, "the number of times to possibly retry")
+	fs.DurationVar(&opts.Delay, "retry-delay", 0*time.Second, "Fixed delay between retries. If not set, retry uses an exponential backoff delay.")
+	return fs, &opts
+}
+
+// newSystemContext returns a *types.SystemContext corresponding to opts.
+// It is guaranteed to return a fresh instance, so it is safe to make additional updates to it.
+func (opts *imageOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
+	// *types.SystemContext instance from globalOptions
+	//  imageOptions option overrides the instance if both are present.
+	ctx := opts.global.newSystemContext()
+	ctx.DockerCertPath = opts.dockerCertPath
+	ctx.OCISharedBlobDirPath = opts.sharedBlobDir
+	ctx.AuthFilePath = opts.shared.authFilePath
+	ctx.DockerDaemonHost = opts.dockerDaemonHost
+	ctx.DockerDaemonCertPath = opts.dockerCertPath
+	if opts.dockerImageOptions.authFilePath.Present() {
+		ctx.AuthFilePath = opts.dockerImageOptions.authFilePath.Value()
+	}
+	if opts.deprecatedTLSVerify != nil && opts.deprecatedTLSVerify.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		// If both this deprecated option and a non-deprecated option is present, we use the latter value.
+		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.deprecatedTLSVerify.tlsVerify.Value())
+	}
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		ctx.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify = !opts.tlsVerify.Value()
+	}
+	if opts.tlsVerify.Present() {
+		ctx.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify = types.NewOptionalBool(!opts.tlsVerify.Value())
+	}
+	if opts.credsOption.Present() && opts.noCreds {
+		return nil, errors.New("creds and no-creds cannot be specified at the same time")
+	}
+	if opts.userName.Present() && opts.noCreds {
+		return nil, errors.New("username and no-creds cannot be specified at the same time")
+	}
+	if opts.credsOption.Present() && opts.userName.Present() {
+		return nil, errors.New("creds and username cannot be specified at the same time")
+	}
+	// if any of username or password is present, then both are expected to be present
+	if opts.userName.Present() != opts.password.Present() {
+		if opts.userName.Present() {
+			return nil, errors.New("password must be specified when username is specified")
+		}
+		return nil, errors.New("username must be specified when password is specified")
+	}
+	if opts.credsOption.Present() {
 		var err error
-		ctx.DockerAuthConfig, err = getDockerAuth(c.String(flagPrefix + "creds"))
+		ctx.DockerAuthConfig, err = getDockerAuth(opts.credsOption.Value())
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+	} else if opts.userName.Present() {
+		ctx.DockerAuthConfig = &types.DockerAuthConfig{
+			Username: opts.userName.Value(),
+			Password: opts.password.Value(),
+		}
 	}
+	if opts.registryToken.Present() {
+		ctx.DockerBearerRegistryToken = opts.registryToken.Value()
+	}
+	if opts.noCreds {
+		ctx.DockerAuthConfig = &types.DockerAuthConfig{}
+	}
+
 	return ctx, nil
 }
 
+// imageDestOptions is a superset of imageOptions specialized for image destinations.
+// Every user should call imageDestOptions.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions() as part of handling the CLI
+type imageDestOptions struct {
+	*imageOptions
+	dirForceCompression         bool                   // Compress layers when saving to the dir: transport
+	dirForceDecompression       bool                   // Decompress layers when saving to the dir: transport
+	ociAcceptUncompressedLayers bool                   // Whether to accept uncompressed layers in the oci: transport
+	compressionFormat           string                 // Format to use for the compression
+	compressionLevel            commonFlag.OptionalInt // Level to use for the compression
+	precomputeDigests           bool                   // Precompute digests to dedup layers when saving to the docker: transport
+	imageDestFlagPrefix         string
+}
+
+// imageDestFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into imageDestOptions, and the managed imageDestOptions structure.
+func imageDestFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) (pflag.FlagSet, *imageDestOptions) {
+	genericFlags, genericOptions := imageFlags(global, shared, deprecatedTLSVerify, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias)
+	opts := imageDestOptions{imageOptions: genericOptions, imageDestFlagPrefix: flagPrefix}
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.AddFlagSet(&genericFlags)
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.dirForceCompression, flagPrefix+"compress", false, "Compress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source)")
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.dirForceDecompression, flagPrefix+"decompress", false, "Decompress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source)")
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.ociAcceptUncompressedLayers, flagPrefix+"oci-accept-uncompressed-layers", false, "Allow uncompressed image layers when saving to an OCI image using the 'oci' transport. (default is to compress things that aren't compressed)")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.compressionFormat, flagPrefix+"compress-format", "", "`FORMAT` to use for the compression")
+	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalIntValue(&opts.compressionLevel), flagPrefix+"compress-level", "`LEVEL` to use for the compression")
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.precomputeDigests, flagPrefix+"precompute-digests", false, "Precompute digests to prevent uploading layers already on the registry using the 'docker' transport.")
+	return fs, &opts
+}
+
+// newSystemContext returns a *types.SystemContext corresponding to opts.
+// It is guaranteed to return a fresh instance, so it is safe to make additional updates to it.
+func (opts *imageDestOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
+	ctx, err := opts.imageOptions.newSystemContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ctx.DirForceCompress = opts.dirForceCompression
+	ctx.DirForceDecompress = opts.dirForceDecompression
+	ctx.OCIAcceptUncompressedLayers = opts.ociAcceptUncompressedLayers
+	if opts.compressionFormat != "" {
+		cf, err := compression.AlgorithmByName(opts.compressionFormat)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		ctx.CompressionFormat = &cf
+	}
+	if opts.compressionLevel.Present() {
+		value := opts.compressionLevel.Value()
+		ctx.CompressionLevel = &value
+	}
+	ctx.DockerRegistryPushPrecomputeDigests = opts.precomputeDigests
+	return ctx, err
+}
+
+// warnAboutIneffectiveOptions warns if any ineffective option was set by the user
+// Every user should call this as part of handling the CLI
+func (opts *imageDestOptions) warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(destTransport types.ImageTransport) {
+	if destTransport.Name() != directory.Transport.Name() {
+		if opts.dirForceCompression {
+			logrus.Warnf("--%s can only be used if the destination transport is 'dir'", opts.imageDestFlagPrefix+"compress")
+		}
+		if opts.dirForceDecompression {
+			logrus.Warnf("--%s can only be used if the destination transport is 'dir'", opts.imageDestFlagPrefix+"decompress")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func parseCreds(creds string) (string, string, error) {
 	if creds == "" {
 		return "", "", errors.New("credentials can't be empty")
 	}
-	up := strings.SplitN(creds, ":", 2)
-	if len(up) == 1 {
-		return up[0], "", nil
-	}
-	if up[0] == "" {
+	username, password, _ := strings.Cut(creds, ":") // Sets password to "" if there is no ":"
+	if username == "" {
 		return "", "", errors.New("username can't be empty")
 	}
-	return up[0], up[1], nil
+	return username, password, nil
 }
 
 func getDockerAuth(creds string) (*types.DockerAuthConfig, error) {
@@ -56,31 +340,96 @@ func getDockerAuth(creds string) (*types.DockerAuthConfig, error) {
 	}, nil
 }
 
-// parseImage converts image URL-like string to an initialized handler for that image.
-// The caller must call .Close() on the returned Image.
-func parseImage(c *cli.Context) (types.Image, error) {
-	imgName := c.Args().First()
-	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(imgName)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	ctx, err := contextFromGlobalOptions(c, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return ref.NewImage(ctx)
-}
-
 // parseImageSource converts image URL-like string to an ImageSource.
 // The caller must call .Close() on the returned ImageSource.
-func parseImageSource(c *cli.Context, name string) (types.ImageSource, error) {
+func parseImageSource(ctx context.Context, opts *imageOptions, name string) (types.ImageSource, error) {
 	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(name)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	ctx, err := contextFromGlobalOptions(c, "")
+	sys, err := opts.newSystemContext()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	return ref.NewImageSource(ctx)
+	return ref.NewImageSource(ctx, sys)
+}
+
+// parseManifestFormat parses format parameter for copy and sync command.
+// It returns string value to use as manifest MIME type
+func parseManifestFormat(manifestFormat string) (string, error) {
+	switch manifestFormat {
+	case "oci":
+		return imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest, nil
+	case "v2s1":
+		return manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType, nil
+	case "v2s2":
+		return manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType, nil
+	default:
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("unknown format %q. Choose one of the supported formats: 'oci', 'v2s1', or 'v2s2'", manifestFormat)
+	}
+}
+
+// usageTemplate returns the usage template for skopeo commands
+// This blocks the displaying of the global options. The main skopeo
+// command should not use this.
+const usageTemplate = `Usage:{{if .Runnable}}
+{{.UseLine}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableSubCommands}}
+
+{{.CommandPath}} [command]{{end}}{{if gt (len .Aliases) 0}}
+
+Aliases:
+{{.NameAndAliases}}{{end}}{{if .HasExample}}
+
+Examples:
+{{.Example}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableSubCommands}}
+
+Available Commands:{{range .Commands}}{{if (or .IsAvailableCommand (eq .Name "help"))}}
+{{rpad .Name .NamePadding }} {{.Short}}{{end}}{{end}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableLocalFlags}}
+
+Flags:
+{{.LocalFlags.FlagUsages | trimTrailingWhitespaces}}{{end}}{{if .HasAvailableInheritedFlags}}
+{{end}}
+`
+
+// adjustUsage uses usageTemplate template to get rid the GlobalOption from usage
+// and disable [flag] at the end of command usage
+func adjustUsage(c *cobra.Command) {
+	c.SetUsageTemplate(usageTemplate)
+	c.DisableFlagsInUseLine = true
+}
+
+// promptForPassphrase interactively prompts for a passphrase related to privateKeyFile
+func promptForPassphrase(privateKeyFile string, stdin, stdout *os.File) (string, error) {
+	stdinFd := int(stdin.Fd())
+	if !term.IsTerminal(stdinFd) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("Cannot prompt for a passphrase for key %s, standard input is not a TTY", privateKeyFile)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Passphrase for key %s: ", privateKeyFile)
+	passphrase, err := term.ReadPassword(stdinFd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("Error reading password: %w", err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "\n")
+	return string(passphrase), nil
+}
+
+// isNotFoundImageError heuristically attempts to determine whether an error
+// is saying the remote source couldn't find the image (as opposed to an
+// authentication error, an I/O error etc.)
+// TODO drive this into containers/image properly
+func isNotFoundImageError(err error) bool {
+	return isDockerManifestUnknownError(err) ||
+		errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNoSuchImage) ||
+		errors.Is(err, ocilayout.ImageNotFoundError{})
+}
+
+// isDockerManifestUnknownError is a copy of code from containers/image,
+// please update there first.
+func isDockerManifestUnknownError(err error) bool {
+	var ec dockerdistributionerrcode.ErrorCoder
+	if !errors.As(err, &ec) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return ec.ErrorCode() == dockerdistributionapi.ErrorCodeManifestUnknown
 }

cmd/skopeo/utils_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNoteCloseFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	const description = "description"
+
+	mainErr := errors.New("main")
+	closeErr := errors.New("closing")
+
+	// Main success, closing failed
+	res := noteCloseFailure(nil, description, closeErr)
+	require.NotNil(t, res)
+	assert.Contains(t, res.Error(), description)
+	assert.Contains(t, res.Error(), closeErr.Error())
+
+	// Both main and closing failed
+	res = noteCloseFailure(mainErr, description, closeErr)
+	require.NotNil(t, res)
+	assert.Contains(t, res.Error(), mainErr.Error())
+	assert.Contains(t, res.Error(), description)
+	assert.Contains(t, res.Error(), closeErr.Error())
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, res, mainErr)
+}
+
+// fakeGlobalOptions creates globalOptions and sets it according to flags.
+func fakeGlobalOptions(t *testing.T, flags []string) (*globalOptions, *cobra.Command) {
+	app, opts := createApp()
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{}
+	app.AddCommand(cmd)
+	err := app.ParseFlags(flags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return opts, cmd
+}
+
+// fakeImageOptions creates imageOptions and sets it according to globalFlags/cmdFlags.
+func fakeImageOptions(t *testing.T, flagPrefix string, useDeprecatedTLSVerify bool,
+	globalFlags []string, cmdFlags []string) *imageOptions {
+	globalOpts, cmd := fakeGlobalOptions(t, globalFlags)
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	var deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag pflag.FlagSet
+	var deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	if useDeprecatedTLSVerify {
+		deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt = deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags()
+	}
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageFlags(globalOpts, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, flagPrefix, "")
+	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	if useDeprecatedTLSVerify {
+		cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag)
+	}
+	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	err := cmd.ParseFlags(cmdFlags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return imageOpts
+}
+
+func TestImageOptionsNewSystemContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// Default state
+	opts := fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, []string{})
+	res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Set everything to non-default values.
+	opts = fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{
+		"--registries.d", "/srv/registries.d",
+		"--override-arch", "overridden-arch",
+		"--override-os", "overridden-os",
+		"--override-variant", "overridden-variant",
+		"--tmpdir", "/srv",
+	}, []string{
+		"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+		"--dest-authfile", "/srv/dest-authfile",
+		"--dest-cert-dir", "/srv/cert-dir",
+		"--dest-shared-blob-dir", "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		"--dest-daemon-host", "daemon-host.example.com",
+		"--dest-tls-verify=false",
+		"--dest-creds", "creds-user:creds-password",
+		"--dest-registry-token", "faketoken",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:                 "/srv/registries.d",
+		AuthFilePath:                      "/srv/dest-authfile",
+		ArchitectureChoice:                "overridden-arch",
+		OSChoice:                          "overridden-os",
+		VariantChoice:                     "overridden-variant",
+		OCISharedBlobDirPath:              "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		DockerCertPath:                    "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify:       types.OptionalBoolTrue,
+		DockerAuthConfig:                  &types.DockerAuthConfig{Username: "creds-user", Password: "creds-password"},
+		DockerBearerRegistryToken:         "faketoken",
+		DockerDaemonCertPath:              "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerDaemonHost:                  "daemon-host.example.com",
+		DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify: true,
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent:           defaultUserAgent,
+		BigFilesTemporaryDir:              "/srv",
+	}, res)
+
+	// Global/per-command tlsVerify behavior is tested in TestTLSVerifyFlags.
+
+	// Invalid option values
+	opts = fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, []string{"--dest-creds", ""})
+	_, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+// fakeImageDestOptions creates imageDestOptions and sets it according to globalFlags/cmdFlags.
+func fakeImageDestOptions(t *testing.T, flagPrefix string, useDeprecatedTLSVerify bool,
+	globalFlags []string, cmdFlags []string) *imageDestOptions {
+	globalOpts, cmd := fakeGlobalOptions(t, globalFlags)
+	sharedFlags, sharedOpts := sharedImageFlags()
+	var deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag pflag.FlagSet
+	var deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	if useDeprecatedTLSVerify {
+		deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt = deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags()
+	}
+	imageFlags, imageOpts := imageDestFlags(globalOpts, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, flagPrefix, "")
+	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	if useDeprecatedTLSVerify {
+		cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&deprecatedTLSVerifyFlag)
+	}
+	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	err := cmd.ParseFlags(cmdFlags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return imageOpts
+}
+
+func TestImageDestOptionsNewSystemContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// Default state
+	opts := fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, []string{})
+	res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+	}, res)
+
+	authFile := "/tmp/auth.json"
+	// Make sure when REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE is set the auth file is used
+	t.Setenv("REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE", authFile)
+
+	// Explicitly set everything to default, except for when the default is “not present”
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, []string{
+		"--dest-compress=false",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		AuthFilePath:            authFile,
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Set everything to non-default values.
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{
+		"--registries.d", "/srv/registries.d",
+		"--override-arch", "overridden-arch",
+		"--override-os", "overridden-os",
+		"--override-variant", "overridden-variant",
+		"--tmpdir", "/srv",
+	}, []string{
+		"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+		"--dest-cert-dir", "/srv/cert-dir",
+		"--dest-shared-blob-dir", "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		"--dest-compress=true",
+		"--dest-daemon-host", "daemon-host.example.com",
+		"--dest-tls-verify=false",
+		"--dest-creds", "creds-user:creds-password",
+		"--dest-registry-token", "faketoken",
+		"--dest-precompute-digests=true",
+	})
+	res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+		RegistriesDirPath:                   "/srv/registries.d",
+		AuthFilePath:                        "/srv/authfile",
+		ArchitectureChoice:                  "overridden-arch",
+		OSChoice:                            "overridden-os",
+		VariantChoice:                       "overridden-variant",
+		OCISharedBlobDirPath:                "/srv/shared-blob-dir",
+		DockerCertPath:                      "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify:         types.OptionalBoolTrue,
+		DockerAuthConfig:                    &types.DockerAuthConfig{Username: "creds-user", Password: "creds-password"},
+		DockerBearerRegistryToken:           "faketoken",
+		DockerDaemonCertPath:                "/srv/cert-dir",
+		DockerDaemonHost:                    "daemon-host.example.com",
+		DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify:   true,
+		DockerRegistryUserAgent:             defaultUserAgent,
+		DirForceCompress:                    true,
+		BigFilesTemporaryDir:                "/srv",
+		DockerRegistryPushPrecomputeDigests: true,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Global/per-command tlsVerify behavior is tested in TestTLSVerifyFlags.
+
+	// Invalid option values in imageOptions
+	opts = fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, []string{"--dest-creds", ""})
+	_, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+// TestImageOptionsUsernamePassword verifies that using the username and password
+// options works as expected
+func TestImageOptionsUsernamePassword(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, command := range []struct {
+		commandArgs        []string
+		expectedAuthConfig *types.DockerAuthConfig // data to expect, or nil if an error is expected
+	}{
+		// Set only username/password (without --creds), expected to pass
+		{
+			commandArgs:        []string{"--dest-username", "foo", "--dest-password", "bar"},
+			expectedAuthConfig: &types.DockerAuthConfig{Username: "foo", Password: "bar"},
+		},
+		// no username but set password, expect error
+		{
+			commandArgs:        []string{"--dest-password", "foo"},
+			expectedAuthConfig: nil,
+		},
+		// set username but no password. expected to fail (we currently don't allow a user without password)
+		{
+			commandArgs:        []string{"--dest-username", "bar"},
+			expectedAuthConfig: nil,
+		},
+		// set username with --creds, expected to fail
+		{
+			commandArgs:        []string{"--dest-username", "bar", "--dest-creds", "hello:world", "--dest-password", "foo"},
+			expectedAuthConfig: nil,
+		},
+		// set username with --no-creds, expected to fail
+		{
+			commandArgs:        []string{"--dest-username", "bar", "--dest-no-creds", "--dest-password", "foo"},
+			expectedAuthConfig: nil,
+		},
+	} {
+		opts := fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", true, []string{}, command.commandArgs)
+		// parse the command options
+		res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+		if command.expectedAuthConfig == nil {
+			assert.Error(t, err)
+		} else {
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+				DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+				DockerAuthConfig:        command.expectedAuthConfig,
+			}, res)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTLSVerifyFlags(t *testing.T) {
+	type systemContextOpts interface { // Either *imageOptions or *imageDestOptions
+		newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error)
+	}
+
+	for _, creator := range []struct {
+		name    string
+		newOpts func(useDeprecatedTLSVerify bool, globalFlags, cmdFlags []string) systemContextOpts
+	}{
+		{
+			"imageFlags",
+			func(useDeprecatedTLSVerify bool, globalFlags, cmdFlags []string) systemContextOpts {
+				return fakeImageOptions(t, "dest-", useDeprecatedTLSVerify, globalFlags, cmdFlags)
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"imageDestFlags",
+			func(useDeprecatedTLSVerify bool, globalFlags, cmdFlags []string) systemContextOpts {
+				return fakeImageDestOptions(t, "dest-", useDeprecatedTLSVerify, globalFlags, cmdFlags)
+			},
+		},
+	} {
+		t.Run(creator.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			for _, c := range []struct {
+				global, deprecatedCmd, cmd string
+				expectedDocker             types.OptionalBool
+				expectedDockerDaemon       bool
+			}{
+				{"", "", "", types.OptionalBoolUndefined, false},
+				{"", "", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"", "", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"", "false", "", types.OptionalBoolTrue, false},
+				{"", "false", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"", "false", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"", "true", "", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"", "true", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"", "true", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"false", "", "", types.OptionalBoolTrue, false},
+				{"false", "", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"false", "", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"false", "false", "", types.OptionalBoolTrue, false},
+				{"false", "false", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"false", "false", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"false", "true", "", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"false", "true", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"false", "true", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"true", "", "", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"true", "", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"true", "", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"true", "false", "", types.OptionalBoolTrue, false},
+				{"true", "false", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"true", "false", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"true", "true", "", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+				{"true", "true", "false", types.OptionalBoolTrue, true},
+				{"true", "true", "true", types.OptionalBoolFalse, false},
+			} {
+				globalFlags := []string{}
+				if c.global != "" {
+					globalFlags = append(globalFlags, "--tls-verify="+c.global)
+				}
+				cmdFlags := []string{}
+				if c.deprecatedCmd != "" {
+					cmdFlags = append(cmdFlags, "--tls-verify="+c.deprecatedCmd)
+				}
+				if c.cmd != "" {
+					cmdFlags = append(cmdFlags, "--dest-tls-verify="+c.cmd)
+				}
+				opts := creator.newOpts(true, globalFlags, cmdFlags)
+				res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDocker, res.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+				assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDockerDaemon, res.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+
+				if c.deprecatedCmd == "" { // Test also the behavior when deprecatedTLSFlag is not recognized
+					// Use globalFlags from the previous test
+					cmdFlags := []string{}
+					if c.cmd != "" {
+						cmdFlags = append(cmdFlags, "--dest-tls-verify="+c.cmd)
+					}
+					opts := creator.newOpts(false, globalFlags, cmdFlags)
+					res, err = opts.newSystemContext()
+					require.NoError(t, err)
+					assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDocker, res.DockerInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+					assert.Equal(t, c.expectedDockerDaemon, res.DockerDaemonInsecureSkipTLSVerify, "%#v", c)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseManifestFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testCase := range []struct {
+		formatParam          string
+		expectedManifestType string
+		expectErr            bool
+	}{
+		{"oci",
+			imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest,
+			false},
+		{"v2s1",
+			manifest.DockerV2Schema1SignedMediaType,
+			false},
+		{"v2s2",
+			manifest.DockerV2Schema2MediaType,
+			false},
+		{"",
+			"",
+			true},
+		{"badValue",
+			"",
+			true},
+	} {
+		manifestType, err := parseManifestFormat(testCase.formatParam)
+		if testCase.expectErr {
+			require.Error(t, err)
+		} else {
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+		}
+		assert.Equal(t, manifestType, testCase.expectedManifestType)
+	}
+}
+
+// since there is a shared authfile image option and a non-shared (prefixed) one, make sure the override logic
+// works correctly.
+func TestImageOptionsAuthfileOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, testCase := range []struct {
+		flagPrefix           string
+		cmdFlags             []string
+		expectedAuthfilePath string
+	}{
+		// if there is no prefix, only authfile is allowed.
+		{"",
+			[]string{
+				"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+			}, "/srv/authfile"},
+		// if authfile and dest-authfile is provided, dest-authfile wins
+		{"dest-",
+			[]string{
+				"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+				"--dest-authfile", "/srv/dest-authfile",
+			}, "/srv/dest-authfile",
+		},
+		// if only the shared authfile is provided, authfile must be present in system context
+		{"dest-",
+			[]string{
+				"--authfile", "/srv/authfile",
+			}, "/srv/authfile",
+		},
+		// if only the dest authfile is provided, dest-authfile must be present in system context
+		{"dest-",
+			[]string{
+				"--dest-authfile", "/srv/dest-authfile",
+			}, "/srv/dest-authfile",
+		},
+	} {
+		opts := fakeImageOptions(t, testCase.flagPrefix, false, []string{}, testCase.cmdFlags)
+		res, err := opts.newSystemContext()
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, &types.SystemContext{
+			AuthFilePath:            testCase.expectedAuthfilePath,
+			DockerRegistryUserAgent: defaultUserAgent,
+		}, res)
+	}
+}

completions/bash/skopeo

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-#! /bin/bash
-
-: ${PROG:=$(basename ${BASH_SOURCE})}
-
-_complete_() {
-    local options_with_args=$1
-    local boolean_options="$2 -h --help"
-
-    case "$prev" in
-	$options_with_args)
-	    return
-	    ;;
-    esac
-
-    case "$cur" in
-	-*)
-	    COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$boolean_options $options_with_args" -- "$cur" ) )
-	    ;;
-    esac
-}
-
-_skopeo_copy() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	--sign-by
-	--src-creds --screds
-	--src-cert-dir
-	--src-tls-verify
-	--dest-creds --dcreds
-	--dest-cert-dir
-	--dest-ostree-tmp-dir
-	--dest-tls-verify
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-	--remove-signatures
-     "
-     _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_inspect() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	--creds
-	--cert-dir
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-	--raw
-	--tls-verify
-    "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_standalone_sign() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	   -o --output
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-     "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_standalone_verify() {
-     local options_with_args="
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-     "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_manifest_digest() {
-     local options_with_args="
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-     "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_delete() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	   --creds
-	   --cert-dir
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-	   --tls-verify
-     "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_layers() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	   --creds
-	   --cert-dir
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-	   --tls-verify
-     "
-    _complete_ "$options_with_args" "$boolean_options"
-}
-
-_skopeo_skopeo() {
-     local options_with_args="
-	   --policy
-	   --registries.d
-     "
-     local boolean_options="
-	   --insecure-policy
-	   --debug
-	   --version -v
-	   --help -h
-     "
-     commands=$( ${COMP_WORDS[@]:0:$COMP_CWORD} --generate-bash-completion )
-
-     case "$prev" in
-	 $main_options_with_args_glob )
-	     return
-	     ;;
-     esac
-
-     case "$cur" in
-	 -*)
-	     COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "$boolean_options $options_with_args" -- "$cur" ) )
-	     ;;
-	 *)
-	     COMPREPLY=( $( compgen -W "${commands[*]} help" -- "$cur" ) )
-	     ;;
-     esac
-}
-
-_cli_bash_autocomplete() {
-     local cur opts base
-
-     COMPREPLY=()
-     cur="${COMP_WORDS[COMP_CWORD]}"
-     COMPREPLY=()
-     local cur prev words cword
-
-     _get_comp_words_by_ref -n : cur prev words cword
-
-     local command=${PROG} cpos=0
-     local counter=1
-     counter=1
-     while [ $counter -lt $cword ]; do
-	 case "!${words[$counter]}" in
-	     *)
-		 command=$(echo "${words[$counter]}" | sed 's/-/_/g')
-		 cpos=$counter
-		 (( cpos++ ))
-		 break
-		 ;;
-	 esac
-	 (( counter++ ))
-     done
-
-     local completions_func=_skopeo_${command}
-     declare -F $completions_func >/dev/null && $completions_func
-
-     eval "$previous_extglob_setting"
-     return 0
-}
-
- complete -F _cli_bash_autocomplete $PROG

contrib/cirrus/mac_cleanup.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script is intended to be called by Cirrus-CI on a Mac M1 persistent worker.
+# It performs a best-effort attempt at cleaning up from one task execution to the next.
+# Since it run both before and after tasks, it must exit cleanly if there was a cleanup
+# failure (i.e. file or directory not found).
+
+# Help anybody debugging side-effects, since failures are ignored (by necessity).
+set +e -x
+
+# These are the main processes which could leak out of testing.
+killall podman vfkit gvproxy make go ginkgo
+
+mkdir -p $TMPDIR
+
+# Golang will leave behind lots of read-only bits, ref:
+# https://go.dev/ref/mod#module-cache
+# However other tools/scripts could also set things read-only.
+# At this point in CI, we really want all this stuff gone-gone,
+# so there's actually zero-chance it can interfere.
+chmod -R u+w $TMPDIR/* $TMPDIR/.??*
+
+# This is defined as $TMPDIR during setup.  Name must be kept
+# "short" as sockets may reside here.  Darwin suffers from
+# the same limited socket-pathname character-length restriction
+# as Linux.
+rm -rf $TMPDIR/* $TMPDIR/.??*
+
+# Don't change or clobber anything under $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR for
+# the currently running task.  But make sure we have write permission
+# (go get sets dependencies ro) for everything else, before removing it.
+# First make everything writeable - see the "Golang will..." comment above.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2154
+find "$HOME/ci" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \
+    -not -name "*task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}*" -prune -exec chmod -R u+w '{}' +
+find "$HOME/ci" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \
+    -not -name "*task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}*" -prune -exec rm -rf '{}' +
+
+# Bash scripts exit with the status of the last command.
+true

contrib/cirrus/ostree_ext.dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ARG BASE_FQIN=quay.io/coreos-assembler/fcos-buildroot:testing-devel
+FROM $BASE_FQIN
+
+# See 'Danger of using COPY and ADD instructions'
+# at https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/docker-builder-vm/#dockerfile-as-a-ci-environment
+# Provide easy way to force-invalidate image cache by .cirrus.yml change
+ARG CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION
+ENV CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION=$CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION
+ADD https://sh.rustup.rs /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh
+
+RUN dnf remove -y rust && \
+    chmod +x /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh && \
+    /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh -y --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal
+
+ENV PATH=/root/.cargo/bin:/root/.local/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

contrib/cirrus/runner.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script is intended to be executed by automation or humans
+# under a hack/get_ci_vm.sh context.  Use under any other circumstances
+# is unlikely to function.
+
+set -e
+
+# BEGIN Global export of all variables
+set -a
+
+# Due to differences across platforms and runtime execution environments,
+# handling of the (otherwise) default shell setup is non-uniform.  Rather
+# than attempt to workaround differences, simply force-load/set required
+# items every time this library is utilized.
+USER="$(whoami)"
+HOME="$(getent passwd $USER | cut -d : -f 6)"
+# Some platforms set and make this read-only
+[[ -n "$UID" ]] || \
+    UID=$(getent passwd $USER | cut -d : -f 3)
+
+if [[ -r "/etc/automation_environment" ]]; then
+    source /etc/automation_environment
+    source $AUTOMATION_LIB_PATH/common_lib.sh
+else
+    (
+    echo "WARNING: It does not appear that containers/automation was installed."
+    echo "         Functionality of most of ${BASH_SOURCE[0]} will be negatively"
+    echo "         impacted."
+    ) > /dev/stderr
+fi
+
+# This is the magic interpreted by the tests to allow modifying local config/services.
+SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1
+
+PATH=$PATH:$GOPATH/bin
+
+# END Global export of all variables
+set +a
+
+
+_run_setup() {
+    local mnt
+    local errmsg
+    req_env_vars SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN
+    if [[ "$OS_RELEASE_ID" != "fedora" ]]; then
+        die "Unknown/unsupported distro. $OS_REL_VER"
+    fi
+
+    if [[ -r "/.ci_setup_complete" ]]; then
+        warn "Thwarted an attempt to execute setup more than once."
+        return
+    fi
+
+    # VM's come with the distro. skopeo package pre-installed
+    dnf remove -y skopeo
+
+    msg "Removing systemd-resolved from nsswitch.conf"
+    # /etc/resolv.conf is already set to bypass systemd-resolvd
+    sed -i -r -e 's/^(hosts.+)resolve.+dns/\1dns/' /etc/nsswitch.conf
+
+    # A slew of compiled binaries are pre-built and distributed
+    # within the CI/Dev container image, but we want to run
+    # things directly on the host VM.  Fortunately they're all
+    # located in the container under /usr/local/bin
+    msg "Accessing contents of $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN"
+    podman pull --quiet $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN
+    mnt=$(podman mount $(podman create $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN))
+
+    # The container and VM images are built in tandem in the same repo.
+    # automation, but the sources are in different directories.  It's
+    # possible for a mismatch to happen, but should (hopefully) be unlikely.
+    # Double-check to make sure.
+    if ! fgrep -qx "ID=$OS_RELEASE_ID" $mnt/etc/os-release || \
+       ! fgrep -qx "VERSION_ID=$OS_RELEASE_VER" $mnt/etc/os-release; then
+            die "Somehow $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN is not based on $OS_REL_VER."
+    fi
+    msg "Copying test binaries from $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN /usr/local/bin/"
+    cp -a "$mnt/usr/local/bin/"* "/usr/local/bin/"
+    msg "Configuring the openshift registry"
+
+    # TODO: Put directory & yaml into more sensible place + update integration tests
+    mkdir -vp /registry
+    cp -a "$mnt/atomic-registry-config.yml" /
+
+    msg "Cleaning up"
+    podman umount --latest
+    podman rm --latest
+
+    # Ensure setup can only run once
+    touch "/.ci_setup_complete"
+}
+
+_run_vendor() {
+    make vendor BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+_run_build() {
+    make bin/skopeo BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+    make install PREFIX=/usr/local
+}
+
+_run_cross() {
+    make local-cross BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+_run_doccheck() {
+    make validate-docs BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+_run_unit() {
+    make test-unit-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+_podman_reset() {
+    # Ensure we start with a clean-slate
+    showrun podman system reset --force
+}
+
+_run_integration() {
+    _podman_reset
+    make test-integration-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+_run_system() {
+    _podman_reset
+    ##### Note: Test MODIFIES THE HOST SETUP #####
+    make test-system-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
+}
+
+req_env_vars SKOPEO_PATH BUILDTAGS
+
+handler="_run_${1}"
+if [ "$(type -t $handler)" != "function" ]; then
+    die "Unknown/Unsupported command-line argument '$1'"
+fi
+
+msg "************************************************************"
+msg "Runner executing $1 on $OS_REL_VER"
+msg "************************************************************"
+
+cd "$SKOPEO_PATH"
+$handler

contrib/skopeoimage/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The skopeo container image build context and automation have been
+moved to [https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo](https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo)

default.yaml

@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 # This is a default registries.d configuration file.  You may
 # add to this file or create additional files in registries.d/.
 #
-# sigstore: indicates a location that is read and write
-# sigstore-staging: indicates a location that is only for write
+# lookaside: for reading/writing simple signing signatures
+# lookaside-staging: for writing simple signing signatures, preferred over lookaside
 #
-# sigstore and sigstore-staging take a value of the following:
-#   sigstore:  {schema}://location
+# lookaside and lookaside-staging take a value of the following:
+#   lookaside:  {schema}://location
 #
 # For reading signatures, schema may be http, https, or file.
 # For writing signatures, schema may only be file.
 
-# This is the default signature write location for docker registries.
+# The default locations are built-in, for both reading and writing:
+# /var/lib/containers/sigstore for root, or
+# ~/.local/share/containers/sigstore for non-root users.
 default-docker:
-#  sigstore: file:///var/lib/atomic/sigstore
-  sigstore-staging: file:///var/lib/atomic/sigstore
+#  lookaside: https://…
+#  lookaside-staging: file:///…
 
 # The 'docker' indicator here is the start of the configuration
 # for docker registries.
@@ -21,6 +23,6 @@ default-docker:
 # docker:
 #
 #   privateregistry.com:
-#    sigstore: http://privateregistry.com/sigstore/
-#    sigstore-staging: /mnt/nfs/privateregistry/sigstore
+#    lookaside: https://privateregistry.com/sigstore/
+#    lookaside-staging: /mnt/nfs/privateregistry/sigstore
 

docs/skopeo-copy.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+% skopeo-copy(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-copy - Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo copy** [*options*] _source-image_ _destination-image_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
+
+Uses the system's trust policy to validate images, rejects images not trusted by the policy.
+
+  _source-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+
+  _destination-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+
+_source-image_ and _destination-image_ are interpreted completely independently; e.g. the destination name does not
+automatically inherit any parts of the source name.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--additional-tag**=_strings_
+
+Additional tags (supports docker-archive).
+
+**--all**, **-a**
+
+If _source-image_ refers to a list of images, instead of copying just the image which matches the current OS and
+architecture (subject to the use of the global --override-os, --override-arch and --override-variant options), attempt to copy all of
+the images in the list, and the list itself.
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
+If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
+environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+
+**--src-authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+
+**--dest-authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+
+**--dest-shared-blob-dir** _directory_
+
+Directory to use to share blobs across OCI repositories.
+
+**--digestfile** _path_
+
+After copying the image, write the digest of the resulting image to the file.
+
+**--preserve-digests**
+
+Preserve the digests during copying. Fail if the digest cannot be preserved.
+
+This option does not change what will be copied; consider using `--all` at the same time.
+
+**--encrypt-layer** _ints_
+
+*Experimental* the 0-indexed layer indices, with support for negative indexing (e.g. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer)
+
+**--format**, **-f** _manifest-type_
+
+MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use in the destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--multi-arch** _option_
+
+Control what is copied if _source-image_ refers to a multi-architecture image. Default is system.
+
+Options:
+- system: Copy only the image that matches the system architecture
+- all: Copy the full multi-architecture image
+- index-only: Copy only the index
+
+The index-only option usually fails unless the referenced per-architecture images are already present in the destination, or the target registry supports sparse indexes.
+
+**--quiet**, **-q**
+
+Suppress output information when copying images.
+
+**--remove-signatures**
+
+Do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. Necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
+
+**--sign-by** _key-id_
+
+Add a “simple signing” signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+
+**--sign-by-sigstore** _param-file_
+
+Add a sigstore signature based on the options in the specified containers sigstore signing parameter file, _param-file_.
+See containers-sigstore-signing-params.yaml(5) for details about the file format.
+
+**--sign-by-sigstore-private-key** _path_
+
+Add a sigstore signature using a private key at _path_ for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+
+**--sign-passphrase-file** _path_
+
+The passphare to use when signing with `--sign-by` or `--sign-by-sigstore-private-key`. Only the first line will be read. A passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file. Do not use this option if at all avoidable.
+
+**--sign-identity** _reference_
+
+The identity to use when signing the image. The identity must be a fully specified docker reference. If the identity is not specified, the target docker reference will be used.
+
+**--src-shared-blob-dir** _directory_
+
+Directory to use to share blobs across OCI repositories.
+
+**--encryption-key** _protocol:keyfile_
+
+Specifies the encryption protocol, which can be JWE (RFC7516), PGP (RFC4880), and PKCS7 (RFC2315) and the key material required for image encryption. For instance, jwe:/path/to/key.pem or pgp:admin@example.com or pkcs7:/path/to/x509-file.
+
+**--decryption-key** _key[:passphrase]_
+
+Key to be used for decryption of images. Key can point to keys and/or certificates. Decryption will be tried with all keys. If the key is protected by a passphrase, it is required to be passed in the argument and omitted otherwise.
+
+**--src-creds** _username[:password]_
+
+Credentials for accessing the source registry.
+
+**--dest-compress**
+
+Compress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source).
+
+**--dest-decompress**
+
+Decompress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source).
+
+**--dest-oci-accept-uncompressed-layers**
+
+Allow uncompressed image layers when saving to an OCI image using the 'oci' transport. (default is to compress things that aren't compressed).
+
+**--dest-creds** _username[:password]_
+
+Credentials for accessing the destination registry.
+
+**--src-cert-dir** _path_
+
+Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the source registry or daemon.
+
+**--src-no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--src-tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container source registry or daemon. Default to source registry setting.
+
+**--dest-cert-dir** _path_
+
+Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the destination registry or daemon.
+
+**--dest-no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--dest-tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container destination registry or daemon. Default to destination registry setting.
+
+**--src-daemon-host** _host_
+
+Copy from docker daemon at _host_. If _host_ starts with `tcp://`, HTTPS is enabled by default. To use plain HTTP, use the form `http://` (default is `unix:///var/run/docker.sock`).
+
+**--dest-daemon-host** _host_
+
+Copy to docker daemon at _host_. If _host_ starts with `tcp://`, HTTPS is enabled by default. To use plain HTTP, use the form `http://` (default is `unix:///var/run/docker.sock`).
+
+Existing signatures, if any, are preserved as well.
+
+**--dest-compress-format** _format_
+
+Specifies the compression format to use.  Supported values are: `gzip`, `zstd` and `zstd:chunked`.
+`zstd:chunked` is incompatible with encrypting images,
+and will be treated as `zstd` with a warning in that case.
+
+**--dest-compress-level** _format_
+
+Specifies the compression level to use.  The value is specific to the compression algorithm used, e.g. for zstd the accepted values are in the range 1-20 (inclusive), while for gzip it is 1-9 (inclusive).
+
+**--src-registry-token** _token_
+
+Bearer token for accessing the source registry.
+
+**--dest-registry-token** _token_
+
+Bearer token for accessing the destination registry.
+
+**--dest-precompute-digests**
+
+Precompute digests to ensure layers are not uploaded that already exist on the destination registry. Layers with initially unknown digests (ex. compressing "on the fly") will be temporarily streamed to disk.
+
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+
+**--src-username**
+
+The username to access the source registry.
+
+**--src-password**
+
+The password to access the source registry.
+
+**--dest-username**
+
+The username to access the destination registry.
+
+**--dest-password**
+
+The password to access the destination registry.
+
+**--image-parallel-copies** _n_
+
+Maximum number of image layers to be copied (pulled/pushed) simultaneously. Not setting this field will fall back to containers/image defaults.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+To just copy an image from one registry to another:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest docker://registry.example.com/skopeo:latest
+```
+
+To copy the layers of the docker.io busybox image to a local directory:
+```console
+$ mkdir -p /var/lib/images/busybox
+$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:/var/lib/images/busybox
+$ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
+  /tmp/busybox/2b8fd9751c4c0f5dd266fcae00707e67a2545ef34f9a29354585f93dac906749.tar
+  /tmp/busybox/manifest.json
+  /tmp/busybox/8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
+```
+
+To create an archive consumable by `docker load` (but note that using a registry is almost always more efficient):
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest docker-archive:archive-file.tar:busybox:latest
+```
+
+To copy and sign an image:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com containers-storage:example/busybox:streaming docker://example/busybox:gold
+```
+
+To encrypt an image:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://docker.io/library/nginx:1.17.8 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8
+
+$ openssl genrsa -out private.key 1024
+$ openssl rsa -in private.key -pubout > public.key
+
+$ skopeo copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
+```
+
+To decrypt an image:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
+```
+
+To copy encrypted image without decryption:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-encrypt-copy:encrypted
+```
+
+To decrypt an image that requires more than one key:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private1.key --decryption-key ./private2.key --decryption-key ./private3.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
+```
+
+Container images can also be partially encrypted by specifying the index of the layer. Layers are 0-indexed indices, with support for negative indexing. i.e. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer.
+
+Let's say out of 3 layers that the image `docker.io/library/nginx:1.17.8` is made up of, we only want to encrypt the 2nd layer,
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key --encrypt-layer 1 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-policy.json(5), containers-transports(5), containers-signature(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-delete.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+% skopeo-delete(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-delete - Mark the _image-name_ for later deletion by the registry's garbage collector.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo delete** [*options*] _image-name_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Mark _image-name_ for deletion.
+The effect of this is registry-specific; many registries don’t support this operation, or don’t allow it in some circumstances / configurations.
+
+**WARNING**: If _image-name_ contains a digest, this affects the referenced manifest, and may delete all tags (within the current repository?) pointing to that manifest.
+
+**WARNING**: If _image-name_ contains a tag (but not a digest), in the current version of Skopeo this resolves the tag into a digest, and then deletes the manifest by digest, as described above (possibly deleting all tags pointing to that manifest, not just the provided tag). This behavior may change in the future.
+
+
+When using the github.com/distribution/distribution registry server:
+To release the allocated disk space, you must login to the container registry server and execute the container registry garbage collector. E.g.,
+
+```
+/usr/bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker-distribution/registry/config.yml
+```
+Note: sometimes the config.yml is stored in /etc/docker/registry/config.yml
+
+If you are running the container registry inside of a container you would execute something like:
+```
+$ docker exec -it registry /usr/bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker-distribution/registry/config.yml
+```
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
+If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--creds** _username[:password]_
+
+Credentials for accessing the registry.
+
+**--cert-dir** _path_
+
+Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry.
+
+**--daemon-host** _host_
+
+Use docker daemon host at _host_ (`docker-daemon:` transport only)
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+Additionally, the registry must allow deletions by setting `REGISTRY_STORAGE_DELETE_ENABLED=true` for the registry daemon.
+
+**--registry-token** _token_
+
+Bearer token for accessing the registry.
+
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+
+**--shared-blob-dir** _directory_
+
+Directory to use to share blobs across OCI repositories.
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+**--username**
+
+The username to access the registry.
+
+**--password**
+
+The password to access the registry.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+Mark image example/pause for deletion from the registry.example.com registry:
+```console
+$ skopeo delete docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest
+```
+See above for additional details on using the command **delete**.
+
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+% skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-generate-sigstore-key - Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo generate-sigstore-key** [*options*] **--output-prefix** _prefix_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Generates a public/private key pair suitable for creating sigstore image signatures.
+The private key is encrypted with a passphrase;
+if one is not provided using an option, this command prompts for it interactively.
+
+The private key is written to _prefix_**.private** .
+The public key is written to _prefix_**.pub** .
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--output-prefix** _prefix_
+
+Mandatory.
+Path prefix for the output keys (_prefix_**.private** and _prefix_**.pub**).
+
+**--passphrase-file** _path_
+
+The passphare to use to encrypt the private key.
+Only the first line will be read.
+A passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file.
+Do not use this option if at all avoidable.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix mykey
+```
+
+# SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-copy(1), containers-policy.json(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Miloslav Trmač <mitr@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-inspect.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+% skopeo-inspect(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-inspect - Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo inspect** [*options*] _image-name_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry.
+See [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for the format of _image-name_.
+
+The default output includes data from various sources: user input (**Name**), the remote repository, if any (**RepoTags**), the top-level manifest (**Digest**),
+and a per-architecture/OS image matching the current run-time environment (most other values).
+To see values for a different architecture/OS, use the **--override-os** / **--override-arch** options documented in [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md).
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
+If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--cert-dir** _path_
+
+Use certificates at _path_ (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry.
+
+**--config**
+
+Output configuration in OCI format, default is to format in JSON format.
+
+**--creds** _username[:password]_
+
+Username and password for accessing the registry.
+
+**--daemon-host** _host_
+
+Use docker daemon host at _host_ (`docker-daemon:` transport only)
+
+**--format**, **-f**=*format*
+
+Format the output using the given Go template.
+The keys of the returned JSON can be used as the values for the --format flag (see examples below).
+Supports the Go templating functions available at https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/containers/common/pkg/report#hdr-Template_Functions
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--raw**
+
+Output raw manifest or config data depending on --config option.
+The --format option is not supported with --raw option.
+
+**--registry-token** _Bearer token_
+
+Registry token for accessing the registry.
+
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+
+**--shared-blob-dir** _directory_
+
+Directory to use to share blobs across OCI repositories.
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+**--username**
+
+The username to access the registry.
+
+**--password**
+
+The password to access the registry.
+
+**--no-tags**, **-n**
+
+Do not list the available tags from the repository in the output. When `true`, the `RepoTags` array will be empty.  Defaults to `false`, which includes all available tags.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+To review information for the image fedora from the docker.io registry:
+```console
+$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
+
+{
+    "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
+    "Digest": "sha256:f99efcddc4dd6736d8a88cc1ab6722098ec1d77dbf7aed9a7a514fc997ca08e0",
+    "RepoTags": [
+        "20",
+        "21",
+        "..."
+    ],
+    "Created": "2022-11-16T07:26:42.618327645Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "20.10.12",
+    "Labels": {
+        "maintainer": "Clement Verna \u003ccverna@fedoraproject.org\u003e"
+    },
+    "Architecture": "amd64",
+    "Os": "linux",
+    "Layers": [
+        "sha256:cb8b1ed77979b894115a983f391465651aa7eb3edd036be4b508eea47271eb93"
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:cb8b1ed77979b894115a983f391465651aa7eb3edd036be4b508eea47271eb93",
+            "Size": 65990920,
+            "Annotations": null
+        }
+    ],
+    "Env": [
+        "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+        "DISTTAG=f37container",
+        "FGC=f37",
+        "FBR=f37"
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+To inspect python from the docker.io registry and not show the available tags:
+```console
+$ skopeo inspect --no-tags docker://docker.io/library/python
+{
+    "Name": "docker.io/library/python",
+    "Digest": "sha256:10fc14aa6ae69f69e4c953cffd9b0964843d8c163950491d2138af891377bc1d",
+    "RepoTags": [],
+    "Created": "2022-11-16T06:55:28.566254104Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "20.10.12",
+    "Labels": null,
+    "Architecture": "amd64",
+    "Os": "linux",
+    "Layers": [
+        "sha256:a8ca11554fce00d9177da2d76307bdc06df7faeb84529755c648ac4886192ed1",
+        "sha256:e4e46864aba2e62ba7c75965e4aa33ec856ee1b1074dda6b478101c577b63abd",
+        "..."
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:a8ca11554fce00d9177da2d76307bdc06df7faeb84529755c648ac4886192ed1",
+            "Size": 55038615,
+            "Annotations": null
+        },
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:e4e46864aba2e62ba7c75965e4aa33ec856ee1b1074dda6b478101c577b63abd",
+            "Size": 5164893,
+            "Annotations": null
+        },
+        "..."
+    ],
+    "Env": [
+        "PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+        "LANG=C.UTF-8",
+        "...",
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+```console
+$ /bin/skopeo inspect --config docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora --format "{{ .Architecture }}"
+amd64
+```
+
+```console
+$ /bin/skopeo inspect --format '{{ .Env }}' docker://registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8
+[PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin container=oci]
+```
+
+# SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-list-tags.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+% skopeo-list-tags(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-list\-tags - List image names in a transport-specific collection of images.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo list-tags** [*options*] _source-image_
+
+Return a list of tags from _source-image_ in a registry or a local docker-archive file.
+
+  _source-image_ name of the repository to retrieve a tag listing from or a local docker-archive file.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
+  If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry.
+
+**--cert-dir** _path_
+
+Use certificates at _path_ (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--registry-token** _Bearer token_
+
+Bearer token for accessing the registry.
+
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+**--username**
+
+The username to access the registry.
+
+**--password**
+
+The password to access the registry.
+
+## REPOSITORY NAMES
+
+Repository names are transport-specific references as each transport may have its own concept of a "repository" and "tags".
+
+This commands refers to repositories using a _transport_`:`_details_ format. The following formats are supported:
+
+  **docker://**_docker-repository-reference_
+  A repository in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in either `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `(skopeo login)`. If the authorization state is not found there, `$HOME/.docker/config.json` is checked, which is set using `(docker login)`.
+  A _docker-repository-reference_ is of the form: **registryhost:port/repositoryname** which is similar to an _image-reference_ but with no tag or digest allowed as the last component (e.g no `:latest` or `@sha256:xyz`)
+
+      Examples of valid docker-repository-references:
+        "docker.io/myuser/myrepo"
+        "docker.io/nginx"
+        "docker.io/library/fedora"
+        "localhost:5000/myrepository"
+
+      Examples of invalid references:
+        "docker.io/nginx:latest"
+        "docker.io/myuser/myimage:v1.0"
+        "docker.io/myuser/myimage@sha256:f48c4cc192f4c3c6a069cb5cca6d0a9e34d6076ba7c214fd0cc3ca60e0af76bb"
+
+  **docker-archive:path[:docker-reference]
+  more than one images were stored in a docker save-formatted file. 
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+### Docker Transport
+To get the list of tags in the "fedora" repository from the docker.io registry (the repository name expands to "library/fedora" per docker transport canonical form):
+```console
+$ skopeo list-tags docker://docker.io/fedora
+{
+    "Repository": "docker.io/library/fedora",
+    "Tags": [
+        "20",
+        "21",
+        "22",
+        "23",
+        "24",
+        "25",
+        "26-modular",
+        "26",
+        "27",
+        "28",
+        "29",
+        "30",
+        "31",
+        "32",
+        "branched",
+        "heisenbug",
+        "latest",
+        "modular",
+        "rawhide"
+    ]
+}
+
+```
+
+To list the tags in a local host docker/distribution registry on port 5000, in this case for the "fedora" repository:
+
+```console
+$ skopeo list-tags docker://localhost:5000/fedora
+{
+    "Repository": "localhost:5000/fedora",
+    "Tags": [
+        "latest",
+        "30",
+        "31"
+    ]
+}
+
+```
+
+### Docker-archive Transport
+
+To list the tags in a local docker-archive file:
+
+```console
+$ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/busybox.tar.gz
+{
+    "Tags": [
+        "busybox:1.28.3"
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+Also supports more than one tags in an archive:
+
+```console
+$ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/docker-two-images.tar.gz
+{
+    "Tags": [
+        "example.com/empty:latest",
+        "example.com/empty/but:different"
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+Will include a source-index entry for each untagged image:
+
+```console
+$ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/four-tags-with-an-untag.tar
+{
+    "Tags": [
+        "image1:tag1",
+        "image2:tag2",
+        "@2",
+        "image4:tag4"
+    ]
+}
+```
+
+
+# SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-transports(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Zach Hill <zach@anchore.com>

docs/skopeo-login.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+% skopeo-login(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-login - Login to a container registry.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo login** [*options*] _registry_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+**skopeo login** logs into a specified registry server with the correct username
+and password. **skopeo login** reads in the username and password from STDIN.
+The username and password can also be set using the **username** and **password** flags.
+The path of the authentication file can be specified by the user by setting the **authfile**
+flag. The default path used is **${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json**.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--password**, **-p**=*password*
+
+Password for registry
+
+**--password-stdin**
+
+Take the password from stdin
+
+**--username**, **-u**=*username*
+
+Username for registry
+
+**--authfile**=*path*
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json
+
+Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
+environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+
+**--compat-auth-file**=*path*
+
+Instead of updating the default credentials file, update the one at *path*, and use a Docker-compatible format.
+
+**--get-login**
+
+Return the logged-in user for the registry. Return error if no login is found.
+
+**--cert-dir**=*path*
+
+Use certificates at *path* (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry.
+Default certificates directory is _/etc/containers/certs.d_.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+**--verbose**, **-v**
+
+Write more detailed information to stdout
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login docker.io
+Username: testuser
+Password:
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login -u testuser -p testpassword localhost:5000
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login --authfile authdir/myauths.json docker.io
+Username: testuser
+Password:
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login --tls-verify=false -u test -p test localhost:5000
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login --cert-dir /etc/containers/certs.d/ -u foo -p bar localhost:5000
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo login -u testuser  --password-stdin < testpassword.txt docker.io
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+```console
+$ echo $testpassword | skopeo login -u testuser --password-stdin docker.io
+Login Succeeded!
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-logout(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-registries.conf(5), containers-certs.d.5.md
+
+## HISTORY
+May 2020, Originally compiled by Qi Wang <qiwan@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-logout.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+% skopeo-logout(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-logout - Logout of a container registry.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo logout** [*options*] _registry_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+**skopeo logout** logs out of a specified registry server by deleting the cached credentials
+stored in the **auth.json** file. The path of the authentication file can be overridden by the user by setting the **authfile** flag.
+The default path used is **${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json**.
+All the cached credentials can be removed by setting the **all** flag.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--authfile**=*path*
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json
+
+Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
+environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+
+**--compat-auth-file**=*path*
+
+Instead of updating the default credentials file, update the one at *path*, and use a Docker-compatible format.
+
+**--all**, **-a**
+
+Remove the cached credentials for all registries in the auth file
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo logout docker.io
+Remove login credentials for docker.io
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo logout --authfile authdir/myauths.json docker.io
+Remove login credentials for docker.io
+```
+
+```console
+$ skopeo logout --all
+Remove login credentials for all registries
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), containers-auth.json(5)
+
+## HISTORY
+May 2020, Originally compiled by Qi Wang <qiwan@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+% skopeo-manifest-digest(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-manifest\-digest - Compute a manifest digest for a manifest-file and write it to standard output.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo manifest-digest** _manifest-file_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Compute a manifest digest of _manifest-file_ and write it to standard output.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json
+sha256:a59906e33509d14c036c8678d687bd4eec81ed7c4b8ce907b888c607f6a1e0e6
+```
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+% skopeo-standalone-sign(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-standalone-sign - Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo standalone-sign** [*options*] _manifest_ _docker-reference_ _key-fingerprint_ **--output**|**-o** _signature_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+This is primarily a debugging tool, useful for special cases, and usually should not be a part of your normal operational workflow; use `skopeo copy --sign-by` instead to publish and sign an image in one step.
+
+  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
+
+  _docker-reference_ A docker reference to identify the image with
+
+  _key-fingerprint_ Key identity to use for signing
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--output**, **-o** _output file_
+
+Write signature to _output file_.
+
+**--passphrase-file**=_path_
+
+The passphare to use when signing with the key ID from `--sign-by`. Only the first line will be read. A passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file. Do not use this option if at all avoidable.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo standalone-sign busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8 --output busybox.signature
+$
+```
+
+## NOTES
+
+This command is intended for use with local signatures e.g. OpenPGP ( other signature formats may be added in the future ), as per containers-signature(5). Furthermore, this command does **not** interact with the artifacts generated by Docker Content Trust (DCT). For more information, please see [containers-signature(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-signature.5.md).
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-copy(1), containers-signature(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+% skopeo-standalone-verify(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-standalone\-verify - Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest_ _docker-reference_ _key-fingerprints_ _signature_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Verify a signature using local files; the digest will be printed on success. This is primarily a debugging tool, useful for special cases,
+and usually should not be a part of your normal operational workflow. Additionally, consider configuring a signature verification policy file,
+as per containers-policy.json(5).
+
+  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
+
+  _docker-reference_ A docker reference expected to identify the image in the signature
+
+  _key-fingerprints_ Identities of trusted signing keys (comma separated), or "any" to trust any known key when using a public key file
+
+  _signature_ Path to signature file
+
+**Note:** If you do use this, make sure that the image can not be changed at the source location between the times of its verification and use.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--public-key-file** _public key file_
+
+File containing the public keys to use when verifying signatures. If this is not specified, keys from the GPG homedir are used.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo standalone-verify busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8  busybox.signature
+Signature verified, digest sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55
+```
+
+## NOTES
+
+This command is intended for use with local signatures e.g. OpenPGP ( other signature formats may be added in the future ), as per containers-signature(5). Furthermore, this command does **not** interact with the artifacts generated by Docker Content Trust (DCT). For more information, please see [containers-signature(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-signature.5.md).
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), containers-signature(5), containers-policy.json(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-sync.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,280 @@
+% skopeo-sync(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-sync - Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.
+
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo sync** [*options*] --src _transport_ --dest _transport_ _source_ _destination_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories. Synchronization is achieved by copying all the images found at _source_ to _destination_ - useful when synchronizing a local container registry mirror or for populating registries running inside of air-gapped environments.
+
+Differently from other skopeo commands, skopeo sync requires both source and destination transports to be specified separately from _source_ and _destination_.
+One of the problems of prefixing a destination with its transport is that, the registry `docker://hostname:port` would be wrongly interpreted as an image reference at a non-fully qualified registry, with `hostname` and `port` the image name and tag.
+
+Available _source_ transports:
+ - _docker_ (i.e. `--src docker`): _source_ is a repository hosted on a container registry (e.g.: `registry.example.com/busybox`).
+ If no image tag is specified, skopeo sync copies all the tags found in that repository.
+ - _dir_ (i.e. `--src dir`): _source_ is a local directory path (e.g.: `/media/usb/`). Refer to skopeo(1) **dir:**_path_ for the local image format.
+ - _yaml_ (i.e. `--src yaml`): _source_ is local YAML file path.
+ The YAML file should specify the list of images copied from different container registries (local directories are not supported). Refer to EXAMPLES for the file format.
+
+Available _destination_ transports:
+ - _docker_ (i.e. `--dest docker`): _destination_ is a container registry (e.g.: `my-registry.local.lan`).
+ - _dir_ (i.e. `--dest dir`): _destination_ is a local directory path (e.g.: `/media/usb/`).
+ One directory per source 'image:tag' is created for each copied image.
+
+When the `--scoped` option is specified, images are prefixed with the source image path so that multiple images with the same
+name can be stored at _destination_.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--all**, **-a**
+If one of the images in __src__ refers to a list of images, instead of copying just the image which matches the current OS and
+architecture (subject to the use of the global --override-os, --override-arch and --override-variant options), attempt to copy all of
+the images in the list, and the list itself.
+
+**--authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
+If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+
+**--src-authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+
+**--dest-authfile** _path_
+
+Path of the authentication file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+
+**--dry-run**
+
+Run the sync without actually copying data to the destination.
+
+**--src**, **-s** _transport_ Transport for the source repository.
+
+**--dest**, **-d** _transport_ Destination transport.
+
+**--format**, **-f** _manifest-type_ Manifest Type (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use when syncing image(s) to a destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks).
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement.
+
+**--scoped** Prefix images with the source image path, so that multiple images with the same name can be stored at _destination_.
+
+**--append-suffix** _tag-suffix_ String to append to destination tags.
+
+**--digestfile** _path_
+
+After copying the images from source, write the digest of the resulting images along with Image Reference.
+
+```
+sha256:bf91f90823248017a4f920fb541727fa8368dc6cf377a7debbd271cf6a31c8a7 docker://myhost.com/alpine:edge
+sha256:31603596830fc7e56753139f9c2c6bd3759e48a850659506ebfb885d1cf3aef5 docker://myhost.com/postgres:14.3
+
+```
+
+**--preserve-digests**
+
+Preserve the digests during copying. Fail if the digest cannot be preserved.
+
+This option does not change what will be copied; consider using `--all` at the same time.
+
+**--remove-signatures** Do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. This is necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
+
+**--sign-by** _key-id_
+
+Add a “simple signing” signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+
+**--sign-by-sigstore** _param-file_
+
+Add a sigstore signature based on the options in the specified containers sigstore signing parameter file, _param-file_.
+See containers-sigstore-signing-params.yaml(5) for details about the file format.
+
+**--sign-by-sigstore-private-key** _path_
+
+Add a sigstore signature using a private key at _path_ for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+
+**--sign-passphrase-file** _path_
+
+The passphare to use when signing with `--sign-by` or `--sign-by-sigstore-private-key`. Only the first line will be read. A passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file. Do not use this option if at all avoidable.
+
+**--src-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the source registry.
+
+**--dest-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the destination registry.
+
+**--src-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) at _path_ to connect to the source registry or daemon.
+
+**--src-no-creds** Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--src-tls-verify**=_bool_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to a container source registry or daemon. Default to source registry entry in registry.conf setting.
+
+**--dest-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) at _path_ to connect to the destination registry or daemon.
+
+**--dest-no-creds** Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--dest-tls-verify**=_bool_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to a container destination registry or daemon. Default to destination registry entry in registry.conf setting.
+
+**--src-registry-token** _Bearer token_ for accessing the source registry.
+
+**--dest-registry-token** _Bearer token_ for accessing the destination registry.
+
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+
+**--keep-going**
+If any errors occur during copying of images, those errors are logged and the process continues syncing rest of the images and finally fails at the end.
+
+**--src-username**
+
+The username to access the source registry.
+
+**--src-password**
+
+The password to access the source registry.
+
+**--dest-username**
+
+The username to access the destination registry.
+
+**--dest-password**
+
+The password to access the destination registry.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+### Synchronizing to a local directory
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb
+```
+Images are located at:
+```
+/media/usb/busybox:1-glibc
+/media/usb/busybox:1-musl
+/media/usb/busybox:1-ubuntu
+...
+/media/usb/busybox:latest
+```
+
+### Synchronizing to a container registry from local
+Images are located at:
+```
+/media/usb/busybox:1-glibc
+```
+Sync run
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src dir --dest docker /media/usb/busybox:1-glibc my-registry.local.lan/test/
+```
+Destination registry content:
+```
+REPO                                 TAGS
+my-registry.local.lan/test/busybox   1-glibc
+```
+
+### Synchronizing to a local directory, scoped
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir --scoped registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb
+```
+Images are located at:
+```
+/media/usb/registry.example.com/busybox:1-glibc
+/media/usb/registry.example.com/busybox:1-musl
+/media/usb/registry.example.com/busybox:1-ubuntu
+...
+/media/usb/registry.example.com/busybox:latest
+```
+
+### Synchronizing to a container registry
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/busybox my-registry.local.lan
+```
+Destination registry content:
+```
+REPO                         TAGS
+registry.local.lan/busybox   1-glibc, 1-musl, 1-ubuntu, ..., latest
+```
+
+### Synchronizing to a container registry keeping the repository
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/repo/busybox my-registry.local.lan/repo
+```
+Destination registry content:
+```
+REPO                              TAGS
+registry.local.lan/repo/busybox   1-glibc, 1-musl, 1-ubuntu, ..., latest
+```
+
+### Synchronizing to a container registry with tag suffix
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker --append-suffix '-mirror' registry.example.com/busybox my-registry.local.lan
+```
+Destination registry content:
+```
+REPO                         TAGS
+registry.local.lan/busybox   1-glibc-mirror, 1-musl-mirror, 1-ubuntu-mirror, ..., latest-mirror
+```
+
+### YAML file content (used _source_ for `**--src yaml**`)
+
+```yaml
+registry.example.com:
+    images:
+        busybox: []
+        redis:
+            - "1.0"
+            - "2.0"
+            - "sha256:0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111"
+    images-by-tag-regex:
+        nginx: ^1\.13\.[12]-alpine-perl$
+    images-by-semver:
+        alpine: ">= 3.12.0"
+    credentials:
+        username: john
+        password: this is a secret
+    tls-verify: true
+    cert-dir: /home/john/certs
+quay.io:
+    tls-verify: false
+    images:
+        coreos/etcd:
+            - latest
+```
+If the yaml filename is `sync.yml`, sync run:
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src yaml --dest docker sync.yml my-registry.local.lan/repo/
+```
+This will copy the following images:
+- Repository `registry.example.com/busybox`: all images, as no tags are specified.
+- Repository `registry.example.com/redis`: images tagged "1.0" and "2.0" along with image with digest "sha256:0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111".
+- Repository `registry.example.com/nginx`: images tagged "1.13.1-alpine-perl" and "1.13.2-alpine-perl".
+- Repository `quay.io/coreos/etcd`: images tagged "latest".
+- Repository `registry.example.com/alpine`: all images with tags match the semantic version constraint ">= 3.12.0" ("3.12.0, "3.12.1", ... ,"4.0.0", ...)
+
+The full list of possible semantic version comparisons can be found in the
+upstream library's documentation:
+https://github.com/Masterminds/semver/tree/v3.2.0#basic-comparisons.
+
+Version ordering and precedence is understood as defined here:
+https://semver.org/#spec-item-11.
+
+For the registry `registry.example.com`, the "john"/"this is a secret" credentials are used, with server TLS certificates located at `/home/john/certs`.
+
+TLS verification is normally enabled, and it can be disabled setting `tls-verify` to `false`.
+In the above example, TLS verification is enabled for `registry.example.com`, while is
+disabled for `quay.io`.
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-policy.json(5), containers-transports(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Flavio Castelli <fcastelli@suse.com>, Marco Vedovati <mvedovati@suse.com>

docs/skopeo.1.md

@@ -1,243 +1,140 @@
 % SKOPEO(1) Skopeo Man Pages
 % Jhon Honce
 % August 2016
-# NAME
-skopeo -- Various operations with container images and container image registries
-# SYNOPSIS
-**skopeo** [_global options_] _command_ [_command options_]
-# DESCRIPTION
-`skopeo` is a command line utility providing various operations with container images and container image registries. For example, it is able to inspect a repository on a container registry and fetch image. It fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like json output about a whole repository or a tag. This tool, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about a repository or a tag without requiring you to run `docker pull` - e.g. - which tags are available for the given repository? which labels the image has?
+## NAME
+skopeo -- Command line utility used to interact with local and remote container images and container image registries
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo** [_global options_] _command_ [_command options_]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+`skopeo` is a command line utility providing various operations with container images and container image registries.
+
+`skopeo` can copy container images between various containers image stores, converting them as necessary.  For example you can use `skopeo` to copy container images from one container registry to another.
+
+`skopeo` can convert a Docker schema 2 or schema 1 container image to an OCI image.
+
+`skopeo` can inspect a repository on a container registry without needlessly pulling the image. Pulling an image from a repository, especially a remote repository, is an expensive network and storage operation. Skopeo fetches the repository's manifest and displays a `docker inspect`-like json output about the repository or a tag. `skopeo`, in contrast to `docker inspect`, helps you gather useful information about a repository or a tag without requiring you to run `docker pull` - e.g. - Which tags are available for the given repository? Which labels does the image have?
+
+`skopeo` can sign and verify container images.
+
+`skopeo` can delete container images from a remote container registry.
+
+Note: `skopeo` does not require any container runtimes to be running, to do most of
+its functionality.  It also does not require root, unless you are copying images into a container runtime storage backend, like the docker daemon or github.com/containers/storage.
 
-It also allows you to copy container images between various registries, possibly converting them as necessary, and to sign and verify images.
 ## IMAGE NAMES
 Most commands refer to container images, using a _transport_`:`_details_ format. The following formats are supported:
 
   **containers-storage:**_docker-reference_
-  An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Location and image store specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf
+  An image located in a local containers/storage image store.  Both the location and image store are specified in /etc/containers/storage.conf. (Backend for Podman, CRI-O, Buildah and friends)
 
   **dir:**_path_
   An existing local directory _path_ storing the manifest, layer tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or noninvasive container inspection.
 
   **docker://**_docker-reference_
-  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in `$HOME/.docker/config.json`, which is set e.g. using `(docker login)`.
+  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in either `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `(skopeo login)`. If the authorization state is not found there, `$HOME/.docker/config.json` is checked, which is set using `(docker login)`.
 
   **docker-archive:**_path_[**:**_docker-reference_]
-  An image is stored in the `docker save` formated file.  _docker-reference_ is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
+  An image is stored in the `docker save` formatted file.  _docker-reference_ is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
 
   **docker-daemon:**_docker-reference_
-  An image _docker-reference_ stored in the docker daemon internal storage.  _docker-reference_ must contain either a tag or a digest.  Alternatively, when reading images, the format can also be docker-daemon:algo:digest (an image ID).
+  An image _docker-reference_ stored in the docker daemon internal storage.  _docker-reference_ must contain either a tag or a digest.  Alternatively, when reading images, the format can be docker-daemon:algo:digest (an image ID).
 
   **oci:**_path_**:**_tag_
   An image _tag_ in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at _path_.
 
-  **ostree:**_image_[**@**_/absolute/repo/path_]
-  An image in local OSTree repository.  _/absolute/repo/path_ defaults to _/ostree/repo_.
+  **oci-archive:**_path_**:**_tag_
+  An image _tag_ in a tar archive compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at _path_.
 
-# OPTIONS
+See [containers-transports(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-transports.5.md) for details.
 
-  **--debug** enable debug output
+## OPTIONS
 
-  **--policy** _path-to-policy_ Path to a policy.json file to use for verifying signatures and deciding whether an image is trusted, overriding the default trust policy file.
+These options should be placed before the subcommand name.
+Individual subcommands have their own options.
 
-  **--insecure-policy** Adopt an insecure, permissive policy that allows anything. This obviates the need for a policy file.
+**--command-timeout** _duration_
 
-  **--registries.d** _dir_ use registry configuration files in _dir_ (e.g. for container signature storage), overriding the default path.
+Timeout for the command execution.
 
-  **--help**|**-h** Show help
+**--debug**
 
-  **--version**|**-v** print the version number
+enable debug output
 
-# COMMANDS
+**--help**, **-h**
 
-## skopeo copy
-**skopeo copy** [**--sign-by=**_key-ID_] _source-image destination-image_
+Show help
 
-Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.
+**--insecure-policy**
 
-Uses the system's trust policy to validate images, rejects images not trusted by the policy.
+Adopt an insecure, permissive policy that allows anything. This obviates the need for a policy file.
 
-  _source-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+**--override-arch** _arch_
 
-  _destination-image_ use the "image name" format described above
+Use _arch_ instead of the architecture of the machine for choosing images.
 
-  **--remove-signatures** do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. Necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
+**--override-os** _os_
 
-  **--sign-by=**_key-id_ add a signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
+Use _OS_ instead of the running OS for choosing images.
 
-  **--src-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the source registry
+**--override-variant** _variant_
 
-  **--dest-creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the destination registry
+Use _variant_ instead of the running architecture variant for choosing images.
 
-  **--src-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the source registry
+**--policy** _path-to-policy_
 
-  **--src-tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container source registry (defaults to true)
+Path to a policy.json file to use for verifying signatures and deciding whether an image is trusted, overriding the default trust policy file.
 
-  **--dest-cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the destination registry
+**--registries.d** _dir_
 
-  **--dest-ostree-tmp-dir** _path_ Directory to use for OSTree temporary files.
+Use registry configuration files in _dir_ (e.g. for container signature storage), overriding the default path.
 
-  **--dest-tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container destination registry (defaults to true)
+**--tmpdir** _dir_
 
-Existing signatures, if any, are preserved as well.
+Directory used to store temporary files. Defaults to /var/tmp.
 
-## skopeo delete
-**skopeo delete** _image-name_
+**--version**, **-v**
 
-Mark _image-name_ for deletion.  To release the allocated disk space, you need to execute the container registry garabage collector. E.g.,
+Print the version number
 
-```sh
-$ docker exec -it registry bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker/registry/config.yml
-```
+## COMMANDS
 
-  **--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry
+| Command                                   | Description                                                                    |
+| ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| [skopeo-copy(1)](skopeo-copy.1.md)        | Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another. |
+| [skopeo-delete(1)](skopeo-delete.1.md)    | Mark the _image-name_ for later deletion by the registry's garbage collector.  |
+| [skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)](skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md)    | Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.  |
+| [skopeo-inspect(1)](skopeo-inspect.1.md)  | Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry.                 |
+| [skopeo-list-tags(1)](skopeo-list-tags.1.md)  | List image names in a transport-specific collection of images.|
+| [skopeo-login(1)](skopeo-login.1.md)  | Login to a container registry. |
+| [skopeo-logout(1)](skopeo-logout.1.md)  | Logout of a container registry. |
+| [skopeo-manifest-digest(1)](skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md)    | Compute a manifest digest for a manifest-file and write it to standard output. |
+| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.    |
+| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files. |
+| [skopeo-sync(1)](skopeo-sync.1.md)| Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.                |
 
-  **--cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry
+## EXIT STATUS
+`skopeo` exits with status 0 on success, non-zero on error.
 
-  **--tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)
+Details about the exit statuses:
 
-Additionally, the registry must allow deletions by setting `REGISTRY_STORAGE_DELETE_ENABLED=true` for the registry daemon.
+**1** Generic error, details can be found in the error message.
 
-## skopeo inspect
-**skopeo inspect** [**--raw**] _image-name_
+**2** The input image cannot be found. Note that this is best effort and for remote registries the status often cannot be reliably reported.
 
-Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry
-
-  **--raw** output raw manifest, default is to format in JSON
-
-  _image-name_ name of image to retrieve information about
-
-  **--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry
-
-  **--cert-dir** _path_ Use certificates at _path_ (*.crt, *.cert, *.key) to connect to the registry
-
-  **--tls-verify** _bool-value_ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to container registries (defaults to true)
-
-## skopeo manifest-digest
-**skopeo manifest-digest** _manifest-file_
-
-Compute a manifest digest of _manifest-file_ and write it to standard output.
-
-## skopeo standalone-sign
-**skopeo standalone-sign** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint_ **--output**|**-o** _signature_
-
-This is primarily a debugging tool, or useful for special cases,
-and usually should not be a part of your normal operational workflow; use `skopeo copy --sign-by` instead to publish and sign an image in one step.
-
-  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
-
-  _docker-reference_ A docker reference to identify the image with
-
-  _key-fingerprint_ Key identity to use for signing
-
-  **--output**|**-o** output file
-
-## skopeo standalone-verify
-**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest docker-reference key-fingerprint signature_
-
-Verify a signature using local files, digest will be printed on success.
-
-  _manifest_ Path to a file containing the image manifest
-
-  _docker-reference_ A docker reference expected to identify the image in the signature
-
-  _key-fingerprint_ Expected identity of the signing key
-
-  _signature_ Path to signature file
-
-**Note:** If you do use this, make sure that the image can not be changed at the source location between the times of its verification and use.
-
-## skopeo help
-show help for `skopeo`
-
-# FILES
+## FILES
   **/etc/containers/policy.json**
   Default trust policy file, if **--policy** is not specified.
-  The policy format is documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/policy.json.md .
+  The policy format is documented in [containers-policy.json(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md) .
 
   **/etc/containers/registries.d**
   Default directory containing registry configuration, if **--registries.d** is not specified.
-  The contents of this directory are documented in https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/registries.d.md .
+  The contents of this directory are documented in [containers-registries.d(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-registries.d.5.md).
 
-# EXAMPLES
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-storage.conf(5), containers-policy.json(5), containers-transports(5)
 
-## skopeo copy
-To copy the layers of the docker.io busybox image to a local directory:
-```sh
-$ mkdir -p /var/lib/images/busybox
-$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:/var/lib/images/busybox
-$ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
-  /tmp/busybox/2b8fd9751c4c0f5dd266fcae00707e67a2545ef34f9a29354585f93dac906749.tar
-  /tmp/busybox/manifest.json
-  /tmp/busybox/8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
-```
-
-To copy and sign an image:
-
-```sh
-$ skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com atomic:example/busybox:streaming atomic:example/busybox:gold
-```
-## skopeo delete
-Mark image example/pause for deletion from the registry.example.com registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo delete --force docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest
-```
-See above for additional details on using the command **delete**.
-
-## skopeo inspect
-To review information for the image fedora from the docker.io registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
-{
-    "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
-    "Digest": "sha256:a97914edb6ba15deb5c5acf87bd6bd5b6b0408c96f48a5cbd450b5b04509bb7d",
-    "RepoTags": [
-        "20",
-        "21",
-        "22",
-        "23",
-        "24",
-        "heisenbug",
-        "latest",
-        "rawhide"
-    ],
-    "Created": "2016-06-20T19:33:43.220526898Z",
-    "DockerVersion": "1.10.3",
-    "Labels": {},
-    "Architecture": "amd64",
-    "Os": "linux",
-    "Layers": [
-        "sha256:7c91a140e7a1025c3bc3aace4c80c0d9933ac4ee24b8630a6b0b5d8b9ce6b9d4"
-    ]
-}
-```
-## skopeo layers
-Another method to retrieve the layers for the busybox image from the docker.io registry:
-```sh
-$ skopeo layers docker://busybox
-$ ls layers-500650331/
-  8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
-  manifest.json
-  a3ed95caeb02ffe68cdd9fd84406680ae93d633cb16422d00e8a7c22955b46d4.tar
-```
-## skopeo manifest-digest
-```sh
-$ skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json
-sha256:a59906e33509d14c036c8678d687bd4eec81ed7c4b8ce907b888c607f6a1e0e6
-```
-## skopeo standalone-sign
-```sh
-$ skopeo standalone-sign busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8 --output busybox.signature
-$
-```
-
-See `skopeo copy` above for the preferred method of signing images.
-## skopeo standalone-verify
-```sh
-$ skopeo standalone-verify busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8  busybox.signature
-Signature verified, digest sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55
-```
-
-# AUTHORS
+## AUTHORS
 
 Antonio Murdaca <runcom@redhat.com>, Miloslav Trmac <mitr@redhat.com>, Jhon Honce <jhonce@redhat.com>
-

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go.mod

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+module github.com/containers/skopeo
+
+// Minimum required golang version
+go 1.22.8
+
+// Warning: Ensure the "go" and "toolchain" versions match exactly to prevent unwanted auto-updates
+
+require (
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.1
+	github.com/containers/common v0.62.0
+	github.com/containers/image/v5 v5.34.0
+	github.com/containers/ocicrypt v1.2.1
+	github.com/containers/storage v1.57.1
+	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible
+	github.com/moby/sys/capability v0.4.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.0
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-tools v1.0.0-rc3
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.6
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20250103183323-7d7fa50e5329
+	golang.org/x/term v0.29.0
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
+)
+
+require (
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.9 // indirect
+	github.com/VividCortex/ewma v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/acarl005/stripansi v0.0.0-20180116102854-5a71ef0e047d // indirect
+	github.com/asaskevich/govalidator v0.0.0-20230301143203-a9d515a09cc2 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.16.3 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/containers/libtrust v0.0.0-20230121012942-c1716e8a8d01 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.12.0 // indirect
+	github.com/cyberphone/json-canonicalization v0.0.0-20231217050601-ba74d44ecf5f // indirect
+	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.3.6 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker v27.5.1+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.8.2 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v3 v3.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/analysis v0.23.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/errors v0.22.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/jsonpointer v0.21.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/jsonreference v0.21.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/loads v0.22.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/runtime v0.28.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/spec v0.21.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/strfmt v0.23.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/swag v0.23.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-openapi/validate v0.24.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-containerregistry v0.20.2 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-intervals v0.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.7 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/josharian/intern v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 // indirect
+	github.com/letsencrypt/boulder v0.0.0-20240620165639-de9c06129bec // indirect
+	github.com/mailru/easyjson v0.7.7 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.16 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.24 // indirect
+	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.7.2 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
+	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/oklog/ulid v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.11.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opentracing/opentracing-go v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/ostreedev/ostree-go v0.0.0-20210805093236-719684c64e4f // indirect
+	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/proglottis/gpgme v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/russross/blackfriday v2.0.0+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/segmentio/ksuid v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/shurcooL/sanitized_anchor_name v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/fulcio v1.6.4 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/rekor v1.3.8 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/sigstore v1.8.12 // indirect
+	github.com/skratchdot/open-golang v0.0.0-20200116055534-eef842397966 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6 // indirect
+	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.20.2 // indirect
+	github.com/tchap/go-patricia/v2 v2.3.2 // indirect
+	github.com/titanous/rocacheck v0.0.0-20171023193734-afe73141d399 // indirect
+	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.12 // indirect
+	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.11.7 // indirect
+	github.com/vbauerster/mpb/v8 v8.9.1 // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
+	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
+	go.mongodb.org/mongo-driver v1.14.0 // indirect
+	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.54.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.22.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.25.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.21.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250102185135-69823020774d // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.4 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.2 // indirect
+)

go.sum

@@ -0,0 +1,533 @@
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+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.2 h1:R8FeyR1/eLmkutZOM5CWghmo5itiG9z0ktFlTVLuTmU=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.2/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gotest.tools v2.2.0+incompatible h1:VsBPFP1AI068pPrMxtb/S8Zkgf9xEmTLJjfM+P5UIEo=
+gotest.tools v2.2.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:DsYFclhRJ6vuDpmuTbkuFWG+y2sxOXAzmJt81HFBacw=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1 h1:EENdUnS3pdur5nybKYIh2Vfgc8IUNBjxDPSjtiJcOzU=
+gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.1/go.mod h1:isy3WKz7GK6uNw/sbHzfKBLvlvXwUyV06n6brMxxopU=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=

hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+${CPP:-${CC:-cc} -E} ${CPPFLAGS} - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <btrfs/ioctl.h>
+EOF
+if test $? -ne 0 ; then
+	echo exclude_graphdriver_btrfs
+fi

hack/btrfs_tag.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-cc -E - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+${CPP:-${CC:-cc} -E} ${CPPFLAGS} - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
 #include <btrfs/version.h>
 EOF
 if test $? -ne 0 ; then

hack/get_ci_vm.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+#
+# For help and usage information, simply execute the script w/o any arguments.
+#
+# This script is intended to be run by Red Hat skopeo developers who need
+# to debug problems specifically related to Cirrus-CI automated testing.
+# It requires that you have been granted prior access to create VMs in
+# google-cloud.  For non-Red Hat contributors, VMs are available as-needed,
+# with supervision upon request.
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_FILEPATH=$(realpath "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")
+SCRIPT_DIRPATH=$(dirname "$SCRIPT_FILEPATH")
+REPO_DIRPATH=$(realpath "$SCRIPT_DIRPATH/../")
+
+# Help detect if we were called by get_ci_vm container
+GET_CI_VM="${GET_CI_VM:-0}"
+in_get_ci_vm() {
+    if ((GET_CI_VM==0)); then
+        echo "Error: $1 is not intended for use in this context"
+        exit 2
+    fi
+}
+
+# get_ci_vm APIv1 container entrypoint calls into this script
+# to obtain required repo. specific configuration options.
+if [[ "$1" == "--config" ]]; then
+    in_get_ci_vm "$1"
+    cat <<EOF
+DESTDIR="/var/tmp/go/src/github.com/containers/skopeo"
+UPSTREAM_REPO="https://github.com/containers/skopeo.git"
+GCLOUD_PROJECT="skopeo"
+GCLOUD_IMGPROJECT="libpod-218412"
+GCLOUD_CFG="skopeo"
+GCLOUD_ZONE="${GCLOUD_ZONE:-us-central1-f}"
+GCLOUD_CPUS="2"
+GCLOUD_MEMORY="4Gb"
+GCLOUD_DISK="200"
+EOF
+elif [[ "$1" == "--setup" ]]; then
+    in_get_ci_vm "$1"
+    # get_ci_vm container entrypoint calls us with this option on the
+    # Cirrus-CI environment instance, to perform repo.-specific setup.
+    echo "+ Executing setup" > /dev/stderr
+    ${GOSRC}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh setup
+else
+    # Create and access VM for specified Cirrus-CI task
+    mkdir -p $HOME/.config/gcloud/ssh
+    podman run -it --rm \
+        --tz=local \
+        -e NAME="$USER" \
+        -e SRCDIR=/src \
+        -e GCLOUD_ZONE="$GCLOUD_ZONE" \
+        -e DEBUG="${DEBUG:-0}" \
+        -v $REPO_DIRPATH:/src:O \
+        -v $HOME/.config/gcloud:/root/.config/gcloud:z \
+        -v $HOME/.config/gcloud/ssh:/root/.ssh:z \
+        quay.io/libpod/get_ci_vm:latest "$@"
+fi

hack/get_fqin.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# This script is intended to be called from the Makefile.  It's purpose
+# is to automation correspondence between the environment used for local
+# development and CI.
+
+set -e
+
+SCRIPT_FILEPATH=$(realpath "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")
+SCRIPT_DIRPATH=$(dirname "$SCRIPT_FILEPATH")
+REPO_DIRPATH=$(realpath "$SCRIPT_DIRPATH/../")
+
+# When running under CI, we already have the necessary information,
+# simply provide it to the Makefile.
+if [[ -n "$SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN" ]]; then
+    echo "$SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN"
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [[ -n $(command -v podman) ]]; then CONTAINER_RUNTIME=podman; fi
+CONTAINER_RUNTIME=${CONTAINER_RUNTIME:-docker}
+
+# Borrow the get_ci_vm container image since it's small, and
+# by necessity contains a script that can accurately interpret
+# env. var. values from any .cirrus.yml runtime context.
+$CONTAINER_RUNTIME run --rm \
+    --security-opt label=disable \
+    -v $REPO_DIRPATH:/src:ro \
+    --entrypoint=/usr/share/automation/bin/cirrus-ci_env.py \
+    quay.io/libpod/get_ci_vm:latest \
+    --envs="Skopeo Test" /src/.cirrus.yml | \
+    grep -E -m1 '^SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN' | \
+    awk -F "=" -e '{print $2}' | \
+    tr -d \'\"

hack/libdm_tag.sh

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-tmpdir="$PWD/tmp.$RANDOM"
-mkdir -p "$tmpdir"
-trap 'rm -fr "$tmpdir"' EXIT
-cc -c -o "$tmpdir"/libdm_tag.o -x c - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
-#include <libdevmapper.h>
-int main() {
-	struct dm_task *task;
-	return 0;
-}
-EOF
-if test $? -ne 0 ; then
-	echo libdm_no_deferred_remove
-fi

hack/libsubid_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+if test $(${GO:-go} env GOOS) != "linux" ; then
+	exit 0
+fi
+tmpdir="$PWD/tmp.$RANDOM"
+mkdir -p "$tmpdir"
+trap 'rm -fr "$tmpdir"' EXIT
+${CC:-cc} ${CPPFLAGS} ${CFLAGS} -o "$tmpdir"/libsubid_tag -x c - -l subid \
+	  > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <shadow/subid.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+int main() {
+	struct subid_range *ranges = NULL;
+#if SUBID_ABI_MAJOR >= 4
+	subid_get_uid_ranges("root", &ranges);
+#else
+	get_subuid_ranges("root", &ranges);
+#endif
+	free(ranges);
+	return 0;
+}
+EOF
+if test $? -eq 0 ; then
+	echo libsubid
+fi

hack/make.sh

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-# This script builds various binary from a checkout of the skopeo
-# source code.
-#
-# Requirements:
-# - The current directory should be a checkout of the skopeo source code
-#   (https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo). Whatever version is checked out
-#   will be built.
-# - The script is intended to be run inside the docker container specified
-#   in the Dockerfile at the root of the source. In other words:
-#   DO NOT CALL THIS SCRIPT DIRECTLY.
-# - The right way to call this script is to invoke "make" from
-#   your checkout of the skopeo repository.
-#   the Makefile will do a "docker build -t skopeo ." and then
-#   "docker run hack/make.sh" in the resulting image.
-#
-
-set -o pipefail
-
-export SKOPEO_PKG='github.com/projectatomic/skopeo'
-export SCRIPTDIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )"
-export MAKEDIR="$SCRIPTDIR/make"
-
-# We're a nice, sexy, little shell script, and people might try to run us;
-# but really, they shouldn't. We want to be in a container!
-inContainer="AssumeSoInitially"
-if [ "$PWD" != "/go/src/$SKOPEO_PKG" ]; then
-	unset inContainer
-fi
-
-if [ -z "$inContainer" ]; then
-	{
-		echo "# WARNING! I don't seem to be running in a Docker container."
-		echo "# The result of this command might be an incorrect build, and will not be"
-		echo "# officially supported."
-		echo "#"
-		echo "# Try this instead: make all"
-		echo "#"
-	} >&2
-fi
-
-echo
-
-# List of bundles to create when no argument is passed
-# TODO(runcom): these are the one left from Docker...for now
-# test-unit
-# validate-dco
-# cover
-DEFAULT_BUNDLES=(
-	validate-gofmt
-	validate-lint
-	validate-vet
-	validate-git-marks
-
-	test-integration
-)
-
-TESTFLAGS+=" -test.timeout=10m"
-
-# If $TESTFLAGS is set in the environment, it is passed as extra arguments to 'go test'.
-# You can use this to select certain tests to run, eg.
-#
-#     TESTFLAGS='-test.run ^TestBuild$' ./hack/make.sh test-unit
-#
-# For integration-cli test, we use [gocheck](https://labix.org/gocheck), if you want
-# to run certain tests on your local host, you should run with command:
-#
-#     TESTFLAGS='-check.f DockerSuite.TestBuild*' ./hack/make.sh binary test-integration-cli
-#
-go_test_dir() {
-	dir=$1
-	(
-		echo '+ go test' $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"} "${SKOPEO_PKG}${dir#.}"
-		cd "$dir"
-		export DEST="$ABS_DEST" # we're in a subshell, so this is safe -- our integration-cli tests need DEST, and "cd" screws it up
-		go test $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}
-	)
-}
-
-bundle() {
-	local bundle="$1"; shift
-	echo "---> Making bundle: $(basename "$bundle")"
-	source "$SCRIPTDIR/make/$bundle" "$@"
-}
-
-main() {
-	if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
-		bundles=(${DEFAULT_BUNDLES[@]})
-	else
-		bundles=($@)
-	fi
-	for bundle in ${bundles[@]}; do
-		bundle "$bundle"
-		echo
-	done
-}
-
-main "$@"

hack/make/.validate

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-if [ -z "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" ]; then
-	# this is kind of an expensive check, so let's not do this twice if we
-	# are running more than one validate bundlescript
-	
-	VALIDATE_REPO='https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo.git'
-	VALIDATE_BRANCH='master'
-	
-	if [ "$TRAVIS" = 'true' -a "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" != 'false' ]; then
-		VALIDATE_REPO="https://github.com/${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}.git"
-		VALIDATE_BRANCH="${TRAVIS_BRANCH}"
-	fi
-	
-	VALIDATE_HEAD="$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)"
-	
-	git fetch -q "$VALIDATE_REPO" "refs/heads/$VALIDATE_BRANCH"
-	VALIDATE_UPSTREAM="$(git rev-parse --verify FETCH_HEAD)"
-	
-	VALIDATE_COMMIT_LOG="$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM..$VALIDATE_HEAD"
-	VALIDATE_COMMIT_DIFF="$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM...$VALIDATE_HEAD"
-	
-	validate_diff() {
-		git diff "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" "$@"
-	}
-	validate_log() {
-		if [ "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" != "$VALIDATE_HEAD" ]; then
-			git log "$VALIDATE_COMMIT_LOG" "$@"
-		fi
-	}
-fi

hack/make/test-integration

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-set -e
-
-bundle_test_integration() {
-	TESTFLAGS="$TESTFLAGS -check.v"
-	go_test_dir ./integration
-}
-
-# subshell so that we can export PATH without breaking other things
-(
-	make binary-local ${BUILDTAGS:+BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"}
-	make install
-	export GO15VENDOREXPERIMENT=1
-	bundle_test_integration
-) 2>&1

hack/make/validate-git-marks

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-# folders=$(find * -type d | egrep -v '^Godeps|bundles|.git')
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-badFiles=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-    if [ $(grep -r "^<<<<<<<" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-
-    if [ $(grep -r "^>>>>>>>" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-
-    if [ $(grep -r "^=======$" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-    set -e
-done
-
-
-if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  There is no conflict.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "There is trace of conflict(s) in the following files :"
-		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
-			echo " - $f"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please fix the conflict(s) commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/make/validate-gofmt

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-badFiles=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-	if [ "$(gofmt -s -l < $f)" ]; then
-		badFiles+=( "$f" )
-	fi
-done
-
-if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files are properly formatted.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "These files are not properly gofmt'd:"
-		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
-			echo " - $f"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please reformat the above files using "gofmt -s -w" and commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/make/validate-lint

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-# We will eventually get to the point where packages should be the complete list
-# of subpackages, vendoring excluded, as given by:
-#
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/\|^integration' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-errors=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-	failedLint=$(golint "$f")
-	if [ "$failedLint" ]; then
-		errors+=( "$failedLint" )
-	fi
-done
-
-if [ ${#errors[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been linted.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "Errors from golint:"
-		for err in "${errors[@]}"; do
-			echo "$err"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "golint" and commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/make/validate-vet

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-errors=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-	failedVet=$(go vet "$f")
-	if [ "$failedVet" ]; then
-		errors+=( "$failedVet" )
-	fi
-done
-
-
-if [ ${#errors[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been vetted.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "Errors from go vet:"
-		for err in "${errors[@]}"; do
-			echo " - $err"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "go vet" and commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/man-page-checker

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+#
+# man-page-checker - validate and cross-reference man page names
+#
+# This is the script that cross-checks BETWEEN MAN PAGES. It is not the
+# script that cross-checks that each option in skopeo foo --help is listed
+# in skopeo-foo.1.md and vice-versa; that one is xref-helpmsgs-manpages.
+#
+
+verbose=
+for i; do
+    case "$i" in
+        -v|--verbose)   verbose=verbose ;;
+    esac
+done
+
+
+die() {
+    echo "$(basename $0): $*" >&2
+    exit 1
+}
+
+cd $(dirname $0)/../docs || die "Please run me from top-level skopeo dir"
+
+rc=0
+
+# Pass 1: cross-check file names with NAME section
+#
+# for a given skopeo-foo.1.md, the NAME should be 'skopeo-foo'
+for md in *.1.md;do
+    # Read the first line after '## NAME'
+    name=$(grep -E -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|awk '{print $1}' | tr -d \\\\)
+
+    expect=$(basename $md .1.md)
+    if [ "$name" != "$expect" ]; then
+        echo
+        printf "Inconsistent program NAME in %s:\n" $md
+        printf "  NAME= %s  (expected: %s)\n" $name $expect
+        rc=1
+    fi
+done
+
+# Pass 2: compare descriptions.
+#
+# Make sure the descriptive text in skopeo-foo.1.md matches the one
+# in the table in skopeo.1.md.
+for md in $(ls -1 *-*.1.md);do
+    desc=$(grep -E -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|sed -E -e 's/^skopeo[^[:space:]]+ - //')
+
+    # Find the descriptive text in the main skopeo man page.
+    parent=skopeo.1.md
+    parent_desc=$(grep $md $parent | awk -F'|' '{print $3}' | sed -E -e 's/^[[:space:]]+//' -e 's/[[:space:]]+$//')
+
+    if [ "$desc" != "$parent_desc" ]; then
+        echo
+        printf "Inconsistent subcommand descriptions:\n"
+        printf "  %-32s = '%s'\n" $md "$desc"
+        printf "  %-32s = '%s'\n" $parent "$parent_desc"
+        printf "Please ensure that the NAME section of $md\n"
+        printf "matches the subcommand description in $parent\n"
+        rc=1
+    fi
+done
+
+# Helper function: compares man page synopsis vs --help usage message
+function compare_usage() {
+    local cmd="$1"
+    local from_man="$2"
+
+    # Run 'cmd --help', grab the line immediately after 'Usage:'
+    local help_output=$(../bin/$cmd --help)
+    local from_help=$(echo "$help_output" | grep -A1 '^Usage:' | tail -1)
+
+    # strip off command name from both
+    from_man=$(sed -E -e "s/\*\*$cmd\*\*[[:space:]]*//" <<<"$from_man")
+    from_help=$(sed -E -e "s/^[[:space:]]*$cmd[[:space:]]*//" <<<"$from_help")
+
+    # man page lists 'foo [*options*]', help msg shows 'foo [command options]'.
+    # Make sure if one has it, the other does too.
+    if expr "$from_man" : "\[\*options\*\]" >/dev/null; then
+        if expr "$from_help" : "\[command options\]" >/dev/null; then
+            :
+        else
+            echo "WARNING: $cmd: man page shows '[*options*]', help does not show [command options]"
+            rc=1
+       fi
+    elif expr "$from_help" : "\[command options\]" >/dev/null; then
+        echo "WARNING: $cmd: --help shows [command options], man page does not show [*options*]"
+        rc=1
+    fi
+
+    # Strip off options and flags; start comparing arguments
+    from_man=$(sed  -E -e 's/^\[\*options\*\][[:space:]]*//' <<<"$from_man")
+    from_help=$(sed -E -e 's/^\[command options\][[:space:]]*//'      <<<"$from_help")
+
+    # Constant strings in man page are '**foo**', in --help are 'foo'.
+    from_man=$(sed -E -e 's/\*\*([^*]+)\*\*/\1/g' <<<"$from_man")
+
+    # Args in man page are '_foo_', in --help are 'FOO'. Convert all to
+    # UPCASE simply because it stands out better to the eye.
+    from_man=$(sed -E -e 's/_([a-z-]+)_/\U\1/g' <<<"$from_man")
+
+    # Compare man-page and --help usage strings. Skip 'skopeo' itself,
+    # because the man page includes '[global options]' which we don't grok.
+    if [[ "$from_man" != "$from_help" && "$cmd" != "skopeo" ]]; then
+        printf "%-25s man='%s' help='%s'\n" "$cmd:" "$from_man" "$from_help"
+        rc=1
+    fi
+}
+
+# Pass 3: compare synopses.
+#
+# Make sure the SYNOPSIS line in skopeo-foo.1.md reads '**skopeo foo** ...'
+for md in *.1.md;do
+    synopsis=$(grep -E -A1 '^#* SYNOPSIS' $md|tail -1)
+
+    # Command name must be bracketed by double asterisks; options and
+    # arguments are bracketed by single ones.
+    #   E.g. '**skopeo copy** [*options*] _..._'
+    # Get the command name, and confirm that it matches the md file name.
+    cmd=$(echo "$synopsis" | sed -E -e 's/^\*\*([^*]+)\*\*.*/\1/' | tr -d \*)
+    # Use sed, not tr, so we only replace the first dash: we want
+    # skopeo-list-tags -> "skopeo list-tags", not "skopeo list tags"
+    md_nodash=$(basename "$md" .1.md | sed -e 's/-/ /')
+    if [ "$cmd" != "$md_nodash" ]; then
+        echo
+        printf "Inconsistent program name in SYNOPSIS in %s:\n" $md
+        printf "  SYNOPSIS = %s (expected: '%s')\n" "$cmd" "$md_nodash"
+        rc=1
+    fi
+
+    # The convention is to use UPPER CASE in 'skopeo foo --help',
+    # but *lower case bracketed by asterisks* in the man page
+    if expr "$synopsis" : ".*[A-Z]" >/dev/null; then
+        echo
+        printf "Inconsistent capitalization in SYNOPSIS in %s\n" $md
+        printf "  '%s' should not contain upper-case characters\n" "$synopsis"
+        rc=1
+    fi
+
+    # (for debugging, and getting a sense of standard conventions)
+    #printf "  %-32s ------ '%s'\n" $md "$synopsis"
+
+    # If bin/skopeo is available, run "cmd --help" and compare Usage
+    # messages. This is complicated, so do it in a helper function.
+    compare_usage "$md_nodash" "$synopsis"
+done
+
+
+exit $rc

hack/test-integration.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+make PREFIX=/usr install
+
+echo "cd ./integration;" go test $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}
+cd ./integration
+go test $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}

hack/test-system.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+# These tests can run in/outside of a container.  However,
+# not all storage drivers are supported in a container
+# environment.  Detect this and setup storage when
+# running in a container.
+#
+# Paradoxically (FIXME: clean this up), SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS is set
+# both inside a container and without a container (in a CI VM); it actually means
+# "it is safe to destructively modify the system for tests".
+#
+# On a CI VM, we can just use Podman as it is already configured; the changes below,
+# to use VFS, are necessary only inside a container, because overlay-inside-overlay
+# does not work. So, make these changes conditional on both
+# SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS (for acceptability to do destructive modification) and !CI
+# (for necessity to adjust for in-container operation)
+if ((SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS)) && [[ "$CI" != true ]]; then
+    if [[ -r /etc/containers/storage.conf ]]; then
+        echo "MODIFYING existing storage.conf"
+        sed -i \
+            -e 's/^driver\s*=.*/driver = "vfs"/' \
+            -e 's/^mountopt/#mountopt/' \
+            /etc/containers/storage.conf
+    else
+        echo "CREATING NEW storage.conf"
+        cat >> /etc/containers/storage.conf << EOF
+[storage]
+driver = "vfs"
+runroot = "/run/containers/storage"
+graphroot = "/var/lib/containers/storage"
+EOF
+    fi
+    # The logic of finding the relevant storage.conf file is convoluted
+    # and in effect differs between Skopeo and Podman, at least in some versions;
+    # explicitly point at the file we want to use to hopefully avoid that.
+    export CONTAINERS_STORAGE_CONF=/etc/containers/storage.conf
+fi
+
+# Build skopeo, install into /usr/bin
+make PREFIX=/usr install
+
+# Run tests
+SKOPEO_BINARY=/usr/bin/skopeo bats --tap systemtest

hack/travis_osx.sh

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-export GOPATH=$(pwd)/_gopath
-export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
-
-_projectatomic="${GOPATH}/src/github.com/projectatomic"
-mkdir -vp ${_projectatomic}
-ln -vsf $(pwd) ${_projectatomic}/skopeo
-
-go get -u github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man github.com/golang/lint/golint
-
-cd ${_projectatomic}/skopeo
-make validate-local test-unit-local binary-local
-sudo make install
-skopeo -v

hack/tree_status.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+STATUS=$(git status --porcelain)
+if [[ -z $STATUS ]]
+then
+	echo "tree is clean"
+else
+	echo "tree is dirty, please commit all changes and sync the vendor.conf"
+	echo ""
+	echo "$STATUS"
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/validate-git-marks.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+IFS=$'\n'
+files=( $(git ls-tree -r HEAD --name-only | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
+unset IFS
+
+badFiles=()
+for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+    if [ $(grep -r "^\(<<<<<<<\|>>>>>>>\|^=======$\)" $f) ]; then
+        badFiles+=( "$f" )
+        continue
+    fi
+    set -e
+done
+
+
+if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
+	echo 'Congratulations!  There is no conflict.'
+else
+	{
+		echo "There is trace of conflict(s) in the following files :"
+		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
+			echo " - $f"
+		done
+		echo
+		echo 'Please fix the conflict(s) commit the result.'
+		echo
+	} >&2
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/validate-gofmt.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+IFS=$'\n'
+files=( $(find . -name '*.go' | grep -v '^./vendor/' | sort || true) )
+unset IFS
+
+badFiles=()
+for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+	if [ "$(gofmt -s -l < $f)" ]; then
+		badFiles+=( "$f" )
+	fi
+done
+
+if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
+	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files are properly formatted.'
+else
+	{
+		echo "These files are not properly gofmt'd:"
+		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
+			echo " - $f"
+		done
+		echo
+		echo 'Please reformat the above files using "gofmt -s -w" and commit the result.'
+		echo
+	} >&2
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/validate-lint.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+errors=$($GOBIN/golangci-lint run --build-tags "${BUILDTAGS}" 2>&1)
+
+if [ -z "$errors" ]; then
+	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been linted.'
+else
+	{
+		echo "Errors from golangci-lint:"
+		echo "$errors"
+		echo
+		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "golangci-lint" and commit the result.'
+		echo
+	} >&2
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/validate-vet.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+errors=$(go vet -tags="${BUILDTAGS}" ./... 2>&1)
+
+if [ -z "$errors" ]; then
+	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been vetted.'
+else
+	{
+		echo "Errors from go vet:"
+		echo "$errors"
+		echo
+		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "go vet" and commit the result.'
+		echo
+	} >&2
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/vendor.sh

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-# This file is just wrapper around vndr (github.com/LK4D4/vndr) tool.
-# For updating dependencies you should change `vendor.conf` file in root of the
-# project. Please refer to https://github.com/LK4D4/vndr/blob/master/README.md for
-# vndr usage.
-
-set -e
-
-if ! hash vndr; then
-	echo "Please install vndr with \"go get github.com/LK4D4/vndr\" and put it in your \$GOPATH"
-	exit 1
-fi
-
-vndr "$@"

hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+# Set this to 1 to enable installation/modification of environment/services
+export SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=${SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS:-0}
+
+if [[ "$SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS" == "0" ]] && [[ "$CI" != "true" ]]; then
+    (
+    echo "***************************************************************"
+    echo "WARNING: Executing tests directly on the local development"
+    echo "         host is highly discouraged.  Many important items"
+    echo "         will be skipped.  For manual execution, please utilize"
+    echo "         the Makefile targets WITHOUT the '-local' suffix."
+    echo "***************************************************************"
+    ) > /dev/stderr
+    sleep 5
+fi

hack/xref-helpmsgs-manpages

@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl
+#
+# xref-helpmsgs-manpages - cross-reference --help options against man pages
+#
+package LibPod::CI::XrefHelpmsgsManpages;
+
+use v5.14;
+use utf8;
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+(our $ME = $0) =~ s|.*/||;
+our $VERSION = '0.1';
+
+# For debugging, show data structures using DumpTree($var)
+#use Data::TreeDumper; $Data::TreeDumper::Displayaddress = 0;
+
+# unbuffer output
+$| = 1;
+
+###############################################################################
+# BEGIN user-customizable section
+
+# Path to skopeo executable
+my $Default_Skopeo = './bin/skopeo';
+my $SKOPEO = $ENV{SKOPEO} || $Default_Skopeo;
+
+# Path to all doc files (markdown)
+my $Docs_Path = 'docs';
+
+# Global error count
+my $Errs = 0;
+
+# END   user-customizable section
+###############################################################################
+
+###############################################################################
+# BEGIN boilerplate args checking, usage messages
+
+sub usage {
+    print  <<"END_USAGE";
+Usage: $ME [OPTIONS]
+
+$ME recursively runs 'skopeo --help' against
+all subcommands; and recursively reads skopeo-*.1.md files
+in $Docs_Path, then cross-references that each --help
+option is listed in the appropriate man page and vice-versa.
+
+$ME invokes '\$SKOPEO' (default: $Default_Skopeo).
+
+Exit status is zero if no inconsistencies found, one otherwise
+
+OPTIONS:
+
+  -v, --verbose  show verbose progress indicators
+  -n, --dry-run  make no actual changes
+
+  --help         display this message
+  --version      display program name and version
+END_USAGE
+
+    exit;
+}
+
+# Command-line options.  Note that this operates directly on @ARGV !
+our $debug   = 0;
+our $verbose = 0;
+sub handle_opts {
+    use Getopt::Long;
+    GetOptions(
+        'debug!'     => \$debug,
+        'verbose|v'  => \$verbose,
+
+        help         => \&usage,
+        version      => sub { print "$ME version $VERSION\n"; exit 0 },
+    ) or die "Try `$ME --help' for help\n";
+}
+
+# END   boilerplate args checking, usage messages
+###############################################################################
+
+############################## CODE BEGINS HERE ###############################
+
+# The term is "modulino".
+__PACKAGE__->main()                                     unless caller();
+
+# Main code.
+sub main {
+    # Note that we operate directly on @ARGV, not on function parameters.
+    # This is deliberate: it's because Getopt::Long only operates on @ARGV
+    # and there's no clean way to make it use @_.
+    handle_opts();                      # will set package globals
+
+    # Fetch command-line arguments.  Barf if too many.
+    die "$ME: Too many arguments; try $ME --help\n"                 if @ARGV;
+
+    my $help = skopeo_help();
+    my $man  = skopeo_man('skopeo');
+
+    xref_by_help($help, $man);
+    xref_by_man($help, $man);
+
+    exit !!$Errs;
+}
+
+###############################################################################
+# BEGIN cross-referencing
+
+##################
+#  xref_by_help  #  Find keys in '--help' but not in man
+##################
+sub xref_by_help {
+    my ($help, $man, @subcommand) = @_;
+
+    for my $k (sort keys %$help) {
+        if (exists $man->{$k}) {
+            if (ref $help->{$k}) {
+                xref_by_help($help->{$k}, $man->{$k}, @subcommand, $k);
+            }
+            # Otherwise, non-ref is leaf node such as a --option
+        }
+        else {
+            my $man = $man->{_path} || 'man';
+            warn "$ME: skopeo @subcommand --help lists $k, but $k not in $man\n";
+            ++$Errs;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#################
+#  xref_by_man  #  Find keys in man pages but not in --help
+#################
+#
+# In an ideal world we could share the functionality in one function; but
+# there are just too many special cases in man pages.
+#
+sub xref_by_man {
+    my ($help, $man, @subcommand) = @_;
+
+    # FIXME: this generates way too much output
+    for my $k (grep { $_ ne '_path' } sort keys %$man) {
+        if (exists $help->{$k}) {
+            if (ref $man->{$k}) {
+                xref_by_man($help->{$k}, $man->{$k}, @subcommand, $k);
+            }
+        }
+        elsif ($k ne '--help' && $k ne '-h') {
+            my $man = $man->{_path} || 'man';
+
+            warn "$ME: skopeo @subcommand: $k in $man, but not --help\n";
+            ++$Errs;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+# END   cross-referencing
+###############################################################################
+# BEGIN data gathering
+
+#################
+#  skopeo_help  #  Parse output of 'skopeo [subcommand] --help'
+#################
+sub skopeo_help {
+    my %help;
+    open my $fh, '-|', $SKOPEO, @_, '--help'
+        or die "$ME: Cannot fork: $!\n";
+    my $section = '';
+    while (my $line = <$fh>) {
+        # Cobra is blessedly consistent in its output:
+        #    Usage: ...
+        #    Available Commands:
+        #       ....
+        #    Options:
+        #       ....
+        #
+        # Start by identifying the section we're in...
+        if ($line =~ /^Available\s+(Commands):/) {
+            $section = lc $1;
+        }
+        elsif ($line =~ /^(Flags):/) {
+            $section = lc $1;
+        }
+
+        # ...then track commands and options. For subcommands, recurse.
+        elsif ($section eq 'commands') {
+            if ($line =~ /^\s{1,4}(\S+)\s/) {
+                my $subcommand = $1;
+                print "> skopeo @_ $subcommand\n"               if $debug;
+                $help{$subcommand} = skopeo_help(@_, $subcommand)
+                    unless $subcommand eq 'help';       # 'help' not in man
+            }
+        }
+        elsif ($section eq 'flags') {
+            # Handle '--foo' or '-f, --foo'
+            if ($line =~ /^\s{1,10}(--\S+)\s/) {
+                print "> skopeo @_ $1\n"                        if $debug;
+                $help{$1} = 1;
+            }
+            elsif ($line =~ /^\s{1,10}(-\S),\s+(--\S+)\s/) {
+                print "> skopeo @_ $1, $2\n"                    if $debug;
+                $help{$1} = $help{$2} = 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    close $fh
+        or die "$ME: Error running 'skopeo @_ --help'\n";
+
+    return \%help;
+}
+
+
+################
+#  skopeo_man  #  Parse contents of skopeo-*.1.md
+################
+sub skopeo_man {
+    my $command = shift;
+    my $manpath = "$Docs_Path/$command.1.md";
+    print "** $manpath \n"                              if $debug;
+
+    my %man = (_path => $manpath);
+    open my $fh, '<', $manpath
+        or die "$ME: Cannot read $manpath: $!\n";
+    my $section = '';
+    my @most_recent_flags;
+    my $previous_subcmd = '';
+    while (my $line = <$fh>) {
+        chomp $line;
+        next unless $line;		# skip empty lines
+
+        # .md files designate sections with leading double hash
+        if ($line =~ /^##\s*OPTIONS/) {
+            $section = 'flags';
+        }
+        elsif ($line =~ /^\#\#\s+(SUB)?COMMANDS/) {
+            $section = 'commands';
+        }
+        elsif ($line =~ /^\#\#[^#]/) {
+            $section = '';
+        }
+
+        # This will be a table containing subcommand names, links to man pages.
+        elsif ($section eq 'commands') {
+            # In skopeo.1.md
+            if ($line =~ /^\|\s*\[skopeo-(\S+?)\(\d\)\]/) {
+                # $1 will be changed by recursion _*BEFORE*_ left-hand assignment
+                my $subcmd = $1;
+                $man{$subcmd} = skopeo_man("skopeo-$1");
+            }
+        }
+
+        # Options should always be of the form '**-f**' or '**\-\-flag**',
+        # possibly separated by comma-space.
+        elsif ($section eq 'flags') {
+            # If option has long and short form, long must come first.
+            # This is a while-loop because there may be multiple long
+            # option names (not in skopeo ATM, but leave the possibility open)
+            while ($line =~ s/^\*\*(--[a-z0-9.-]+)\*\*(=\*[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\*)?(,\s+)?//g) {
+                $man{$1} = 1;
+            }
+            # Short form
+            if ($line =~ s/^\*\*(-[a-zA-Z0-9.])\*\*(=\*[a-zA-Z0-9-]+\*)?//g) {
+                $man{$1} = 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    close $fh;
+
+    return \%man;
+}
+
+
+
+# END   data gathering
+###############################################################################
+
+1;

install.md

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+# Installing Skopeo
+
+## Distribution Packages
+`skopeo` may already be packaged in your distribution. This document lists the
+installation steps for many distros, along with their information and support links.
+
+### Fedora
+
+```sh
+sudo dnf -y install skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/skopeo) and
+[Bugzilla](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&classification=Fedora&component=skopeo&product=Fedora)
+
+Fedora bugs can be reported on the Skopeo GitHub [Issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues) page.
+
+### RHEL / CentOS Stream ≥ 8
+
+```sh
+sudo dnf -y install skopeo
+```
+
+If you are a RHEL customer, please reach out through the official RHEL support
+channels for any issues.
+
+CentOS Stream 9: [Package Info](https://gitlab.com/redhat/centos-stream/rpms/skopeo/-/tree/c9s) and
+[Bugzilla](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&classification=Red%20Hat&component=skopeo&product=Red%20Hat%20Enterprise%20Linux%209&version=CentOS%20Stream)
+
+CentOS Stream 8: [Package Info](https://git.centos.org/rpms/skopeo/tree/c8s-stream-rhel8) and
+[Bugzilla](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/buglist.cgi?bug_status=__open__&classification=Red%20Hat&component=skopeo&product=Red%20Hat%20Enterprise%20Linux%208&version=CentOS%20Stream)
+
+
+### RHEL/CentOS ≤ 7.x
+
+```sh
+sudo yum -y install skopeo
+```
+
+CentOS 7: [Package Repo](https://git.centos.org/rpms/skopeo/tree/c7-extras)
+
+### openSUSE
+
+```sh
+sudo zypper install skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://software.opensuse.org/package/skopeo)
+
+### Alpine
+
+```sh
+sudo apk add skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=skopeo)
+
+### Gentoo
+
+```sh
+sudo emerge app-containers/skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-containers/skopeo)
+
+### Arch Linux
+
+```sh
+sudo pacman -S skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/skopeo/)
+
+### macOS
+
+```sh
+brew install skopeo
+```
+
+### Nix / NixOS
+```sh
+$ nix-env -i skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://search.nixos.org/packages?&show=skopeo&query=skopeo)
+
+### Debian
+
+The skopeo package is available on [Bullseye](https://packages.debian.org/bullseye/skopeo),
+and Debian Testing and Unstable.
+
+```bash
+# Debian Bullseye, Testing or Unstable/Sid
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get -y install skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://packages.debian.org/stable/skopeo)
+
+### Raspberry Pi OS arm64 (beta)
+
+Raspberry Pi OS uses the standard Debian's repositories,
+so it is fully compatible with Debian's arm64 repository.
+You can simply follow the [steps for Debian](#debian) to install Skopeo.
+
+
+### Ubuntu
+
+The skopeo package is available in the official repositories for Ubuntu 20.10
+and newer.
+
+```bash
+# Ubuntu 20.10 and newer
+sudo apt-get -y update
+sudo apt-get -y install skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://packages.ubuntu.com/jammy/skopeo)
+
+### Windows
+Skopeo has not yet been packaged for Windows. There is an [open feature
+request](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/715) and contributions are
+always welcome.
+
+## Container Images
+
+Skopeo container images are available at `quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest`.
+For example,
+
+```bash
+podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest copy --help
+```
+
+The skopeo container image build context and automation are
+located at [https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo](https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo)
+
+
+## Building from Source
+
+Otherwise, read on for building and installing it from source:
+
+To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.22.
+
+There are two ways to build skopeo: in a container, or locally without a
+container. Choose the one which better matches your needs and environment.
+
+### Building without a container
+
+Building without a container requires a bit more manual work and setup in your
+environment, but it is more flexible:
+
+- It should work in more environments (e.g. for native macOS builds)
+- It does not require root privileges (after dependencies are installed)
+- It is faster, therefore more convenient for developing `skopeo`.
+
+Install the necessary dependencies:
+
+```bash
+# Fedora:
+sudo dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel btrfs-progs-devel
+```
+
+```bash
+# Ubuntu (`libbtrfs-dev` requires Ubuntu 18.10 and above):
+sudo apt install libgpgme-dev libassuan-dev libbtrfs-dev pkg-config
+```
+
+```bash
+# macOS:
+brew install gpgme
+```
+
+```bash
+# openSUSE:
+sudo zypper install libgpgme-devel libbtrfs-devel glib2-devel
+```
+
+```bash
+# Arch Linux:
+sudo pacman -S base-devel gpgme btrfs-progs
+```
+
+Make sure to clone this repository in your `GOPATH` - otherwise compilation fails.
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/containers/skopeo $GOPATH/src/github.com/containers/skopeo
+cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/containers/skopeo && make bin/skopeo
+```
+
+By default the `make` command (make all) will build bin/skopeo and the documentation locally.
+
+Building of documentation requires `go-md2man`. On systems that do not have this tool, the
+document generation can be skipped by passing `DISABLE_DOCS=1`:
+```
+DISABLE_DOCS=1 make
+```
+
+#### Additional prerequisites
+
+In order to dynamically link against system libraries and avoid compilation errors the ```CGO_ENABLED='1'``` flag must be enabled. You can easily check by ```go env | grep CGO_ENABLED```.
+
+An alternative would be to set the `BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp` (this removes the dependency on `libgpgme` and its companion libraries).
+
+### Cross-compilation
+
+For cross-building skopeo, use the command `make bin/skopeo.OS.ARCH`, where OS represents
+the target operating system and ARCH stands for the desired architecture. For instance,
+to build skopeo for RISC-V 64-bit Linux, execute:
+
+```bash
+make bin/skopeo.linux.riscv64
+```
+
+### Building documentation
+
+To build the manual you will need go-md2man.
+
+```bash
+# Debian:
+sudo apt-get install go-md2man
+```
+
+```
+# Fedora:
+sudo dnf install go-md2man
+```
+
+```
+# MacOS:
+brew install go-md2man
+```
+
+Then
+
+```bash
+make docs
+```
+
+### Building in a container
+
+Building in a container is simpler, but more restrictive:
+
+- It requires the `podman` command and the ability to run Linux containers.
+- The created executable is a Linux executable, and depends on dynamic libraries
+  which may only be available only in a container of a similar Linux
+  distribution.
+
+```bash
+$ make binary
+```
+
+### Shell completion scripts
+
+Skopeo has shell completion scripts for bash, zsh, fish and powershell. They are installed as part of `make install`.
+You may have to restart your shell in order for them to take effect.
+
+For instructions to manually generate and load the scripts please see `skopeo completion --help`.
+
+### Installation
+
+Finally, after the binary and documentation is built:
+
+```bash
+sudo make install
+```
+
+### Building a static binary
+
+There have been efforts in the past to produce and maintain static builds, but the maintainers prefer to run Skopeo using distro packages or within containers. This is because static builds of Skopeo tend to be unreliable and functionally restricted. Specifically:
+- Some features of Skopeo depend on non-Go libraries like `libgpgme`.
+- Generating static Go binaries uses native Go libraries, which don't support e.g. `.local` or LDAP-based name resolution.
+
+That being said, if you would like to build Skopeo statically, you might be able to do it by combining all the following steps.
+- Export environment variable `CGO_ENABLED=0` (disabling CGO causes Go to prefer native libraries when possible, instead of dynamically linking against system libraries).
+- Set the `BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp` Make variable (this removes the dependency on `libgpgme` and its companion libraries).
+- Clear the `GO_DYN_FLAGS` Make variable if even a dependency on the ELF interpreter is undesirable.
+
+Keep in mind that the resulting binary is unsupported and might crash randomly. Only use if you know what you're doing!
+
+For more information, history, and context about static builds, check the following issues:
+
+- [#391] - Consider distributing statically built binaries as part of release
+- [#669] - Static build fails with segmentation violation
+- [#670] - Fixing static binary build using container
+- [#755] - Remove static and in-container targets from Makefile
+- [#932] - Add nix derivation for static builds
+- [#1336] - Unable to run skopeo on Fedora 30 (due to dyn lib dependency)
+- [#1478] - Publish binary releases to GitHub (request+discussion)
+
+[#391]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/391
+[#669]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/669
+[#670]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/670
+[#755]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/755
+[#932]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/932
+[#1336]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/1336
+[#1478]: https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/1478

integration/blocked_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+package main
+
+const blockedRegistriesConf = "./fixtures/blocked-registries.conf"
+const blockedErrorRegex = `.*registry registry-blocked.com is blocked in .*`
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedSource() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
+		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "copy",
+		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test",
+		"docker://registry-unblocked.com/image:test")
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedDestination() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
+		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "copy",
+		"docker://registry-unblocked.com/image:test",
+		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestInspectBlocked() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
+		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "inspect",
+		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestDeleteBlocked() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
+		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "delete",
+		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
+}

integration/check_test.go

@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/go-check/check"
-	"github.com/projectatomic/skopeo/version"
+	"github.com/containers/skopeo/version"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -14,76 +16,104 @@ const (
 	privateRegistryURL1 = "127.0.0.1:5001"
 )
 
-func Test(t *testing.T) {
-	check.TestingT(t)
+func TestSkopeo(t *testing.T) {
+	suite.Run(t, &skopeoSuite{})
 }
 
-func init() {
-	check.Suite(&SkopeoSuite{})
-}
-
-type SkopeoSuite struct {
+type skopeoSuite struct {
+	suite.Suite
 	regV2         *testRegistryV2
 	regV2WithAuth *testRegistryV2
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
+var _ = suite.SetupAllSuite(&skopeoSuite{})
+var _ = suite.TearDownAllSuite(&skopeoSuite{})
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) SetupSuite() {
+	t := s.T()
 	_, err := exec.LookPath(skopeoBinary)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(t, privateRegistryURL0, false, false)
+	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(t, privateRegistryURL1, true, false)
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
-
-}
-
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) SetUpTest(c *check.C) {
-	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL0, false, false)
-	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL1, true, false)
-}
-
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownTest(c *check.C) {
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TearDownSuite() {
 	if s.regV2 != nil {
-		s.regV2.Close()
+		s.regV2.tearDown()
 	}
 	if s.regV2WithAuth != nil {
-		//cmd := exec.Command("docker", "logout", s.regV2WithAuth)
-		//c.Assert(cmd.Run(), check.IsNil)
-		s.regV2WithAuth.Close()
+		// cmd := exec.Command("docker", "logout", s.regV2WithAuth)
+		// require.Noerror(t, cmd.Run())
+		s.regV2WithAuth.tearDown()
 	}
 }
 
-// TODO like dockerCmd but much easier, just out,err
-//func skopeoCmd()
-
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestVersion(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := fmt.Sprintf(".*%s version %s.*", skopeoBinary, version.Version)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "--version")
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestVersion() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf(".*%s version %s.*", skopeoBinary, version.Version),
+		"--version")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCanAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*manifest unknown: manifest unknown.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", "--creds="+s.regV2WithAuth.username+":"+s.regV2WithAuth.password, fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCanAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*manifest unknown.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", "--creds="+s.regV2WithAuth.username+":"+s.regV2WithAuth.password, fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCertDirInsteadOfCertPath(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*flag provided but not defined: -cert-path.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-path=/")
-	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-dir=/etc/docker/certs.d/")
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCertDirInsteadOfCertPath() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*unknown flag: --cert-path.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-path=/")
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-dir=/etc/docker/certs.d/")
 }
 
 // TODO(runcom): as soon as we can push to registries ensure you can inspect here
 // not just get image not found :)
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNoNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2ImageNotFound(c *check.C) {
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestNoNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2ImageNotFound() {
+	t := s.T()
 	out, err := exec.Command(skopeoBinary, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2.url)).CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.NotNil, check.Commentf(string(out)))
-	wanted := ".*manifest unknown.*"
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
-	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Not(check.Matches), "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	assert.Error(t, err, "%s", string(out))
+	assert.Regexp(t, "(?s).*manifest unknown.*", string(out))                         // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	assert.NotRegexp(t, "(?s).*unauthorized: authentication required.*", string(out)) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestInspectFailsWhenReferenceIsInvalid() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, `.*Invalid image name.*`, "inspect", "unknown")
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestLoginLogout() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "^Login Succeeded!\n$",
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	// test --get-login returns username
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^%s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.username),
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--get-login", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	// test logout
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url),
+		"logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+}
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyWithLocalAuth() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "^Login Succeeded!\n$",
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	// copy to private registry using local authentication
+	imageName := fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:mine", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", testFQIN+":latest", imageName)
+	// inspect from private registry
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "", "inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
+	// logout from the registry
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url),
+		"logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	// inspect from private registry should fail after logout
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
 }

integration/fixtures/blocked-registries.conf

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+[[registry]]
+location = "registry-unblocked.com"
+
+[[registry]]
+location = "registry-blocked.com"
+blocked = true

integration/fixtures/policy.json

@@ -20,10 +20,41 @@
                     "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
                 }
             ],
+            "localhost:5006/myns/mirroring-primary": [
+                {
+                    "type": "signedBy",
+                    "keyType": "GPGKeys",
+                    "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
+                }
+            ],
+            "localhost:5006/myns/mirroring-mirror": [
+                {
+                    "type": "signedBy",
+                    "keyType": "GPGKeys",
+                    "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg"
+                }
+            ],
+            "localhost:5006/myns/mirroring-remap": [
+                {
+                    "type": "signedBy",
+                    "keyType": "GPGKeys",
+                    "keyPath": "@keydir@/personal-pubkey.gpg",
+                    "signedIdentity": {
+                        "type": "remapIdentity",
+                        "prefix": "localhost:5006/myns/mirroring-remap",
+                        "signedPrefix": "localhost:5006/myns/mirroring-primary"
+                    }
+                }
+            ],
             "docker.io/openshift": [
                 {
                     "type": "insecureAcceptAnything"
                 }
+            ],
+            "quay.io/openshift": [
+                {
+                    "type": "insecureAcceptAnything"
+                }
             ]
         },
         "dir": {