Bump to v1.20.0

Bumping to v1.20 to align with Buildah v1.41 and Podman v5.6
now that Skopeo has the same c/* libraries vendored in.

Signed-off-by: tomsweeneyredhat <tsweeney@redhat.com>

.cirrus.yml

@@ -20,13 +20,8 @@ env:
     # Save a little typing (path relative to $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR)
     SCRIPT_BASE: "./contrib/cirrus"
 
-    ####
-    #### Cache-image names to test with (double-quotes around names are critical)
-    ####
-    FEDORA_NAME: "fedora-36"
-
     # Google-cloud VM Images
-    IMAGE_SUFFIX: "c5495735033528320"
+    IMAGE_SUFFIX: "c20250721t181111z-f42f41d13"
     FEDORA_CACHE_IMAGE_NAME: "fedora-${IMAGE_SUFFIX}"
 
     # Container FQIN's
@@ -52,7 +47,9 @@ validate_task:
         image: '${SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN}'
         cpu: 4
         memory: 8
-    script: |
+    setup_script: |
+        make tools
+    test_script: |
         make validate-local
         make vendor && hack/tree_status.sh
 
@@ -65,41 +62,58 @@ doccheck_task:
         cpu: 4
         memory: 8
     env:
-        BUILDTAGS: &withopengpg 'btrfs_noversion libdm_no_deferred_remove containers_image_openpgp'
+        BUILDTAGS: &withopengpg 'containers_image_openpgp'
     script: |
       # TODO: Can't use 'runner.sh setup' inside container.  However,
       # removing the pre-installed package is the only necessary step
       # at the time of this comment.
-      dnf erase -y skopeo  # Guarantee non-interference
+      dnf remove -y skopeo  # Guarantee non-interference
       "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" build
       "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" doccheck
 
 osx_task:
-    # Run for regular PRs and those with [CI:BUILD] but not [CI:DOCS]
-    only_if: &not_docs_multiarch >-
-        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*' &&
-        $CIRRUS_CRON != 'multiarch'
+    # Don't run for docs-only builds.
+    # Also don't run on release-branches or their PRs,
+    # since base container-image is not version-constrained.
+    only_if: &not_docs_or_release_branch >-
+        ($CIRRUS_BASE_BRANCH == $CIRRUS_DEFAULT_BRANCH ||
+         $CIRRUS_BRANCH == $CIRRUS_DEFAULT_BRANCH ) &&
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
     depends_on:
         - validate
-    macos_instance:
-        image: catalina-xcode
-    setup_script: |
-        export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
-        brew update
-        brew install gpgme go go-md2man
-        go install golang.org/x/lint/golint@latest
-    test_script: |
-        export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
-        go version
-        go env
-        make validate-local test-unit-local bin/skopeo
-        sudo make install
-        /usr/local/bin/skopeo -v
+    persistent_worker: &mac_pw
+        labels:
+            os: darwin
+            arch: arm64
+            purpose: prod
+    env:
+        CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR: "$HOME/ci/task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}"
+        # Prevent cache-pollution fron one task to the next.
+        GOPATH: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go"
+        GOCACHE: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go/cache"
+        GOENV: "$CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/.go/support"
+        GOSRC: "$HOME/ci/task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}"
+        TMPDIR: "/private/tmp/ci"
+    # This host is/was shared with potentially many other CI tasks.
+    # The previous task may have been canceled or aborted.
+    prep_script: &mac_cleanup "contrib/cirrus/mac_cleanup.sh"
+    test_script:
+        - export PATH=$GOPATH/bin:$PATH
+        - go version
+        - go env
+        - make tools
+        - make validate-local test-unit-local bin/skopeo
+        - bin/skopeo -v
+    # This host is/was shared with potentially many other CI tasks.
+    # Ensure nothing is left running while waiting for the next task.
+    always:
+        task_cleanup_script: *mac_cleanup
 
 
 cross_task:
     alias: cross
-    only_if: *not_docs_multiarch
+    only_if: >-
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
     depends_on:
         - validate
     gce_instance: &standardvm
@@ -119,6 +133,42 @@ cross_task:
         "${GOSRC}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" cross
 
 
+ostree-rs-ext_task:
+    alias: proxy_ostree_ext
+    only_if: *not_docs_or_release_branch
+    # WARNING: This task potentially performs a container image
+    # build (on change) with runtime package installs.  Therefore,
+    # its behavior can be unpredictable and potentially flake-prone.
+    # In case of emergency, uncomment the next statement to bypass.
+    #
+    # skip: $CI == "true"
+    #
+    depends_on:
+        - validate
+    # Ref: https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/docker-builder-vm/#dockerfile-as-a-ci-environment
+    container:
+        # The runtime image will be rebuilt on change
+        dockerfile: contrib/cirrus/ostree_ext.dockerfile
+        docker_arguments:  # required build-args
+            BASE_FQIN: quay.io/coreos-assembler/fcos-buildroot:testing-devel
+            CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION: 3
+    env:
+        EXT_REPO_NAME: ostree-rs-ext
+        EXT_REPO_HOME: $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR/../$EXT_REPO_NAME
+        EXT_REPO: https://github.com/ostreedev/${EXT_REPO_NAME}.git
+    skopeo_build_script:
+        - dnf builddep -y skopeo
+        - make
+        - make install
+    proxy_ostree_ext_build_script:
+        - git clone --depth 1 $EXT_REPO $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cd $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cargo test --no-run
+    proxy_ostree_ext_test_script:
+        - cd $EXT_REPO_HOME
+        - cargo test -- --nocapture --quiet
+
+
 #####
 ##### NOTE: This task is subtantially duplicated in the containers/image
 ##### repository's `.cirrus.yml`.  Changes made here should be fully merged
@@ -126,11 +176,10 @@ cross_task:
 #####
 test_skopeo_task:
     alias: test_skopeo
-    # Don't test for [CI:DOCS], [CI:BUILD], or 'multiarch' cron.
+    # Don't test for [CI:DOCS], [CI:BUILD].
     only_if: >-
         $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:BUILD.*' &&
-        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*' &&
-        $CIRRUS_CRON != 'multiarch'
+        $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE !=~ '.*CI:DOCS.*'
     depends_on:
         - validate
     gce_instance:
@@ -145,7 +194,7 @@ test_skopeo_task:
     matrix:
         - name: "Skopeo Test"  # N/B: Name ref. by hack/get_fqin.sh
           env:
-              BUILDTAGS: 'btrfs_noversion libdm_no_deferred_remove'
+              BUILDTAGS: ''
         - name: "Skopeo Test w/ opengpg"
           env:
               BUILDTAGS: *withopengpg
@@ -163,49 +212,6 @@ test_skopeo_task:
         "${SKOPEO_PATH}/${SCRIPT_BASE}/runner.sh" system
 
 
-image_build_task: &image-build
-    name: "Build multi-arch $CTXDIR"
-    alias: image_build
-    # Some of these container images take > 1h to build, limit
-    # this task to a specific Cirrus-Cron entry with this name.
-    only_if: $CIRRUS_CRON == 'multiarch'
-    timeout_in: 120m  # emulation is sssllllooooowwww
-    gce_instance:
-        <<: *standardvm
-        image_name: build-push-${IMAGE_SUFFIX}
-        # More muscle required for parallel multi-arch build
-        type: "n2-standard-4"
-    matrix:
-        - env:
-            CTXDIR: contrib/skopeoimage/upstream
-        - env:
-            CTXDIR: contrib/skopeoimage/testing
-        - env:
-            CTXDIR: contrib/skopeoimage/stable
-    env:
-        SKOPEO_USERNAME: ENCRYPTED[4195884d23b154553f2ddb26a63fc9fbca50ba77b3e447e4da685d8639ed9bc94b9a86a9c77272c8c80d32ead9ca48da]
-        SKOPEO_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[36e06f9befd17e5da2d60260edb9ef0d40e6312e2bba4cf881d383f1b8b5a18c8e5a553aea2fdebf39cebc6bd3b3f9de]
-        CONTAINERS_USERNAME: ENCRYPTED[dd722c734641f103b394a3a834d51ca5415347e378637cf98ee1f99e64aad2ec3dbd4664c0d94cb0e06b83d89e9bbe91]
-        CONTAINERS_PASSWORD: ENCRYPTED[d8b0fac87fe251cedd26c864ba800480f9e0570440b9eb264265b67411b253a626fb69d519e188e6c9a7f525860ddb26]
-    main_script:
-        - source /etc/automation_environment
-        - main.sh $CIRRUS_REPO_CLONE_URL $CTXDIR
-
-
-test_image_build_task:
-    <<: *image-build
-    alias: test_image_build
-    # Allow this to run inside a PR w/ [CI:BUILD] only.
-    only_if: $CIRRUS_PR != '' && $CIRRUS_CHANGE_TITLE =~ '.*CI:BUILD.*'
-    # This takes a LONG time, only run when requested.  N/B: Any task
-    # made to depend on this one will block FOREVER unless triggered.
-    # DO NOT ADD THIS TASK AS DEPENDENCY FOR `success_task`.
-    trigger_type: manual
-    # Overwrite all 'env', don't push anything, just do the build.
-    env:
-        DRYRUN: 1
-
-
 # This task is critical.  It updates the "last-used by" timestamp stored
 # in metadata for all VM images.  This mechanism functions in tandem with
 # an out-of-band pruning operation to remove disused VM images.
@@ -242,8 +248,8 @@ success_task:
         - doccheck
         - osx
         - cross
+        - proxy_ostree_ext
         - test_skopeo
-        - image_build
         - meta
     container: *smallcontainer
     env:

.fmf/version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-version: 2
-updates:
-- package-ecosystem: gomod
-  directory: "/"
-  schedule:
-    interval: daily
-    time: "10:00"
-    timezone: Europe/Berlin
-  open-pull-requests-limit: 10
-

.github/renovate.json5

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/*
+   Renovate is a service similar to GitHub Dependabot, but with
+   (fantastically) more configuration options.  So many options
+   in fact, if you're new I recommend glossing over this cheat-sheet
+   prior to the official documentation:
+
+   https://www.augmentedmind.de/2021/07/25/renovate-bot-cheat-sheet
+
+   Configuration Update/Change Procedure:
+     1. Make changes
+     2. Manually validate changes (from repo-root):
+
+        podman run -it \
+            -v ./.github/renovate.json5:/usr/src/app/renovate.json5:z \
+            docker.io/renovate/renovate:latest \
+            renovate-config-validator
+     3. Commit.
+
+   Configuration Reference:
+   https://docs.renovatebot.com/configuration-options/
+
+   Monitoring Dashboard:
+   https://app.renovatebot.com/dashboard#github/containers
+
+   Note: The Renovate bot will create/manage it's business on
+         branches named 'renovate/*'.  Otherwise, and by
+         default, the only the copy of this file that matters
+         is the one on the `main` branch.  No other branches
+         will be monitored or touched in any way.
+*/
+
+{
+  "$schema": "https://docs.renovatebot.com/renovate-schema.json",
+
+  /*************************************************
+   ****** Global/general configuration options *****
+   *************************************************/
+
+  // Re-use predefined sets of configuration options to DRY
+  "extends": [
+    // https://github.com/containers/automation/blob/main/renovate/defaults.json5
+    "github>containers/automation//renovate/defaults.json5"
+  ],
+
+  // Permit automatic rebasing when base-branch changes by more than
+  // one commit.
+  "rebaseWhen": "behind-base-branch",
+
+  /*************************************************
+   *** Repository-specific configuration options ***
+   *************************************************/
+}

.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml

@@ -3,103 +3,23 @@
 # See also:
 # https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml
 
-# Format Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions
-
-# Required to un-FUBAR default ${{github.workflow}} value
-name: check_cirrus_cron
-
 on:
-    # Note: This only applies to the default branch.
-    schedule:
-        # N/B: This should correspond to a period slightly after
-        # the last job finishes running.  See job defs. at:
-        # https://cirrus-ci.com/settings/repository/6706677464432640
-        - cron:  '59 23 * * 1-5'
-    # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
-    workflow_dispatch: {}
-
-permissions:
-    contents: read
-
-env:
-    # Debug-mode can reveal secrets, only enable by a secret value.
-    # Ref: https://help.github.com/en/actions/configuring-and-managing-workflows/managing-a-workflow-run#enabling-step-debug-logging
-    ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG: '${{ secrets.ACTIONS_STEP_DEBUG }}'
-    # CSV listing of e-mail addresses for delivery failure or error notices
-    RCPTCSV: rh.container.bot@gmail.com,podman-monitor@lists.podman.io
-    # Filename for table of cron-name to build-id data
-    # (must be in $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/artifacts/)
-    NAME_ID_FILEPATH: './artifacts/name_id.txt'
+  # Note: This only applies to the default branch.
+  schedule:
+    # N/B: This should correspond to a period slightly after
+    # the last job finishes running.  See job defs. at:
+    # https://cirrus-ci.com/settings/repository/6706677464432640
+    - cron:  '03 03 * * 1-5'
+  # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
 
 jobs:
-    cron_failures:
-        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-        steps:
-            - uses: actions/checkout@629c2de402a417ea7690ca6ce3f33229e27606a5 # v2
-              with:
-                  persist-credentials: false
-
-            # Avoid duplicating cron_failures.sh in skopeo repo.
-            - uses: actions/checkout@629c2de402a417ea7690ca6ce3f33229e27606a5 # v2
-              with:
-                  repository: containers/podman
-                  path: '_podman'
-                  persist-credentials: false
-
-            - name: Get failed cron names and Build IDs
-              id: cron
-              run: './_podman/.github/actions/${{ github.workflow }}/${{ github.job }}.sh'
-
-            - if: steps.cron.outputs.failures > 0
-              shell: bash
-              # Must be inline, since context expressions are used.
-              # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/actions/reference/context-and-expression-syntax-for-github-actions
-              run: |
-                set -eo pipefail
-                (
-                echo "Detected one or more Cirrus-CI cron-triggered jobs have failed recently:"
-                echo ""
-
-                while read -r NAME BID; do
-                    echo "Cron build '$NAME' Failed: https://cirrus-ci.com/build/$BID"
-                done < "$NAME_ID_FILEPATH"
-
-                echo ""
-                echo "# Source: ${{ github.workflow }} workflow on ${{ github.repository }}."
-                # Separate content from sendgrid.com automatic footer.
-                echo ""
-                echo ""
-                ) > ./artifacts/email_body.txt
-
-            - if: steps.cron.outputs.failures > 0
-              name: Send failure notification e-mail
-              # Ref: https://github.com/dawidd6/action-send-mail
-              uses: dawidd6/action-send-mail@a80d851dc950256421f1d1d735a2dc1ef314ac8f # v2.2.2
-              with:
-                server_address: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SERVER}}
-                server_port: 465
-                username: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_USERNAME}}
-                password: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_PASSWORD}}
-                subject: Cirrus-CI cron build failures on ${{github.repository}}
-                to: ${{env.RCPTCSV}}
-                from: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SENDER}}
-                body: file://./artifacts/email_body.txt
-
-            - if: always()
-              uses: actions/upload-artifact@82c141cc518b40d92cc801eee768e7aafc9c2fa2 # v2
-              with:
-                  name: ${{ github.job }}_artifacts
-                  path: artifacts/*
-
-            - if: failure()
-              name: Send error notification e-mail
-              uses: dawidd6/action-send-mail@a80d851dc950256421f1d1d735a2dc1ef314ac8f # v2.2.2
-              with:
-                server_address: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SERVER}}
-                server_port: 465
-                username: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_USERNAME}}
-                password: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_PASSWORD}}
-                subject: Github workflow error on ${{github.repository}}
-                to: ${{env.RCPTCSV}}
-                from: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SENDER}}
-                body: "Job failed: https://github.com/${{github.repository}}/actions/runs/${{github.run_id}}"
+  # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/reusing-workflows
+  call_cron_failures:
+    uses: containers/podman/.github/workflows/check_cirrus_cron.yml@main
+    secrets:
+      SECRET_CIRRUS_API_KEY: ${{secrets.SECRET_CIRRUS_API_KEY}}
+      ACTION_MAIL_SERVER: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SERVER}}
+      ACTION_MAIL_USERNAME: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_USERNAME}}
+      ACTION_MAIL_PASSWORD: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_PASSWORD}}
+      ACTION_MAIL_SENDER: ${{secrets.ACTION_MAIL_SENDER}}

.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+---
+
+# See also:
+# https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    - cron:  '0 0 * * *'
+  # Debug: Allow triggering job manually in github-actions WebUI
+  workflow_dispatch: {}
+
+jobs:
+  # Ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/reusing-workflows
+  closed_issue_discussion_lock:
+    uses: containers/podman/.github/workflows/issue_pr_lock.yml@main
+    secrets: inherit
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
+      issues: write
+      pull-requests: write

.github/workflows/stale.yml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
       pull-requests: write  # for actions/stale to close stale PRs
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/stale@98ed4cb500039dbcccf4bd9bedada4d0187f2757 # v3
+    - uses: actions/stale@v9
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         stale-issue-message: 'A friendly reminder that this issue had no activity for 30 days.'

.golangci.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+version: "2"
+linters:
+  settings:
+    staticcheck:
+      checks:
+        # Compared to golangci-lint v2.0.2 defaults, we don’t exclude
+        # ST1003, ST1016, ST1020, ST1021, ST1022 as we don't hit those.
+        - all
+        - -ST1000 # Incorrect or missing package comment.
+        - -ST1005 # Incorrectly formatted error string.
+  exclusions:
+    presets:
+      - std-error-handling

.packit.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+---
+# See the documentation for more information:
+# https://packit.dev/docs/configuration/
+
+# NOTE: The Packit copr_build tasks help to check if every commit builds on
+# supported Fedora and CentOS Stream arches.
+# They do not block the current Cirrus-based workflow.
+
+downstream_package_name: skopeo
+upstream_tag_template: v{version}
+
+# These files get synced from upstream to downstream (Fedora / CentOS Stream) on every
+# propose-downstream job. This is done so tests maintained upstream can be run
+# downstream in Zuul CI and Bodhi.
+# Ref: https://packit.dev/docs/configuration#files_to_sync
+files_to_sync:
+  - src: rpm/gating.yaml
+    dest: gating.yaml
+    delete: true
+  - src: plans/
+    dest: plans/
+    delete: true
+    mkpath: true
+  - src: systemtest/tmt/
+    dest: test/tmt/
+    delete: true
+    mkpath: true
+  - src: .fmf/
+    dest: .fmf/
+    delete: true
+  - .packit.yaml
+
+packages:
+  skopeo-fedora:
+    pkg_tool: fedpkg
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+  skopeo-centos:
+    pkg_tool: centpkg
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+  skopeo-eln:
+    specfile_path: rpm/skopeo.spec
+
+srpm_build_deps:
+  - make
+
+jobs:
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: pull_request
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    notifications: &copr_build_failure_notification
+      failure_comment:
+        message: "Ephemeral COPR build failed. @containers/packit-build please check."
+    targets: &fedora_copr_targets
+      - fedora-all-x86_64
+      - fedora-all-aarch64
+    enable_net: true
+    # Re-enable these scans if OpenScanHub starts scanning go packages
+    # https://packit.dev/posts/openscanhub-prototype
+    osh_diff_scan_after_copr_build: false
+
+  # Ignore until golang is updated in distro buildroot to go 1.23.3+
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: ignore
+    packages: [skopeo-eln]
+    notifications: *copr_build_failure_notification
+    targets:
+      fedora-eln-x86_64:
+        additional_repos:
+          - "https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/repos/eln-build/latest/x86_64/"
+      fedora-eln-aarch64:
+        additional_repos:
+          - "https://kojipkgs.fedoraproject.org/repos/eln-build/latest/aarch64/"
+    enable_net: true
+
+  # Ignore until golang is updated in distro buildroot to go 1.23.3+
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: ignore
+    packages: [skopeo-centos]
+    notifications: *copr_build_failure_notification
+    targets: &centos_copr_targets
+      - centos-stream-9-x86_64
+      - centos-stream-9-aarch64
+      - centos-stream-10-x86_64
+      - centos-stream-10-aarch64
+    enable_net: true
+
+  # Run on commit to main branch
+  - job: copr_build
+    trigger: commit
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    notifications:
+      failure_comment:
+        message: "podman-next COPR build failed. @containers/packit-build please check."
+    branch: main
+    owner: rhcontainerbot
+    project: podman-next
+    enable_net: true
+
+  # Tests on Fedora for main branch
+  - job: tests
+    trigger: pull_request
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    notifications: &test_failure_notification
+      failure_comment:
+        message: "Tests failed. @containers/packit-build please check."
+    targets: *fedora_copr_targets
+    tf_extra_params:
+      environments:
+        - artifacts:
+          - type: repository-file
+            id: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/rhcontainerbot/podman-next/repo/fedora-$releasever/rhcontainerbot-podman-next-fedora-$releasever.repo
+
+  # Tests on CentOS Stream for main branch
+  # Ignore until golang is updated in distro buildroot to go 1.23.3+
+  - job: tests
+    trigger: ignore
+    packages: [skopeo-centos]
+    notifications: *test_failure_notification
+    targets: *centos_copr_targets
+    tf_extra_params:
+      environments:
+        - artifacts:
+          - type: repository-file
+            id: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/rhcontainerbot/podman-next/repo/centos-stream-$releasever/rhcontainerbot-podman-next-centos-stream-$releasever.repo
+
+  # Sync to Fedora
+  - job: propose_downstream
+    trigger: release
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    update_release: false
+    dist_git_branches: &fedora_targets
+      - fedora-all
+
+  # Sync to CentOS Stream
+  # FIXME: Switch trigger whenever we're ready to update CentOS Stream via
+  # Packit
+  - job: propose_downstream
+    trigger: ignore
+    packages: [skopeo-centos]
+    update_release: false
+    dist_git_branches:
+      - c10s
+
+  # Fedora Koji build
+  - job: koji_build
+    trigger: commit
+    packages: [skopeo-fedora]
+    sidetag_group: podman-releases
+    # Dependents are not rpm dependencies, but the package whose bodhi update
+    # should include this package.
+    # Ref: https://packit.dev/docs/fedora-releases-guide/releasing-multiple-packages
+    dependents:
+      - podman
+    dist_git_branches: *fedora_targets

CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 ## The skopeo Project Community Code of Conduct
 
-The skopeo project follows the [Containers Community Code of Conduct](https://github.com/containers/common/blob/main/CODE-OF-CONDUCT.md).
+The skopeo project, as part of Podman Container Tools, follows the [CNCF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/cncf/foundation/blob/main/code-of-conduct.md).

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -148,9 +148,13 @@ When new PRs for [containers/image](https://github.com/containers/image) break `
 
 ## Communications
 
-For general questions, or discussions, please use the 
-IRC channel on `irc.libera.chat` called `#container-projects`
-that has been setup.
+For general questions, or discussions, please use the
+[#podman](https://app.slack.com/client/T08PSQ7BQ/C08MXJLCFCN) channel on the [CNCF
+Slack](https://cloud-native.slack.com).
+
+For development related discussions, please use the
+[#podman-dev](https://app.slack.com/client/T08PSQ7BQ/C08NTKCDC1W) channel on the CNCF
+Slack.
 
 For discussions around issues/bugs and features, you can use the github
 [issues](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues)

GOVERNANCE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+## The Skopeo Project Community Governance
+
+The Skopeo project, as part of Podman Container Tools, follows the [Podman Project Governance](https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/GOVERNANCE.md)
+except sections found in this document, which override those found in Podman's Governance.
+
+---
+
+# Maintainers File
+
+The definitive source of truth for maintainers of this repository is the local [MAINTAINERS.md](./MAINTAINERS.md) file. The [MAINTAINERS.md](https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md) file in the main Podman repository is used for project-spanning roles, including Core Maintainer and Community Manager. Some repositories in the project will also have a local [OWNERS](./OWNERS) file, which the CI system uses to map users to roles. Any changes to the [OWNERS](./OWNERS) file must make a corresponding change to the [MAINTAINERS.md](./MAINTAINERS.md) file to ensure that the file remains up to date. Most changes to [MAINTAINERS.md](./MAINTAINERS.md) will require a change to the repository’s [OWNERS](.OWNERS) file (e.g., adding a Reviewer), but some will not (e.g., promoting a Maintainer to a Core Maintainer, which comes with no additional CI-related privileges).
+
+Any Core Maintainers listed in Podman’s [MAINTAINERS.md](https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md) file should also be added to the list of “approvers” in the local [OWNERS](./OWNERS) file and as a Core Maintainer in the list of “Maintainers” in the local [MAINTAINERS.md](./MAINTAINERS.md) file.

MAINTAINERS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Skopeo Maintainers
+
+[GOVERNANCE.md](https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/GOVERNANCE.md)
+describes the project's governance and the Project Roles used below.
+
+## Maintainers
+
+| Maintainer        | GitHub ID                                                | Project Roles                    | Affiliation                                  |
+|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------------------|
+| Brent Baude       | [baude](https://github.com/baude)                        | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Nalin Dahyabhai   | [nalind](https://github.com/nalind)                      | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Matthew Heon      | [mheon](https://github.com/mheon)                        | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Paul Holzinger    | [Luap99](https://github.com/Luap99)                      | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Giuseppe Scrivano | [giuseppe](https://github.com/giuseppe)                  | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Miloslav Trmač    | [mtrmac](https://github.com/mtrmac)                      | Core Maintainer                  | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Neil Smith        | [actionmancan](https://github.com/actionmancan)          | Community Manager                | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Tom Sweeney       | [TomSweeneyRedHat](https://github.com/TomSweeneyRedHat/) | Maintainer and Community Manager | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Lokesh Mandvekar  | [lsm5](https://github.com/lsm5)                          | Maintainer                       | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Dan Walsh         | [rhatdan](https://github.com/rhatdan)                    | Maintainer                       | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Ashley Cui        | [ashley-cui](https://github.com/ashley-cui)              | Reviewer                         | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Valentin Rothberg | [vrothberg](https://github.com/vrothberg)                | Reviewer                         | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+| Colin Walters     | [cgwalters](https://github.com/cgwalters)                | Reviewer                         | [Red Hat](https://github.com/RedHatOfficial) |
+
+## Alumni
+
+None at present
+
+## Credits
+
+The structure of this document was based off of the equivalent one in the [CRI-O Project](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md).
+
+## Note
+
+If there is a discrepancy between the [MAINTAINERS.md](https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/MAINTAINERS.md) file in the main Podman repository and this file regarding Core Maintainers or Community Managers, the file in the Podman Repository is considered the source of truth.

Makefile

@@ -24,21 +24,24 @@ GOBIN := $(shell $(GO) env GOBIN)
 GOOS ?= $(shell go env GOOS)
 GOARCH ?= $(shell go env GOARCH)
 
+# N/B: This value is managed by Renovate, manual changes are
+# possible, as long as they don't disturb the formatting
+# (i.e. DO NOT ADD A 'v' prefix!)
+GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION := 2.3.0
+
 ifeq ($(GOBIN),)
 GOBIN := $(GOPATH)/bin
 endif
 
-# Multiple scripts are sensitive to this value, make sure it's exported/available
-# N/B: Need to use 'command -v' here for compatibility with MacOS.
-export CONTAINER_RUNTIME ?= $(if $(shell command -v podman),podman,docker)
-GOMD2MAN ?= $(if $(shell command -v go-md2man),go-md2man,$(GOBIN)/go-md2man)
-
-# Go module support: set `-mod=vendor` to use the vendored sources.
-# See also hack/make.sh.
-ifeq ($(shell go help mod >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo true), true)
-  GO:=GO111MODULE=on $(GO)
-  MOD_VENDOR=-mod=vendor
-endif
+# Scripts may also use CONTAINER_RUNTIME, so we need to export it.
+# Note possibly non-obvious aspects of this:
+# - We need to use 'command -v' here, not 'which', for compatibility with MacOS.
+# - GNU Make 4.2.1 (included in Ubuntu 20.04) incorrectly tries to avoid invoking
+#   a shell, and fails because there is no /usr/bin/command. The trailing ';' in
+#   $(shell … ;) defeats that heuristic (recommended in
+#   https://savannah.gnu.org/bugs/index.php?57625 ).
+export CONTAINER_RUNTIME ?= $(if $(shell command -v podman ;),podman,docker)
+GOMD2MAN ?= $(if $(shell command -v go-md2man ;),go-md2man,$(GOBIN)/go-md2man)
 
 ifeq ($(DEBUG), 1)
   override GOGCFLAGS += -N -l
@@ -50,20 +53,11 @@ ifeq ($(GOOS), linux)
   endif
 endif
 
-GIT_BRANCH := $(shell git rev-parse --abbrev-ref HEAD 2>/dev/null)
-
-# If $TESTFLAGS is set, it is passed as extra arguments to 'go test'.
-# You can increase test output verbosity with the option '-test.vv'.
-# You can select certain tests to run, with `-test.run <regex>` for example:
+# If $TESTFLAGS is set, it is passed as extra arguments to 'go test' on integration tests.
+# You can select certain tests to run, with `-run <regex>` for example:
 #
-#     make test-unit TESTFLAGS='-test.run ^TestManifestDigest$'
-#
-# For integration test, we use [gocheck](https://labix.org/gocheck).
-# You can increase test output verbosity with the option '-check.vv'.
-# You can limit test selection with `-check.f <regex>`, for example:
-#
-#     make test-integration TESTFLAGS='-check.f CopySuite.TestCopy.*'
-export TESTFLAGS ?= -v -check.v -test.timeout=15m
+#     make test-integration TESTFLAGS='-run copySuite.TestCopy.*'
+export TESTFLAGS ?= -timeout=15m
 
 # This is assumed to be set non-empty when operating inside a CI/automation environment
 CI ?=
@@ -87,7 +81,7 @@ endif
 CONTAINER_GOSRC = /src/github.com/containers/skopeo
 CONTAINER_RUN ?= $(CONTAINER_CMD) --security-opt label=disable -v $(CURDIR):$(CONTAINER_GOSRC) -w $(CONTAINER_GOSRC) $(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN)
 
-GIT_COMMIT := $(shell git rev-parse HEAD 2> /dev/null || true)
+GIT_COMMIT := $(shell GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=$$(cd ..; pwd) git rev-parse HEAD 2> /dev/null || true)
 
 EXTRA_LDFLAGS ?=
 SKOPEO_LDFLAGS := -ldflags '-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT} $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS)'
@@ -95,14 +89,14 @@ SKOPEO_LDFLAGS := -ldflags '-X main.gitCommit=${GIT_COMMIT} $(EXTRA_LDFLAGS)'
 MANPAGES_MD = $(wildcard docs/*.md)
 MANPAGES ?= $(MANPAGES_MD:%.md=%)
 
-BTRFS_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/btrfs_tag.sh) $(shell hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh)
-LIBDM_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/libdm_tag.sh)
+BTRFS_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh)
 LIBSUBID_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/libsubid_tag.sh)
-LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS = $(BTRFS_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBDM_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBSUBID_BUILD_TAG)
+SQLITE_BUILD_TAG = $(shell hack/sqlite_tag.sh)
+LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS = $(BTRFS_BUILD_TAG) $(LIBSUBID_BUILD_TAG) $(SQLITE_BUILD_TAG)
 BUILDTAGS += $(LOCAL_BUILD_TAGS)
 
 ifeq ($(DISABLE_CGO), 1)
-	override BUILDTAGS = exclude_graphdriver_devicemapper exclude_graphdriver_btrfs containers_image_openpgp
+	override BUILDTAGS = exclude_graphdriver_btrfs containers_image_openpgp
 endif
 
 #   make all DEBUG=1
@@ -122,6 +116,7 @@ help:
 	@echo " * 'install' - Install binaries and documents to system locations"
 	@echo " * 'binary' - Build skopeo with a container"
 	@echo " * 'bin/skopeo' - Build skopeo locally"
+	@echo " * 'bin/skopeo.OS.ARCH' - Build skopeo for specific OS and ARCH"
 	@echo " * 'test-unit' - Execute unit tests"
 	@echo " * 'test-integration' - Execute integration tests"
 	@echo " * 'validate' - Verify whether there is no conflict and all Go source files have been formatted, linted and vetted"
@@ -136,9 +131,9 @@ binary: cmd/skopeo
 # Build w/o using containers
 .PHONY: bin/skopeo
 bin/skopeo:
-	$(GO) build $(MOD_VENDOR) ${GO_DYN_FLAGS} ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
+	$(GO) build ${GO_DYN_FLAGS} ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -gcflags "$(GOGCFLAGS)" -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
 bin/skopeo.%:
-	GOOS=$(word 2,$(subst ., ,$@)) GOARCH=$(word 3,$(subst ., ,$@)) $(GO) build $(MOD_VENDOR) ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -tags "containers_image_openpgp $(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
+	GOOS=$(word 2,$(subst ., ,$@)) GOARCH=$(word 3,$(subst ., ,$@)) $(GO) build ${SKOPEO_LDFLAGS} -tags "containers_image_openpgp $(BUILDTAGS)" -o $@ ./cmd/skopeo
 local-cross: bin/skopeo.darwin.amd64 bin/skopeo.linux.arm bin/skopeo.linux.arm64 bin/skopeo.windows.386.exe bin/skopeo.windows.amd64.exe
 
 $(MANPAGES): %: %.md
@@ -191,18 +186,27 @@ install-completions: completions
 shell:
 	$(CONTAINER_RUN) bash
 
+tools:
+	if [ ! -x "$(GOBIN)/golangci-lint" ]; then \
+		curl -sSfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/golangci/golangci-lint/master/install.sh | sh -s -- -b $(GOBIN) v$(GOLANGCI_LINT_VERSION) ; \
+	fi
+
 check: validate test-unit test-integration test-system
 
 test-integration:
-	$(CONTAINER_RUN) $(MAKE) test-integration-local
+# This is intended to be equal to $(CONTAINER_RUN), but with --cap-add=cap_mknod.
+# --cap-add=cap_mknod is important to allow skopeo to use containers-storage: directly as it exists in the callers’ environment, without
+# creating a nested user namespace (which requires /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid to be set up)
+	$(CONTAINER_CMD) --security-opt label=disable --cap-add=cap_mknod -v $(CURDIR):$(CONTAINER_GOSRC) -w $(CONTAINER_GOSRC) $(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN) \
+		$(MAKE) test-integration-local
 
 
 # Intended for CI, assumed to be running in quay.io/libpod/skopeo_cidev container.
 test-integration-local: bin/skopeo
-	hack/make.sh test-integration
+	hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh
+	hack/test-integration.sh $(SKOPEO_LDFLAGS) $(TESTFLAGS)
 
 # complicated set of options needed to run podman-in-podman
-# TODO: The $(RM) command will likely fail w/o `podman unshare`
 test-system:
 	DTEMP=$(shell mktemp -d --tmpdir=/var/tmp podman-tmp.XXXXXX); \
 	$(CONTAINER_CMD) --privileged \
@@ -211,12 +215,13 @@ test-system:
 		"$(SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN)" \
 			$(MAKE) test-system-local; \
 	rc=$$?; \
-	-$(RM) -rf $$DTEMP; \
+	$(CONTAINER_RUNTIME) unshare rm -rf $$DTEMP; # This probably doesn't work with Docker, oh well, better than nothing... \
 	exit $$rc
 
 # Intended for CI, assumed to already be running in quay.io/libpod/skopeo_cidev container.
 test-system-local: bin/skopeo
-	hack/make.sh test-system
+	hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh
+	hack/test-system.sh SKOPEO_LDFLAGS="$(SKOPEO_LDFLAGS)" BUILDTAGS="$(BUILDTAGS)"
 
 test-unit:
 	# Just call (make test unit-local) here instead of worrying about environment differences
@@ -230,16 +235,23 @@ test-all-local: validate-local validate-docs test-unit-local
 
 .PHONY: validate-local
 validate-local:
-	BUILDTAGS="${BUILDTAGS}" hack/make.sh validate-git-marks validate-gofmt validate-lint validate-vet
+	hack/validate-git-marks.sh
+	hack/validate-gofmt.sh
+	$(GOBIN)/golangci-lint run --build-tags "${BUILDTAGS}"
+	# An extra run with --tests=false allows detecting code unused outside of tests;
+	# ideally the linter should be able to find this automatically.
+	# Since everything is already cached, this additional run doesn't take much time.
+	$(GOBIN)/golangci-lint run --build-tags "${BUILDTAGS}" --tests=false
+	BUILDTAGS="${BUILDTAGS}" hack/validate-vet.sh
 
 # This invokes bin/skopeo, hence cannot be run as part of validate-local
 .PHONY: validate-docs
-validate-docs:
+validate-docs: bin/skopeo
 	hack/man-page-checker
 	hack/xref-helpmsgs-manpages
 
-test-unit-local: bin/skopeo
-	$(GO) test $(MOD_VENDOR) -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" $$($(GO) list $(MOD_VENDOR) -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/containers/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
+test-unit-local:
+	$(GO) test -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" $$($(GO) list -tags "$(BUILDTAGS)" -e ./... | grep -v '^github\.com/containers/skopeo/\(integration\|vendor/.*\)$$')
 
 vendor:
 	$(GO) mod tidy
@@ -247,7 +259,7 @@ vendor:
 	$(GO) mod verify
 
 vendor-in-container:
-	podman run --privileged --rm --env HOME=/root -v $(CURDIR):/src -w /src quay.io/libpod/golang:1.16 $(MAKE) vendor
+	podman run --privileged --rm --env HOME=/root -v $(CURDIR):/src -w /src golang $(MAKE) vendor
 
 # CAUTION: This is not a replacement for RPMs provided by your distro.
 # Only intended to build and test the latest unreleased changes.

OWNERS

@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
 approvers:
-  - mtrmac
+  - baude
+  - giuseppe
   - lsm5
-  - TomSweeneyRedHat
+  - Luap99
+  - mheon
+  - mtrmac
+  - nalind
   - rhatdan
-  - vrothberg
+  - TomSweeneyRedHat
 reviewers:
   - ashley-cui
+  - baude
+  - cgwalters
   - giuseppe
-  - containers/image-maintainers
   - lsm5
+  - Luap99
+  - mheon
   - mtrmac
-  - QiWang19
+  - nalind
   - rhatdan
-  - runcom
   - TomSweeneyRedHat
   - vrothberg

README.md

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
-skopeo [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/containers/skopeo.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/containers/skopeo)
-=
-
-<img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/skopeo/master/docs/skopeo.svg" width="250">
+<p align="center">
+   <img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/skopeo/main/docs/skopeo.svg" width="250" alt="Skopeo">
+</p>
 
 ----
+![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-Apache_2.0-blue.svg)
+![GitHub release (latest SemVer)](https://img.shields.io/github/v/release/containers/skopeo)
+[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/containers/skopeo)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/containers/skopeo)
+[![OpenSSF Best Practices](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/10516/badge)](https://www.bestpractices.dev/projects/10516)
 
 `skopeo` is a command line utility that performs various operations on container images and image repositories.
 
@@ -42,6 +45,14 @@ Skopeo works with API V2 container image registries such as [docker.io](https://
  * oci:path:tag
          An image tag in a directory compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at path.
 
+[Obtaining skopeo](./install.md)
+-
+
+For a detailed description how to install or build skopeo, see
+[install.md](./install.md).
+
+Skopeo is also available as a Container Image on [quay.io](https://quay.io/skopeo/stable).  For more information, see the [Skopeo Image](https://github.com/containers/image_build/blob/main/skopeo/README.md) page.
+
 ## Inspecting a repository
 `skopeo` is able to _inspect_ a repository on a container registry and fetch images layers.
 The _inspect_ command fetches the repository's manifest and it is able to show you a `docker inspect`-like
@@ -56,29 +67,37 @@ Examples:
 $ skopeo inspect docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
 {
     "Name": "registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora",
-    "Digest": "sha256:655721ff613ee766a4126cb5e0d5ae81598e1b0c3bcf7017c36c4d72cb092fe9",
+    "Digest": "sha256:0f65bee641e821f8118acafb44c2f8fe30c2fc6b9a2b3729c0660376391aa117",
     "RepoTags": [
-        "24",
-        "25",
-        "26-modular",
-	...
+        "34-aarch64",
+        "34",
+        "latest",
+        ...
     ],
-    "Created": "2020-04-29T06:48:16Z",
+    "Created": "2022-11-24T13:54:18Z",
     "DockerVersion": "1.10.1",
     "Labels": {
         "license": "MIT",
         "name": "fedora",
         "vendor": "Fedora Project",
-        "version": "32"
+        "version": "37"
     },
     "Architecture": "amd64",
     "Os": "linux",
     "Layers": [
-        "sha256:3088721d7dbf674fc0be64cd3cf00c25aab921cacf35fa0e7b1578500a3e1653"
+        "sha256:2a0fc6bf62e155737f0ace6142ee686f3c471c1aab4241dc3128904db46288f0"
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:2a0fc6bf62e155737f0ace6142ee686f3c471c1aab4241dc3128904db46288f0",
+            "Size": 71355009,
+            "Annotations": null
+        }
     ],
     "Env": [
-        "DISTTAG=f32container",
-        "FGC=f32",
+        "DISTTAG=f37container",
+        "FGC=f37",
         "container=oci"
     ]
 }
@@ -184,12 +203,6 @@ $ skopeo inspect --creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:500
 $ skopeo copy --src-creds=testuser:testpassword docker://myregistrydomain.com:5000/private oci:local_oci_image
 ```
 
-[Obtaining skopeo](./install.md)
--
-
-For a detailed description how to install or build skopeo, see
-[install.md](./install.md).
-
 Contributing
 -
 
@@ -200,14 +213,15 @@ Please read the [contribution guide](CONTRIBUTING.md) if you want to collaborate
 | -------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
 | [skopeo-copy(1)](/docs/skopeo-copy.1.md)           | Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another.        |
 | [skopeo-delete(1)](/docs/skopeo-delete.1.md)       | Mark the image-name for later deletion by the registry's garbage collector.                                                                |
+| [skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)](/docs/skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md)    | Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.  |
 | [skopeo-inspect(1)](/docs/skopeo-inspect.1.md)     | Return  low-level  information about image-name in a registry.                                |
 | [skopeo-list-tags(1)](/docs/skopeo-list-tags.1.md) | Return a list of tags for the transport-specific image repository.                               |
 | [skopeo-login(1)](/docs/skopeo-login.1.md)         | Login to a container registry.                                                               |
 | [skopeo-logout(1)](/docs/skopeo-logout.1.md)       | Logout of a container registry.                                                              |
 | [skopeo-manifest-digest(1)](/docs/skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md)    | Compute a manifest digest for a manifest-file and write it to standard output.   |
-| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Publish and sign an image in one step.                                                         |
-| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Verify an image signature.                                                    |
-| [skopeo-sync(1)](/docs/skopeo-sync.1.md)           | Synchronize images between container registries and local directories.                       |
+| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.                     |
+| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](/docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files.                  |
+| [skopeo-sync(1)](/docs/skopeo-sync.1.md)           | Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.                      |
 
 License
 -

ROADMAP.md

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+# Skopeo Roadmap
+
+Skopeo intends to mostly continue to be a very thin CLI wrapper over the [https://github.com/containers/image](containers/image) library, with most features being added there, not to this repo. A typical new Skopeo feature would only add a CLI for a recent containers/image feature.
+
+## Future feature focus (most of the work must be done in the containers/image library)
+
+* OCI artifact support.
+* Integration of composefs.
+* Partial pull support (zstd:chunked).
+* Performance and stability improvements.
+* Reductions to the size of the Skopeo binary.
+* `skopeo sync` exists, and bugs in it should be fixed, but we don’t have much of an ambition to compete with much larger projects like [https://github.com/openshift/oc-mirror](oc-mirror).

cmd/skopeo/completions.go

@@ -1,16 +1,59 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker"
+	dockerArchive "github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/archive"
+	ociArchive "github.com/containers/image/v5/oci/archive"
+	oci "github.com/containers/image/v5/oci/layout"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/sif"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/tarball"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+	"strings"
 )
 
-// autocompleteSupportedTransports list all supported transports with the colon suffix.
-func autocompleteSupportedTransports(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]string, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
-	tps := transports.ListNames()
-	suggestions := make([]string, 0, len(tps))
-	for _, tp := range tps {
-		suggestions = append(suggestions, tp+":")
+func autocompleteImageNames(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string, toComplete string) ([]cobra.Completion, cobra.ShellCompDirective) {
+	transport, details, haveTransport := strings.Cut(toComplete, ":")
+	if !haveTransport {
+		transports := supportedTransportSuggestions()
+		return transports, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
 	}
-	return suggestions, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+	switch transport {
+	case ociArchive.Transport.Name(), dockerArchive.Transport.Name():
+		// Can have [:{*reference|@source-index}]
+		// FIXME: `oci-archive:/path/to/a.oci:<TAB>` completes paths
+		return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
+	case sif.Transport.Name():
+		return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveDefault
+
+	// Both directory and oci should have ShellCompDirectiveFilterDirs to complete only directories, but it doesn't currently work in bash: https://github.com/spf13/cobra/issues/2242
+	case oci.Transport.Name():
+		// Can have '[:{reference|@source-index}]'
+		// FIXME: `oci:/path/to/dir/:<TAB>` completes paths
+		return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveDefault | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace
+	case directory.Transport.Name():
+		return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveDefault
+
+	case docker.Transport.Name():
+		if details == "" {
+			return []cobra.Completion{transport + "://"}, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoSpace | cobra.ShellCompDirectiveNoFileComp
+}
+
+// supportedTransportSuggestions list all supported transports with the colon suffix.
+func supportedTransportSuggestions() []string {
+	tps := transports.ListNames()
+	suggestions := make([]cobra.Completion, 0, len(tps))
+	for _, tp := range tps {
+		// ListNames is generally expected to filter out deprecated transports.
+		// tarball: is not deprecated, but it is only usable from a Go caller (using tarball.ConfigUpdater),
+		// so don’t offer it on the CLI.
+		if tp != tarball.Transport.Name() {
+			suggestions = append(suggestions, tp+":")
+		}
+	}
+	return suggestions
 }

cmd/skopeo/copy.go

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/reference"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
-	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
 	encconfig "github.com/containers/ocicrypt/config"
@@ -21,26 +20,22 @@ import (
 )
 
 type copyOptions struct {
-	global                   *globalOptions
-	deprecatedTLSVerify      *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
-	srcImage                 *imageOptions
-	destImage                *imageDestOptions
-	retryOpts                *retry.Options
-	additionalTags           []string                  // For docker-archive: destinations, in addition to the name:tag specified as destination, also add these
-	removeSignatures         bool                      // Do not copy signatures from the source image
-	signByFingerprint        string                    // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
-	signBySigstorePrivateKey string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore private key
-	signPassphraseFile       string                    // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing (for either signature format, but only one of them)
-	signIdentity             string                    // Identity of the signed image, must be a fully specified docker reference
-	digestFile               string                    // Write digest to this file
-	format                   commonFlag.OptionalString // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
-	quiet                    bool                      // Suppress output information when copying images
-	all                      bool                      // Copy all of the images if the source is a list
-	multiArch                commonFlag.OptionalString // How to handle multi architecture images
-	preserveDigests          bool                      // Preserve digests during copy
-	encryptLayer             []int                     // The list of layers to encrypt
-	encryptionKeys           []string                  // Keys needed to encrypt the image
-	decryptionKeys           []string                  // Keys needed to decrypt the image
+	global              *globalOptions
+	deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	srcImage            *imageOptions
+	destImage           *imageDestOptions
+	retryOpts           *retry.Options
+	copy                *sharedCopyOptions
+	additionalTags      []string                  // For docker-archive: destinations, in addition to the name:tag specified as destination, also add these
+	signIdentity        string                    // Identity of the signed image, must be a fully specified docker reference
+	digestFile          string                    // Write digest to this file
+	quiet               bool                      // Suppress output information when copying images
+	all                 bool                      // Copy all of the images if the source is a list
+	multiArch           commonFlag.OptionalString // How to handle multi architecture images
+	encryptLayer        []int                     // The list of layers to encrypt
+	encryptionKeys      []string                  // Keys needed to encrypt the image
+	decryptionKeys      []string                  // Keys needed to decrypt the image
+	imageParallelCopies uint                      // Maximum number of parallel requests when copying images
 }
 
 func copyCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
@@ -49,11 +44,13 @@ func copyCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	srcFlags, srcOpts := imageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "src-", "screds")
 	destFlags, destOpts := imageDestFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "dest-", "dcreds")
 	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	copyFlags, copyOpts := sharedCopyFlags()
 	opts := copyOptions{global: global,
 		deprecatedTLSVerify: deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt,
 		srcImage:            srcOpts,
 		destImage:           destOpts,
 		retryOpts:           retryOpts,
+		copy:                copyOpts,
 	}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "copy [command options] SOURCE-IMAGE DESTINATION-IMAGE",
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
 `, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
 		RunE:              commandAction(opts.run),
 		Example:           `skopeo copy docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest docker://registry.example.com/skopeo:latest`,
-		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteImageNames,
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
@@ -76,21 +73,17 @@ See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&srcFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&destFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&copyFlags)
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.additionalTags, "additional-tag", []string{}, "additional tags (supports docker-archive)")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.quiet, "quiet", "q", false, "Suppress output information when copying images")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.all, "all", "a", false, "Copy all images if SOURCE-IMAGE is a list")
 	flags.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.multiArch), "multi-arch", `How to handle multi-architecture images (system, all, or index-only)`)
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.preserveDigests, "preserve-digests", false, "Preserve digests of images and lists")
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.removeSignatures, "remove-signatures", false, "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE-IMAGE")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signByFingerprint, "sign-by", "", "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, "sign-by-sigstore-private-key", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore private key at `PATH`")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signPassphraseFile, "sign-passphrase-file", "", "Read a passphrase for signing an image from `PATH`")
 	flags.StringVar(&opts.signIdentity, "sign-identity", "", "Identity of signed image, must be a fully specified docker reference. Defaults to the target docker reference.")
 	flags.StringVar(&opts.digestFile, "digestfile", "", "Write the digest of the pushed image to the specified file")
-	flags.VarP(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.format), "format", "f", `MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use in the destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)`)
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.encryptionKeys, "encryption-key", []string{}, "*Experimental* key with the encryption protocol to use needed to encrypt the image (e.g. jwe:/path/to/key.pem)")
 	flags.IntSliceVar(&opts.encryptLayer, "encrypt-layer", []int{}, "*Experimental* the 0-indexed layer indices, with support for negative indexing (e.g. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer)")
 	flags.StringSliceVar(&opts.decryptionKeys, "decryption-key", []string{}, "*Experimental* key needed to decrypt the image")
+	flags.UintVar(&opts.imageParallelCopies, "image-parallel-copies", 0, "Maximum number of image layers to be copied (pulled/pushed) simultaneously. Not setting this field will fall back to containers/image defaults.")
 	return cmd
 }
 
@@ -154,14 +147,6 @@ func (opts *copyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	var manifestType string
-	if opts.format.Present() {
-		manifestType, err = parseManifestFormat(opts.format.Value())
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
 	for _, image := range opts.additionalTags {
 		ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(image)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -231,27 +216,6 @@ func (opts *copyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		decConfig = cc.DecryptConfig
 	}
 
-	// c/image/copy.Image does allow creating both simple signing and sigstore signatures simultaneously,
-	// with independent passphrases, but that would make the CLI probably too confusing.
-	// For now, use the passphrase with either, but only one of them.
-	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" && opts.signByFingerprint != "" && opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Only one of --sign-by and sign-by-sigstore-private-key can be used with sign-passphrase-file")
-	}
-	var passphrase string
-	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" {
-		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.signPassphraseFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		passphrase = p
-	} else if opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
-		p, err := promptForPassphrase(opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		passphrase = p
-	} // opts.signByFingerprint triggers a GPG-agent passphrase prompt, possibly using a more secure channel, so we usually shouldn’t prompt ourselves if no passphrase was explicitly provided.
-
 	var signIdentity reference.Named = nil
 	if opts.signIdentity != "" {
 		signIdentity, err = reference.ParseNamed(opts.signIdentity)
@@ -260,24 +224,24 @@ func (opts *copyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	opts.destImage.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(destRef.Transport())
+
+	copyOpts, cleanupOptions, err := opts.copy.copyOptions(stdout)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer cleanupOptions()
+	copyOpts.SignIdentity = signIdentity
+	copyOpts.SourceCtx = sourceCtx
+	copyOpts.DestinationCtx = destinationCtx
+	copyOpts.ImageListSelection = imageListSelection
+	copyOpts.OciDecryptConfig = decConfig
+	copyOpts.OciEncryptLayers = encLayers
+	copyOpts.OciEncryptConfig = encConfig
+	copyOpts.MaxParallelDownloads = opts.imageParallelCopies
+
 	return retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
-		manifestBytes, err := copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, srcRef, &copy.Options{
-			RemoveSignatures:                 opts.removeSignatures,
-			SignBy:                           opts.signByFingerprint,
-			SignPassphrase:                   passphrase,
-			SignBySigstorePrivateKeyFile:     opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey,
-			SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase: []byte(passphrase),
-			SignIdentity:                     signIdentity,
-			ReportWriter:                     stdout,
-			SourceCtx:                        sourceCtx,
-			DestinationCtx:                   destinationCtx,
-			ForceManifestMIMEType:            manifestType,
-			ImageListSelection:               imageListSelection,
-			PreserveDigests:                  opts.preserveDigests,
-			OciDecryptConfig:                 decConfig,
-			OciEncryptLayers:                 encLayers,
-			OciEncryptConfig:                 encConfig,
-		})
+		manifestBytes, err := copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, srcRef, copyOpts)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

cmd/skopeo/copy_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import "testing"
+
+func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1"},
+		{"a1", "a2", "a3"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"--insecure-policy", "copy"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly two arguments expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in integration and systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/delete.go

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
 `, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
 		RunE:              commandAction(opts.run),
 		Example:           `skopeo delete docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest`,
-		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteImageNames,
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()

cmd/skopeo/generate_sigstore_key.go

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"io/fs"
+	"os"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature/sigstore"
+	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
+)
+
+type generateSigstoreKeyOptions struct {
+	outputPrefix   string
+	passphraseFile string
+}
+
+func generateSigstoreKeyCmd() *cobra.Command {
+	var opts generateSigstoreKeyOptions
+	cmd := &cobra.Command{
+		Use:     "generate-sigstore-key [command options] --output-prefix PREFIX",
+		Short:   "Generate a sigstore public/private key pair",
+		RunE:    commandAction(opts.run),
+		Example: "skopeo generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix my-key",
+	}
+	adjustUsage(cmd)
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.outputPrefix, "output-prefix", "", "Write the keys to `PREFIX`.pub and `PREFIX`.private")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.passphraseFile, "passphrase-file", "", "Read a passphrase for the private key from `PATH`")
+	return cmd
+}
+
+// ensurePathDoesNotExist verifies that path does not refer to an existing file,
+// and returns an error if so.
+func ensurePathDoesNotExist(path string) error {
+	switch _, err := os.Stat(path); {
+	case err == nil:
+		return fmt.Errorf("Refusing to overwrite existing %q", path)
+	case errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist):
+		return nil
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error checking existence of %q: %w", path, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (opts *generateSigstoreKeyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
+	if len(args) != 0 || opts.outputPrefix == "" {
+		return errors.New("Usage: generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix PREFIX")
+	}
+
+	pubKeyPath := opts.outputPrefix + ".pub"
+	privateKeyPath := opts.outputPrefix + ".private"
+	if err := ensurePathDoesNotExist(pubKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ensurePathDoesNotExist(privateKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var passphrase string
+	if opts.passphraseFile != "" {
+		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.passphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} else {
+		p, err := promptForPassphrase(privateKeyPath, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	}
+
+	keys, err := sigstore.GenerateKeyPair([]byte(passphrase))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error generating key pair: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := os.WriteFile(privateKeyPath, keys.PrivateKey, 0600); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing private key to %q: %w", privateKeyPath, err)
+	}
+	if err := os.WriteFile(pubKeyPath, keys.PublicKey, 0644); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing private key to %q: %w", pubKeyPath, err)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Key written to %q and %q", privateKeyPath, pubKeyPath)
+	return nil
+}

cmd/skopeo/generate_sigstore_key_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGenerateSigstoreKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"--output-prefix", "foo", "a1"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"generate-sigstore-key"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Usage")
+	}
+
+	// One of the destination files already exists
+	outputSuffixes := []string{".pub", ".private"}
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+		err := os.WriteFile(prefix+suffix, []byte{}, 0600)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+			"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", "/dev/null",
+		)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Refusing to overwrite")
+	}
+
+	// One of the destinations is inaccessible (simulate by a symlink that tries to
+	// traverse a non-directory)
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		dir := t.TempDir()
+		nonDirectory := filepath.Join(dir, "nondirectory")
+		err := os.WriteFile(nonDirectory, []byte{}, 0600)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+		err = os.Symlink(filepath.Join(nonDirectory, "unaccessible"), prefix+suffix)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+			"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", "/dev/null",
+		)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, prefix+suffix) // + an OS-specific error message
+	}
+	destDir := t.TempDir()
+	// Error reading passphrase
+	out, err := runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+		"--output-prefix", filepath.Join(destDir, "prefix"),
+		"--passphrase-file", filepath.Join(destDir, "this-does-not-exist"),
+	)
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "this-does-not-exist")
+
+	// (The interactive passphrase prompting is not yet tested)
+
+	// Error writing outputs is untested: when unit tests run as root, we can’t use permissions on a directory to cause write failures,
+	// with the --output-prefix mechanism, and refusing to even start writing to pre-exisiting files, directories are the only mechanism
+	// we have to trigger a write failure.
+
+	// Success
+	// Just a smoke-test, usability of the keys is tested in the generate implementation.
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	prefix := filepath.Join(dir, "prefix")
+	passphraseFile := filepath.Join(dir, "passphrase")
+	err = os.WriteFile(passphraseFile, []byte("some passphrase"), 0600)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	out, err = runSkopeo("generate-sigstore-key",
+		"--output-prefix", prefix, "--passphrase-file", passphraseFile,
+	)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	for _, suffix := range outputSuffixes {
+		assert.Contains(t, out, prefix+suffix)
+	}
+
+}

cmd/skopeo/inspect.go

@@ -5,10 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"os"
 	"strings"
-	"text/tabwriter"
-	"text/template"
 
 	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/report"
 	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
@@ -18,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	"github.com/containers/skopeo/cmd/skopeo/inspect"
+	"github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/errcode"
 	v1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -53,19 +51,19 @@ See skopeo(1) section "IMAGE NAMES" for the expected format
 `, strings.Join(transports.ListNames(), ", ")),
 		RunE: commandAction(opts.run),
 		Example: `skopeo inspect docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora
-  skopeo inspect --config docker://docker.io/alpine
-  skopeo inspect  --format "Name: {{.Name}} Digest: {{.Digest}}" docker://registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8`,
-		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteSupportedTransports,
+skopeo inspect --config docker://docker.io/alpine
+skopeo inspect --format "Name: {{.Name}} Digest: {{.Digest}}" docker://registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8`,
+		ValidArgsFunction: autocompleteImageNames,
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
 	flags.BoolVar(&opts.raw, "raw", false, "output raw manifest or configuration")
 	flags.BoolVar(&opts.config, "config", false, "output configuration")
 	flags.StringVarP(&opts.format, "format", "f", "", "Format the output to a Go template")
 	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.doNotListTags, "no-tags", "n", false, "Do not list the available tags from the repository in the output")
-	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
-	flags.AddFlagSet(&imageFlags)
-	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
 	return cmd
 }
 
@@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		rawManifest []byte
 		src         types.ImageSource
 		imgInspect  *types.ImageInspectInfo
-		data        []interface{}
 	)
 	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
 	defer cancel()
@@ -109,8 +106,9 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		}
 	}()
 
+	unparsedInstance := image.UnparsedInstance(src, nil)
 	if err := retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
-		rawManifest, _, err = src.GetManifest(ctx, nil)
+		rawManifest, _, err = unparsedInstance.Manifest(ctx)
 		return err
 	}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error retrieving manifest for image: %w", err)
@@ -125,7 +123,7 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	img, err := image.FromUnparsedImage(ctx, sys, image.UnparsedInstance(src, nil))
+	img, err := image.FromUnparsedImage(ctx, sys, unparsedInstance)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("Error parsing manifest for image: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -151,18 +149,7 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading OCI-formatted configuration data: %w", err)
 		}
-		if report.IsJSON(opts.format) || opts.format == "" {
-			var out []byte
-			out, err = json.MarshalIndent(config, "", "    ")
-			if err == nil {
-				fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", string(out))
-			}
-		} else {
-			row := "{{range . }}" + report.NormalizeFormat(opts.format) + "{{end}}"
-			data = append(data, config)
-			err = printTmpl(row, data)
-		}
-		if err != nil {
+		if err := opts.writeOutput(stdout, config); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("Error writing OCI-formatted configuration data to standard output: %w", err)
 		}
 		return nil
@@ -186,6 +173,7 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		Architecture:  imgInspect.Architecture,
 		Os:            imgInspect.Os,
 		Layers:        imgInspect.Layers,
+		LayersData:    imgInspect.LayersData,
 		Env:           imgInspect.Env,
 	}
 	outputData.Digest, err = manifest.Digest(rawManifest)
@@ -202,34 +190,48 @@ func (opts *inspectOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error)
 		}
 		outputData.RepoTags, err = docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sys, img.Reference())
 		if err != nil {
-			// some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint
-			// gracefully allow the inspect to continue in this case. Currently
-			// the IBM Bluemix container registry has this restriction.
-			// In addition, AWS ECR rejects it with 403 (Forbidden) if the "ecr:ListImages"
-			// action is not allowed.
-			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "401") && !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "403") {
+			// Some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint;
+			// gracefully allow the inspect to continue in this case:
+			fatalFailure := true
+			// - AWS ECR rejects it if the "ecr:ListImages" action is not allowed.
+			//   https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/726
+			var ec errcode.ErrorCoder
+			if ok := errors.As(err, &ec); ok && ec.ErrorCode() == errcode.ErrorCodeDenied {
+				fatalFailure = false
+			}
+			// - public.ecr.aws does not implement the endpoint at all, and fails with 404:
+			//   https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/1230
+			//   This is actually "code":"NOT_FOUND", and the parser doesn’t preserve that.
+			//   So, also check the error text.
+			if ok := errors.As(err, &ec); ok && ec.ErrorCode() == errcode.ErrorCodeUnknown {
+				var e errcode.Error
+				if ok := errors.As(err, &e); ok && e.Code == errcode.ErrorCodeUnknown && e.Message == "404 page not found" {
+					fatalFailure = false
+				}
+			}
+			if fatalFailure {
 				return fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags: %w", err)
 			}
 			logrus.Warnf("Registry disallows tag list retrieval; skipping")
 		}
 	}
+	return opts.writeOutput(stdout, outputData)
+}
+
+// writeOutput writes data depending on opts.format to stdout
+func (opts *inspectOptions) writeOutput(stdout io.Writer, data any) error {
 	if report.IsJSON(opts.format) || opts.format == "" {
-		out, err := json.MarshalIndent(outputData, "", "    ")
+		out, err := json.MarshalIndent(data, "", "    ")
 		if err == nil {
 			fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "%s\n", string(out))
 		}
 		return err
 	}
-	row := "{{range . }}" + report.NormalizeFormat(opts.format) + "{{end}}"
-	data = append(data, outputData)
-	return printTmpl(row, data)
-}
 
-func printTmpl(row string, data []interface{}) error {
-	t, err := template.New("skopeo inspect").Parse(row)
+	rpt, err := report.New(stdout, "skopeo inspect").Parse(report.OriginUser, opts.format)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 8, 2, 2, ' ', 0)
-	return t.Execute(w, data)
+	defer rpt.Flush()
+	return rpt.Execute([]any{data})
 }

cmd/skopeo/inspect/output.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package inspect
 import (
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	digest "github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 )
 
@@ -19,5 +20,6 @@ type Output struct {
 	Architecture  string
 	Os            string
 	Layers        []string
+	LayersData    []types.ImageInspectLayer
 	Env           []string
 }

cmd/skopeo/layers.go

@@ -151,12 +151,22 @@ func (opts *layersOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		if _, err := dest.PutBlob(ctx, r, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: blobSize}, cache, bd.isConfig); err != nil {
-			if closeErr := r.Close(); closeErr != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("%w (close error: %v)", err, closeErr)
+		defer func() {
+			if err := r.Close(); err != nil {
+				retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, fmt.Sprintf("closing blob %q", bd.digest.String()), err)
 			}
+		}()
+		verifier := bd.digest.Verifier()
+		tr := io.TeeReader(r, verifier)
+		if _, err := dest.PutBlob(ctx, tr, types.BlobInfo{Digest: bd.digest, Size: blobSize}, cache, bd.isConfig); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
+		if _, err := io.Copy(io.Discard, tr); err != nil { // Ensure we process all of tr, so that we can validate the digest.
+			return err
+		}
+		if !verifier.Verified() {
+			return fmt.Errorf("corrupt blob %q", bd.digest.String())
+		}
 	}
 
 	var manifest []byte

cmd/skopeo/list_tags.go

@@ -6,7 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"sort"
+	"maps"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
@@ -37,11 +38,7 @@ var transportHandlers = map[string]func(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemCo
 
 // supportedTransports returns all the supported transports
 func supportedTransports(joinStr string) string {
-	res := make([]string, 0, len(transportHandlers))
-	for handlerName := range transportHandlers {
-		res = append(res, handlerName)
-	}
-	sort.Strings(res)
+	res := slices.Sorted(maps.Keys(transportHandlers))
 	return strings.Join(res, joinStr)
 }
 
@@ -80,16 +77,12 @@ See skopeo-list-tags(1) section "REPOSITORY NAMES" for the expected format
 // Customized version of the alltransports.ParseImageName and docker.ParseReference that does not place a default tag in the reference
 // Would really love to not have this, but needed to enforce tag-less and digest-less names
 func parseDockerRepositoryReference(refString string) (types.ImageReference, error) {
-	if !strings.HasPrefix(refString, docker.Transport.Name()+"://") {
+	dockerRefString, ok := strings.CutPrefix(refString, docker.Transport.Name()+"://")
+	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("docker: image reference %s does not start with %s://", refString, docker.Transport.Name())
 	}
 
-	parts := strings.SplitN(refString, ":", 2)
-	if len(parts) != 2 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf(`Invalid image name "%s", expected colon-separated transport:reference`, refString)
-	}
-
-	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(strings.TrimPrefix(parts[1], "//"))
+	ref, err := reference.ParseNormalizedNamed(dockerRefString)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ func listDockerRepoTags(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, opts *tag
 }
 
 // return the tagLists from a docker archive file
-func listDockerArchiveTags(ctx context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, opts *tagsOptions, userInput string) (repositoryName string, tagListing []string, err error) {
+func listDockerArchiveTags(_ context.Context, sys *types.SystemContext, _ *tagsOptions, userInput string) (repositoryName string, tagListing []string, err error) {
 	ref, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(userInput)
 	if err != nil {
 		return

cmd/skopeo/list_tags_test.go

@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ func TestDockerRepositoryReferenceParser(t *testing.T) {
 		{"docker://somehost.com"},          // Valid default expansion
 		{"docker://nginx"},                 // Valid default expansion
 	} {
-
 		ref, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(test[0])
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 		expected, err := alltransports.ParseImageName(test[0])
@@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ func TestDockerRepositoryReferenceParserDrift(t *testing.T) {
 		{"docker://somehost.com", "docker.io/library/somehost.com"}, // Valid default expansion
 		{"docker://nginx", "docker.io/library/nginx"},               // Valid default expansion
 	} {
-
 		ref, err := parseDockerRepositoryReference(test[0])
 		ref2, err2 := alltransports.ParseImageName(test[0])
 
@@ -56,3 +54,17 @@ func TestDockerRepositoryReferenceParserDrift(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func TestListTags(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1", "a2"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"list-tags"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly one non-option argument expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/login.go

@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ func loginCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
 	flags.AddFlagSet(auth.GetLoginFlags(&opts.loginOpts))
+	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
 	return cmd
 }
 

cmd/skopeo/login_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestLogin(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	authFile := filepath.Join(dir, "auth.json")
+	compatAuthFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+
+	// Just a trivial smoke-test exercising one error-handling path.
+	// We can’t test full operation without a registry, unit tests should mostly
+	// exist in c/common/pkg/auth, not here.
+	out, err := runSkopeo("login", "--authfile", authFile, "--compat-auth-file", compatAuthFile, "example.com")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "options for paths to the credential file and to the Docker-compatible credential file can not be set simultaneously")
+}

cmd/skopeo/logout.go

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ func logoutCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
 	flags.AddFlagSet(auth.GetLogoutFlags(&opts.logoutOpts))
+	commonFlag.OptionalBoolFlag(flags, &opts.tlsVerify, "tls-verify", "require HTTPS and verify certificates when accessing the registry")
 	return cmd
 }
 

cmd/skopeo/logout_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestLogout(t *testing.T) {
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+	authFile := filepath.Join(dir, "auth.json")
+	compatAuthFile := filepath.Join(dir, "config.json")
+
+	// Just a trivial smoke-test exercising one error-handling path.
+	// We can’t test full operation without a registry, unit tests should mostly
+	// exist in c/common/pkg/auth, not here.
+	err := os.WriteFile(authFile, []byte("{}"), 0o700)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = os.WriteFile(compatAuthFile, []byte("{}"), 0o700)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	out, err := runSkopeo("logout", "--authfile", authFile, "--compat-auth-file", compatAuthFile, "example.com")
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "options for paths to the credential file and to the Docker-compatible credential file can not be set simultaneously")
+}

cmd/skopeo/main.go

@@ -55,14 +55,12 @@ func createApp() (*cobra.Command, *globalOptions) {
 	opts := globalOptions{}
 
 	rootCommand := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:  "skopeo",
-		Long: "Various operations with container images and container image registries",
-		RunE: requireSubcommand,
-		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			return opts.before(cmd)
-		},
-		SilenceUsage:  true,
-		SilenceErrors: true,
+		Use:               "skopeo",
+		Long:              "Various operations with container images and container image registries",
+		RunE:              requireSubcommand,
+		PersistentPreRunE: opts.before,
+		SilenceUsage:      true,
+		SilenceErrors:     true,
 		// Hide the completion command which is provided by cobra
 		CompletionOptions: cobra.CompletionOptions{HiddenDefaultCmd: true},
 		// This is documented to parse "local" (non-PersistentFlags) flags of parent commands before
@@ -98,6 +96,7 @@ func createApp() (*cobra.Command, *globalOptions) {
 	rootCommand.AddCommand(
 		copyCmd(&opts),
 		deleteCmd(&opts),
+		generateSigstoreKeyCmd(),
 		inspectCmd(&opts),
 		layersCmd(&opts),
 		loginCmd(&opts),
@@ -114,7 +113,7 @@ func createApp() (*cobra.Command, *globalOptions) {
 }
 
 // before is run by the cli package for any command, before running the command-specific handler.
-func (opts *globalOptions) before(cmd *cobra.Command) error {
+func (opts *globalOptions) before(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	if opts.debug {
 		logrus.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
 	}
@@ -130,6 +129,10 @@ func main() {
 	}
 	rootCmd, _ := createApp()
 	if err := rootCmd.Execute(); err != nil {
+		if isNotFoundImageError(err) {
+			logrus.StandardLogger().Log(logrus.FatalLevel, err)
+			logrus.Exit(2)
+		}
 		logrus.Fatal(err)
 	}
 }

cmd/skopeo/proxy.go

@@ -1,62 +1,11 @@
 //go:build !windows
-// +build !windows
 
 package main
 
 /*
-  This code is currently only intended to be used by ostree
-  to fetch content via containers.  The API is subject
-  to change.  A goal however is to stabilize the API
-  eventually as a full out-of-process interface to the
-  core containers/image library functionality.
-
-  To use this command, in a parent process create a
-  `socketpair()` of type `SOCK_SEQPACKET`.  Fork
-  off this command, and pass one half of the socket
-  pair to the child.  Providing it on stdin (fd 0)
-  is the expected default.
-
-  The protocol is JSON for the control layer,
-  and  a read side of a `pipe()` passed for large data.
-
- Base JSON protocol:
-
- request: { method: "MethodName": args: [arguments] }
- reply: { success: bool, value: JSVAL, pipeid: number, error: string }
-
- For any non-metadata i.e. payload data from `GetManifest`
- and `GetBlob` the server will pass back the read half of a `pipe(2)` via FD passing,
- along with a `pipeid` integer.
-
- The expected flow looks like this:
-
-  - Initialize
-    And validate the returned protocol version versus
-	what your client supports.
-  - OpenImage docker://quay.io/someorg/example:latest
-    (returns an imageid)
-  - GetManifest imageid (and associated <pipeid>)
-  (Streaming read data from pipe)
-  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
-  - GetBlob imageid sha256:...
-  (Streaming read data from pipe)
-  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
-  - GetBlob imageid sha256:...
-  (Streaming read data from pipe)
-  - FinishPipe <pipeid>
-  - CloseImage imageid
-
- You may interleave invocations of these methods, e.g. one
- can also invoke `OpenImage` multiple times, as well as
- starting multiple GetBlob requests before calling `FinishPipe`
- on them.  The server will stream data into the pipefd
- until `FinishPipe` is invoked.
-
- Note that the pipe will not be closed by the server until
- the client has invoked `FinishPipe`.  This is to ensure
- that the client checks for errors.  For example, `GetBlob`
- performs digest (e.g. sha256) verification and this must
- be checked after all data has been written.
+ This command is still experimental. Documentation
+ is available in
+ docs-experimental/skopeo-experimental-image-proxy.1.md
 */
 
 import (
@@ -71,13 +20,16 @@ import (
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 
+	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/image"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/blobinfocache"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
 )
 
@@ -85,10 +37,8 @@ import (
 // The first version of the protocol has major version 0.2 to signify a
 // departure from the original code which used HTTP.
 //
-// 0.2.1: Initial version
-// 0.2.2: Added support for fetching image configuration as OCI
-// 0.2.3: Added GetFullConfig
-const protocolVersion = "0.2.3"
+// When bumping this, please also update the man page.
+const protocolVersion = "0.2.8"
 
 // maxMsgSize is the current limit on a packet size.
 // Note that all non-metadata (i.e. payload data) is sent over a pipe.
@@ -100,12 +50,32 @@ const maxMsgSize = 32 * 1024
 // integers are above this.
 const maxJSONFloat = float64(uint64(1)<<53 - 1)
 
+// sentinelImageID represents "image not found" on the wire
+const sentinelImageID = 0
+
 // request is the JSON serialization of a function call
 type request struct {
 	// Method is the name of the function
 	Method string `json:"method"`
 	// Args is the arguments (parsed inside the function)
-	Args []interface{} `json:"args"`
+	Args []any `json:"args"`
+}
+
+type proxyErrorCode string
+
+const (
+	// proxyErrPipe means we got EPIPE writing to a pipe owned by the client
+	proxyErrPipe proxyErrorCode = "EPIPE"
+	// proxyErrRetryable can be used by clients to automatically retry operations
+	proxyErrRetryable proxyErrorCode = "retryable"
+	// All other errors
+	proxyErrOther proxyErrorCode = "other"
+)
+
+// proxyError is serialized over the errfd channel for GetRawBlob
+type proxyError struct {
+	Code    proxyErrorCode `json:"code"`
+	Message string         `json:"message"`
 }
 
 // reply is serialized to JSON as the return value from a function call.
@@ -113,9 +83,11 @@ type reply struct {
 	// Success is true if and only if the call succeeded.
 	Success bool `json:"success"`
 	// Value is an arbitrary value (or values, as array/map) returned from the call.
-	Value interface{} `json:"value"`
+	Value any `json:"value"`
 	// PipeID is an index into open pipes, and should be passed to FinishPipe
 	PipeID uint32 `json:"pipeid"`
+	// ErrorCode will be non-empty if error is set (new in 0.2.8)
+	ErrorCode proxyErrorCode `json:"error_code"`
 	// Error should be non-empty if Success == false
 	Error string `json:"error"`
 }
@@ -123,9 +95,12 @@ type reply struct {
 // replyBuf is our internal deserialization of reply plus optional fd
 type replyBuf struct {
 	// value will be converted to a reply Value
-	value interface{}
-	// fd is the read half of a pipe, passed back to the client
+	value any
+	// fd is the read half of a pipe, passed back to the client for additional data
 	fd *os.File
+	// errfd will be a serialization of error state. This is optional and is currently
+	// only used by GetRawBlob.
+	errfd *os.File
 	// pipeid will be provided to the client as PipeID, an index into our open pipes
 	pipeid uint32
 }
@@ -144,7 +119,7 @@ type activePipe struct {
 // openImage is an opened image reference
 type openImage struct {
 	// id is an opaque integer handle
-	id        uint32
+	id        uint64
 	src       types.ImageSource
 	cachedimg types.Image
 }
@@ -159,15 +134,47 @@ type proxyHandler struct {
 	cache  types.BlobInfoCache
 
 	// imageSerial is a counter for open images
-	imageSerial uint32
+	imageSerial uint64
 	// images holds our opened images
-	images map[uint32]*openImage
+	images map[uint64]*openImage
 	// activePipes maps from "pipeid" to a pipe + goroutine pair
 	activePipes map[uint32]*activePipe
 }
 
+// convertedLayerInfo is the reduced form of the OCI type BlobInfo
+// Used in the return value of GetLayerInfo
+type convertedLayerInfo struct {
+	Digest    digest.Digest `json:"digest"`
+	Size      int64         `json:"size"`
+	MediaType string        `json:"media_type"`
+}
+
+// mapProxyErrorCode turns an error into a known string value.
+func mapProxyErrorCode(err error) proxyErrorCode {
+	switch {
+	case err == nil:
+		return ""
+	case errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE):
+		return proxyErrPipe
+	case retry.IsErrorRetryable(err):
+		return proxyErrRetryable
+	default:
+		return proxyErrOther
+	}
+}
+
+// newProxyError creates a serializable structure for
+// the client containing a mapped error code based
+// on the error type, plus its value as a string.
+func newProxyError(err error) proxyError {
+	return proxyError{
+		Code:    mapProxyErrorCode(err),
+		Message: fmt.Sprintf("%v", err),
+	}
+}
+
 // Initialize performs one-time initialization, and returns the protocol version
-func (h *proxyHandler) Initialize(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) Initialize(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -196,7 +203,11 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) Initialize(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 
 // OpenImage accepts a string image reference i.e. TRANSPORT:REF - like `skopeo copy`.
 // The return value is an opaque integer handle.
-func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImage(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImage(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	return h.openImageImpl(args, false)
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) openImageImpl(args []any, allowNotFound bool) (retReplyBuf replyBuf, retErr error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 	var ret replyBuf
@@ -218,9 +229,34 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImage(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 	}
 	imgsrc, err := imgRef.NewImageSource(context.Background(), h.sysctx)
 	if err != nil {
+		if allowNotFound && isNotFoundImageError(err) {
+			ret.value = sentinelImageID
+			return ret, nil
+		}
 		return ret, err
 	}
 
+	policyContext, err := h.opts.global.getPolicyContext()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	defer func() {
+		if err := policyContext.Destroy(); err != nil {
+			retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "tearing down policy context", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	unparsedTopLevel := image.UnparsedInstance(imgsrc, nil)
+	allowed, err := policyContext.IsRunningImageAllowed(context.Background(), unparsedTopLevel)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	if !allowed {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("internal inconsistency: policy verification failed without returning an error")
+	}
+
+	// Note that we never return zero as an imageid; this code doesn't yet
+	// handle overflow though.
 	h.imageSerial++
 	openimg := &openImage{
 		id:  h.imageSerial,
@@ -232,7 +268,14 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImage(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
-func (h *proxyHandler) CloseImage(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+// OpenImageOptional accepts a string image reference i.e. TRANSPORT:REF - like `skopeo copy`.
+// The return value is an opaque integer handle.  If the image does not exist, zero
+// is returned.
+func (h *proxyHandler) OpenImageOptional(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	return h.openImageImpl(args, true)
+}
+
+func (h *proxyHandler) CloseImage(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 	var ret replyBuf
@@ -253,16 +296,8 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) CloseImage(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
-func parseImageID(v interface{}) (uint32, error) {
-	imgidf, ok := v.(float64)
-	if !ok {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expecting integer imageid, not %T", v)
-	}
-	return uint32(imgidf), nil
-}
-
 // parseUint64 validates that a number fits inside a JavaScript safe integer
-func parseUint64(v interface{}) (uint64, error) {
+func parseUint64(v any) (uint64, error) {
 	f, ok := v.(float64)
 	if !ok {
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("expecting numeric, not %T", v)
@@ -273,11 +308,14 @@ func parseUint64(v interface{}) (uint64, error) {
 	return uint64(f), nil
 }
 
-func (h *proxyHandler) parseImageFromID(v interface{}) (*openImage, error) {
-	imgid, err := parseImageID(v)
+func (h *proxyHandler) parseImageFromID(v any) (*openImage, error) {
+	imgid, err := parseUint64(v)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	if imgid == sentinelImageID {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Invalid imageid value of zero")
+	}
 	imgref, ok := h.images[imgid]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no image %v", imgid)
@@ -300,7 +338,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) allocPipe() (*os.File, *activePipe, error) {
 
 // returnBytes generates a return pipe() from a byte array
 // In the future it might be nicer to return this via memfd_create()
-func (h *proxyHandler) returnBytes(retval interface{}, buf []byte) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) returnBytes(retval any, buf []byte) (replyBuf, error) {
 	var ret replyBuf
 	piper, f, err := h.allocPipe()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -362,7 +400,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) cacheTargetManifest(img *openImage) error {
 
 // GetManifest returns a copy of the manifest, converted to OCI format, along with the original digest.
 // Manifest lists are resolved to the current operating system and architecture.
-func (h *proxyHandler) GetManifest(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetManifest(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -433,7 +471,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) GetManifest(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 
 // GetFullConfig returns a copy of the image configuration, converted to OCI format.
 // https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/config.md
-func (h *proxyHandler) GetFullConfig(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetFullConfig(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -470,7 +508,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) GetFullConfig(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 // GetConfig returns a copy of the container runtime configuration, converted to OCI format.
 // Note that due to a historical mistake, this returns not the full image configuration,
 // but just the container runtime configuration.  You should use GetFullConfig instead.
-func (h *proxyHandler) GetConfig(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetConfig(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -505,7 +543,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) GetConfig(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 }
 
 // GetBlob fetches a blob, performing digest verification.
-func (h *proxyHandler) GetBlob(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetBlob(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -542,10 +580,12 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) GetBlob(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 
 	piper, f, err := h.allocPipe()
 	if err != nil {
+		blobr.Close()
 		return ret, err
 	}
 	go func() {
 		// Signal completion when we return
+		defer blobr.Close()
 		defer f.wg.Done()
 		verifier := d.Verifier()
 		tr := io.TeeReader(blobr, verifier)
@@ -568,8 +608,197 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) GetBlob(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 	return ret, nil
 }
 
+// GetRawBlob can be viewed as a more general purpose successor
+// to GetBlob. First, it does not verify the digest, which in
+// some cases is unnecessary as the client would prefer to do it.
+//
+// It also does not use the "FinishPipe" API call, but instead
+// returns *two* file descriptors, one for errors and one for data.
+//
+// On (initial) success, the return value provided to the client is the size of the blob.
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetRawBlob(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+	if len(args) != 2 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("found %d args, expecting (imgid, digest)", len(args))
+	}
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	digestStr, ok := args[1].(string)
+	if !ok {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("expecting string blobid")
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+	d, err := digest.Parse(digestStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	blobr, blobSize, err := imgref.src.GetBlob(ctx, types.BlobInfo{Digest: d, Size: int64(-1)}, h.cache)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	// Note this doesn't call allocPipe; we're not using the FinishPipe infrastructure.
+	piper, pipew, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		blobr.Close()
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	errpipeR, errpipeW, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		piper.Close()
+		pipew.Close()
+		blobr.Close()
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	// Asynchronous worker doing a copy
+	go func() {
+		// We own the read from registry, and write pipe objects
+		defer blobr.Close()
+		defer pipew.Close()
+		defer errpipeW.Close()
+		logrus.Debugf("Copying blob to client: %d bytes", blobSize)
+		_, err := io.Copy(pipew, blobr)
+		// Handle errors here by serializing a JSON error back over
+		// the error channel. In either case, both file descriptors
+		// will be closed, signaling the completion of the operation.
+		if err != nil {
+			logrus.Debugf("Sending error to client: %v", err)
+			serializedErr := newProxyError(err)
+			buf, err := json.Marshal(serializedErr)
+			if err != nil {
+				// Should never happen
+				panic(err)
+			}
+			_, writeErr := errpipeW.Write(buf)
+			if writeErr != nil && !errors.Is(err, syscall.EPIPE) {
+				logrus.Debugf("Writing to client: %v", err)
+			}
+		}
+		logrus.Debugf("Completed GetRawBlob operation")
+	}()
+
+	ret.value = blobSize
+	ret.fd = piper
+	ret.errfd = errpipeR
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// GetLayerInfo returns data about the layers of an image, useful for reading the layer contents.
+//
+// This is the same as GetLayerInfoPiped, but returns its contents inline. This is subject to
+// failure for large images (because we use SOCK_SEQPACKET which has a maximum buffer size)
+// and is hence only retained for backwards compatibility. Callers are expected to use
+// the semver to know whether they can call the new API.
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetLayerInfo(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("found %d args, expecting (imgid)", len(args))
+	}
+
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	layerInfos, err := img.LayerInfosForCopy(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	if layerInfos == nil {
+		layerInfos = img.LayerInfos()
+	}
+
+	layers := make([]convertedLayerInfo, 0, len(layerInfos))
+	for _, layer := range layerInfos {
+		layers = append(layers, convertedLayerInfo{layer.Digest, layer.Size, layer.MediaType})
+	}
+
+	ret.value = layers
+	return ret, nil
+}
+
+// GetLayerInfoPiped returns data about the layers of an image, useful for reading the layer contents.
+//
+// This needs to be called since the data returned by GetManifest() does not allow to correctly
+// calling GetBlob() for the containers-storage: transport (which doesn’t store the original compressed
+// representations referenced in the manifest).
+func (h *proxyHandler) GetLayerInfoPiped(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
+	h.lock.Lock()
+	defer h.lock.Unlock()
+
+	var ret replyBuf
+
+	if h.sysctx == nil {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("client error: must invoke Initialize")
+	}
+
+	if len(args) != 1 {
+		return ret, fmt.Errorf("found %d args, expecting (imgid)", len(args))
+	}
+
+	imgref, err := h.parseImageFromID(args[0])
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	ctx := context.TODO()
+
+	err = h.cacheTargetManifest(imgref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	img := imgref.cachedimg
+
+	layerInfos, err := img.LayerInfosForCopy(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+
+	if layerInfos == nil {
+		layerInfos = img.LayerInfos()
+	}
+
+	layers := make([]convertedLayerInfo, 0, len(layerInfos))
+	for _, layer := range layerInfos {
+		layers = append(layers, convertedLayerInfo{layer.Digest, layer.Size, layer.MediaType})
+	}
+
+	serialized, err := json.Marshal(&layers)
+	if err != nil {
+		return ret, err
+	}
+	return h.returnBytes(nil, serialized)
+}
+
 // FinishPipe waits for the worker goroutine to finish, and closes the write side of the pipe.
-func (h *proxyHandler) FinishPipe(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
+func (h *proxyHandler) FinishPipe(args []any) (replyBuf, error) {
 	h.lock.Lock()
 	defer h.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -588,6 +817,7 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) FinishPipe(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 
 	// Wait for the goroutine to complete
 	f.wg.Wait()
+	logrus.Debug("Completed pipe goroutine")
 	// And only now do we close the write half; this forces the client to call this API
 	f.w.Close()
 	// Propagate any errors from the goroutine worker
@@ -596,31 +826,50 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) FinishPipe(args []interface{}) (replyBuf, error) {
 	return ret, err
 }
 
+// close releases all resources associated with this proxy backend
+func (h *proxyHandler) close() {
+	for _, image := range h.images {
+		err := image.src.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			// This shouldn't be fatal
+			logrus.Warnf("Failed to close image %s: %v", transports.ImageName(image.cachedimg.Reference()), err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 // send writes a reply buffer to the socket
 func (buf replyBuf) send(conn *net.UnixConn, err error) error {
+	logrus.Debugf("Sending reply: err=%v value=%v pipeid=%v datafd=%v errfd=%v", err, buf.value, buf.pipeid, buf.fd, buf.errfd)
+	// We took ownership of these FDs, so close when we're done sending them or on error
+	defer func() {
+		if buf.fd != nil {
+			buf.fd.Close()
+		}
+		if buf.errfd != nil {
+			buf.errfd.Close()
+		}
+	}()
 	replyToSerialize := reply{
 		Success: err == nil,
 		Value:   buf.value,
 		PipeID:  buf.pipeid,
 	}
 	if err != nil {
+		replyToSerialize.ErrorCode = mapProxyErrorCode(err)
 		replyToSerialize.Error = err.Error()
 	}
 	serializedReply, err := json.Marshal(&replyToSerialize)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// We took ownership of the FD - close it when we're done.
-	defer func() {
-		if buf.fd != nil {
-			buf.fd.Close()
-		}
-	}()
-	// Copy the FD number to the socket ancillary buffer
+	// Copy the FD number(s) to the socket ancillary buffer
 	fds := make([]int, 0)
 	if buf.fd != nil {
 		fds = append(fds, int(buf.fd.Fd()))
 	}
+	if buf.errfd != nil {
+		fds = append(fds, int(buf.errfd.Fd()))
+	}
 	oob := syscall.UnixRights(fds...)
 	n, oobn, err := conn.WriteMsgUnix(serializedReply, oob, nil)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -672,12 +921,16 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) processRequest(readBytes []byte) (rb replyBuf, terminate
 		err = fmt.Errorf("invalid request: %v", err)
 		return
 	}
+	logrus.Debugf("Executing method %s", req.Method)
+
 	// Dispatch on the method
 	switch req.Method {
 	case "Initialize":
 		rb, err = h.Initialize(req.Args)
 	case "OpenImage":
 		rb, err = h.OpenImage(req.Args)
+	case "OpenImageOptional":
+		rb, err = h.OpenImageOptional(req.Args)
 	case "CloseImage":
 		rb, err = h.CloseImage(req.Args)
 	case "GetManifest":
@@ -688,10 +941,18 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) processRequest(readBytes []byte) (rb replyBuf, terminate
 		rb, err = h.GetFullConfig(req.Args)
 	case "GetBlob":
 		rb, err = h.GetBlob(req.Args)
+	case "GetRawBlob":
+		rb, err = h.GetRawBlob(req.Args)
+	case "GetLayerInfo":
+		rb, err = h.GetLayerInfo(req.Args)
+	case "GetLayerInfoPiped":
+		rb, err = h.GetLayerInfoPiped(req.Args)
 	case "FinishPipe":
 		rb, err = h.FinishPipe(req.Args)
 	case "Shutdown":
 		terminate = true
+	// NOTE: If you add a method here, you should very likely be bumping the
+	// const protocolVersion above.
 	default:
 		err = fmt.Errorf("unknown method: %s", req.Method)
 	}
@@ -702,9 +963,10 @@ func (h *proxyHandler) processRequest(readBytes []byte) (rb replyBuf, terminate
 func (opts *proxyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
 	handler := &proxyHandler{
 		opts:        opts,
-		images:      make(map[uint32]*openImage),
+		images:      make(map[uint64]*openImage),
 		activePipes: make(map[uint32]*activePipe),
 	}
+	defer handler.close()
 
 	// Convert the socket FD passed by client into a net.FileConn
 	fd := os.NewFile(uintptr(opts.sockFd), "sock")
@@ -728,6 +990,7 @@ func (opts *proxyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
 
 		rb, terminate, err := handler.processRequest(readbuf)
 		if terminate {
+			logrus.Debug("terminating")
 			return nil
 		}
 

cmd/skopeo/proxy_windows.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build windows
-// +build windows
 
 package main
 

cmd/skopeo/signing.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature"
@@ -41,12 +42,12 @@ func (opts *standaloneSignOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
 
 	manifest, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading %s: %v", manifestPath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
 	}
 
 	mech, err := signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer mech.Close()
 
@@ -57,25 +58,31 @@ func (opts *standaloneSignOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error {
 
 	signature, err := signature.SignDockerManifestWithOptions(manifest, dockerReference, mech, fingerprint, &signature.SignOptions{Passphrase: passphrase})
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating signature: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error creating signature: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	if err := os.WriteFile(opts.output, signature, 0644); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %v", opts.output, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error writing signature to %s: %w", opts.output, err)
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 type standaloneVerifyOptions struct {
+	publicKeyFile string
 }
 
 func standaloneVerifyCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	opts := standaloneVerifyOptions{}
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
-		Use:   "standalone-verify MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINT SIGNATURE",
+		Use:   "standalone-verify MANIFEST DOCKER-REFERENCE KEY-FINGERPRINTS SIGNATURE",
 		Short: "Verify a signature using local files",
-		RunE:  commandAction(opts.run),
+		Long: `Verify a signature using local files
+
+KEY-FINGERPRINTS can be a comma separated list of fingerprints, or "any" if you trust all the keys in the public key file.`,
+		RunE: commandAction(opts.run),
 	}
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.publicKeyFile, "public-key-file", "", `File containing public keys. If not specified, will use local GPG keys.`)
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	return cmd
 }
@@ -86,29 +93,51 @@ func (opts *standaloneVerifyOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error
 	}
 	manifestPath := args[0]
 	expectedDockerReference := args[1]
-	expectedFingerprint := args[2]
+	expectedFingerprints := strings.Split(args[2], ",")
 	signaturePath := args[3]
 
+	if opts.publicKeyFile == "" && len(expectedFingerprints) == 1 && expectedFingerprints[0] == "any" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Cannot use any fingerprint without a public key file")
+	}
 	unverifiedManifest, err := os.ReadFile(manifestPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading manifest from %s: %v", manifestPath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading manifest from %s: %w", manifestPath, err)
 	}
 	unverifiedSignature, err := os.ReadFile(signaturePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading signature from %s: %v", signaturePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading signature from %s: %w", signaturePath, err)
 	}
 
-	mech, err := signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %v", err)
+	var mech signature.SigningMechanism
+	var publicKeyfingerprints []string
+	if opts.publicKeyFile != "" {
+		publicKeys, err := os.ReadFile(opts.publicKeyFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error reading public keys from %s: %w", opts.publicKeyFile, err)
+		}
+		mech, publicKeyfingerprints, err = signature.NewEphemeralGPGSigningMechanism(publicKeys)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
+
+		}
+	} else {
+		mech, err = signature.NewGPGSigningMechanism()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error initializing GPG: %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 	defer mech.Close()
-	sig, err := signature.VerifyDockerManifestSignature(unverifiedSignature, unverifiedManifest, expectedDockerReference, mech, expectedFingerprint)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying signature: %v", err)
+
+	if len(expectedFingerprints) == 1 && expectedFingerprints[0] == "any" {
+		expectedFingerprints = publicKeyfingerprints
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Signature verified, digest %s\n", sig.DockerManifestDigest)
+	sig, verificationFingerprint, err := signature.VerifyImageManifestSignatureUsingKeyIdentityList(unverifiedSignature, unverifiedManifest, expectedDockerReference, mech, expectedFingerprints)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error verifying signature: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "Signature verified using fingerprint %s, digest %s\n", verificationFingerprint, sig.DockerManifestDigest)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +170,7 @@ func (opts *untrustedSignatureDumpOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer)
 
 	untrustedSignature, err := os.ReadFile(untrustedSignaturePath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading untrusted signature from %s: %v", untrustedSignaturePath, err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("Error reading untrusted signature from %s: %w", untrustedSignaturePath, err)
 	}
 
 	untrustedInfo, err := signature.GetUntrustedSignatureInformationWithoutVerifying(untrustedSignature)

cmd/skopeo/signing_test.go

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ const (
 	// fixturesTestImageManifestDigest is the Docker manifest digest of "image.manifest.json"
 	fixturesTestImageManifestDigest = digest.Digest("sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55")
 	// fixturesTestKeyFingerprint is the fingerprint of the private key.
-	fixturesTestKeyFingerprint = "1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8"
+	fixturesTestKeyFingerprint = "08CD26E446E2E95249B7A405E932F44B23E8DD43"
 	// fixturesTestKeyFingerprint is the key ID of the private key.
-	fixturesTestKeyShortID = "DB72F2188BB46CC8"
+	fixturesTestKeyShortID = "E932F44B23E8DD43"
 )
 
 // Test that results of runSkopeo failed with nothing on stdout, and substring
@@ -127,11 +127,36 @@ func TestStandaloneVerify(t *testing.T) {
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, "fixtures/corrupt.signature")
 	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Error verifying signature")
 
+	// Error using any without a public key file
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "any", signaturePath)
+	assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Cannot use any fingerprint without a public key file")
+
 	// Success
 	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
 		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified, digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using multiple fingerprints
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "0123456789ABCDEF0123456789ABCDEF01234567,"+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+",DEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEFDEADBEEF", signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using a public key file
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "")
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "--public-key-file", "fixtures/pubring.gpg", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, fixturesTestKeyFingerprint, signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
+
+	// Using a public key file matching any public key
+	t.Setenv("GNUPGHOME", "")
+	out, err = runSkopeo("standalone-verify", "--public-key-file", "fixtures/pubring.gpg", manifestPath,
+		dockerReference, "any", signaturePath)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "Signature verified using fingerprint "+fixturesTestKeyFingerprint+", digest "+fixturesTestImageManifestDigest.String()+"\n", out)
 }
 
 func TestUntrustedSignatureDump(t *testing.T) {

cmd/skopeo/sync.go

@@ -10,42 +10,40 @@ import (
 	"path"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"regexp"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 
-	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
+	"github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3"
 	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/docker/reference"
-	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	"github.com/opencontainers/go-digest"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
 // syncOptions contains information retrieved from the skopeo sync command line.
 type syncOptions struct {
-	global                   *globalOptions // Global (not command dependent) skopeo options
-	deprecatedTLSVerify      *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
-	srcImage                 *imageOptions     // Source image options
-	destImage                *imageDestOptions // Destination image options
-	retryOpts                *retry.Options
-	removeSignatures         bool                      // Do not copy signatures from the source image
-	signByFingerprint        string                    // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
-	signBySigstorePrivateKey string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore private key
-	signPassphraseFile       string                    // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing
-	format                   commonFlag.OptionalString // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
-	source                   string                    // Source repository name
-	destination              string                    // Destination registry name
-	scoped                   bool                      // When true, namespace copied images at destination using the source repository name
-	all                      bool                      // Copy all of the images if an image in the source is a list
-	dryRun                   bool                      // Don't actually copy anything, just output what it would have done
-	preserveDigests          bool                      // Preserve digests during sync
-	keepGoing                bool                      // Whether or not to abort the sync if there are any errors during syncing the images
+	global              *globalOptions // Global (not command dependent) skopeo options
+	deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption
+	srcImage            *imageOptions     // Source image options
+	destImage           *imageDestOptions // Destination image options
+	retryOpts           *retry.Options
+	copy                *sharedCopyOptions
+	source              string // Source repository name
+	destination         string // Destination registry name
+	digestFile          string // Write digest to this file
+	scoped              bool   // When true, namespace copied images at destination using the source repository name
+	all                 bool   // Copy all of the images if an image in the source is a list
+	dryRun              bool   // Don't actually copy anything, just output what it would have done
+	keepGoing           bool   // Whether or not to abort the sync if there are any errors during syncing the images
+	appendSuffix        string // Suffix to append to destination image tag
 }
 
 // repoDescriptor contains information of a single repository used as a sync source.
@@ -66,6 +64,7 @@ type tlsVerifyConfig struct {
 type registrySyncConfig struct {
 	Images           map[string][]string    // Images map images name to slices with the images' references (tags, digests)
 	ImagesByTagRegex map[string]string      `yaml:"images-by-tag-regex"` // Images map images name to regular expression with the images' tags
+	ImagesBySemver   map[string]string      `yaml:"images-by-semver"`    // ImagesBySemver maps a repository to a semver constraint (e.g. '>=3.14') to match images' tags to
 	Credentials      types.DockerAuthConfig // Username and password used to authenticate with the registry
 	TLSVerify        tlsVerifyConfig        `yaml:"tls-verify"` // TLS verification mode (enabled by default)
 	CertDir          string                 `yaml:"cert-dir"`   // Path to the TLS certificates of the registry
@@ -80,6 +79,7 @@ func syncCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
 	srcFlags, srcOpts := dockerImageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "src-", "screds")
 	destFlags, destOpts := dockerImageFlags(global, sharedOpts, deprecatedTLSVerifyOpt, "dest-", "dcreds")
 	retryFlags, retryOpts := retryFlags()
+	copyFlags, copyOpts := sharedCopyFlags()
 
 	opts := syncOptions{
 		global:              global,
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ func syncCmd(global *globalOptions) *cobra.Command {
 		srcImage:            srcOpts,
 		destImage:           &imageDestOptions{imageOptions: destOpts},
 		retryOpts:           retryOpts,
+		copy:                copyOpts,
 	}
 
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
@@ -104,33 +105,30 @@ See skopeo-sync(1) for details.
 	}
 	adjustUsage(cmd)
 	flags := cmd.Flags()
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.removeSignatures, "remove-signatures", false, "Do not copy signatures from SOURCE images")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signByFingerprint, "sign-by", "", "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, "sign-by-sigstore-private-key", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore private key at `PATH`")
-	flags.StringVar(&opts.signPassphraseFile, "sign-passphrase-file", "", "File that contains a passphrase for the --sign-by key")
-	flags.VarP(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.format), "format", "f", `MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use when syncing image(s) to a destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)`)
-	flags.StringVarP(&opts.source, "src", "s", "", "SOURCE transport type")
-	flags.StringVarP(&opts.destination, "dest", "d", "", "DESTINATION transport type")
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.scoped, "scoped", false, "Images at DESTINATION are prefix using the full source image path as scope")
-	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.all, "all", "a", false, "Copy all images if SOURCE-IMAGE is a list")
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.dryRun, "dry-run", false, "Run without actually copying data")
-	flags.BoolVar(&opts.preserveDigests, "preserve-digests", false, "Preserve digests of images and lists")
-	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.keepGoing, "keep-going", "", false, "Do not abort the sync if any image copy fails")
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&sharedFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&deprecatedTLSVerifyFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&srcFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&destFlags)
 	flags.AddFlagSet(&retryFlags)
+	flags.AddFlagSet(&copyFlags)
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.source, "src", "s", "", "SOURCE transport type")
+	flags.StringVarP(&opts.destination, "dest", "d", "", "DESTINATION transport type")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.scoped, "scoped", false, "Images at DESTINATION are prefix using the full source image path as scope")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.appendSuffix, "append-suffix", "", "String to append to DESTINATION tags")
+	flags.StringVar(&opts.digestFile, "digestfile", "", "Write the digests and Image References of the resulting images to the specified file, separated by newlines")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.all, "all", "a", false, "Copy all images if SOURCE-IMAGE is a list")
+	flags.BoolVar(&opts.dryRun, "dry-run", false, "Run without actually copying data")
+	flags.BoolVarP(&opts.keepGoing, "keep-going", "", false, "Do not abort the sync if any image copy fails")
 	return cmd
 }
 
 // UnmarshalYAML is the implementation of the Unmarshaler interface method
-// method for the tlsVerifyConfig type.
+// for the tlsVerifyConfig type.
 // It unmarshals the 'tls-verify' YAML key so that, when they key is not
 // specified, tls verification is enforced.
-func (tls *tlsVerifyConfig) UnmarshalYAML(unmarshal func(interface{}) error) error {
+func (tls *tlsVerifyConfig) UnmarshalYAML(value *yaml.Node) error {
 	var verify bool
-	if err := unmarshal(&verify); err != nil {
+	if err := value.Decode(&verify); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
@@ -216,15 +214,7 @@ func getImageTags(ctx context.Context, sysCtx *types.SystemContext, repoRef refe
 	}
 	tags, err := docker.GetRepositoryTags(ctx, sysCtx, dockerRef)
 	if err != nil {
-		var unauthorizedForCredentials docker.ErrUnauthorizedForCredentials
-		if errors.As(err, &unauthorizedForCredentials) {
-			// Some registries may decide to block the "list all tags" endpoint.
-			// Gracefully allow the sync to continue in this case.
-			logrus.Warnf("Registry disallows tag list retrieval: %s", err)
-			tags = nil
-		} else {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags for image %s: %w", name, err)
-		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error determining repository tags for repo %s: %w", name, err)
 	}
 
 	return tags, nil
@@ -244,7 +234,11 @@ func imagesToCopyFromRepo(sys *types.SystemContext, repoRef reference.Named) ([]
 	for _, tag := range tags {
 		taggedRef, err := reference.WithTag(repoRef, tag)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("Error creating a reference for repository %s and tag %q: %w", repoRef.Name(), tag, err)
+			logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+				"repo": repoRef.Name(),
+				"tag":  tag,
+			}).Errorf("Error creating a tagged reference from registry tag list: %v", err)
+			continue
 		}
 		ref, err := docker.NewReference(taggedRef)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -301,6 +295,14 @@ func imagesToCopyFromRegistry(registryName string, cfg registrySyncConfig, sourc
 		serverCtx.DockerAuthConfig = &cfg.Credentials
 	}
 	var repoDescList []repoDescriptor
+
+	if len(cfg.Images) == 0 && len(cfg.ImagesByTagRegex) == 0 && len(cfg.ImagesBySemver) == 0 {
+		logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"registry": registryName,
+		}).Warn("No images specified for registry")
+		return repoDescList, nil
+	}
+
 	for imageName, refs := range cfg.Images {
 		repoLogger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 			"repo":     imageName,
@@ -365,63 +367,146 @@ func imagesToCopyFromRegistry(registryName string, cfg registrySyncConfig, sourc
 			Context:   serverCtx})
 	}
 
-	for imageName, tagRegex := range cfg.ImagesByTagRegex {
-		repoLogger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-			"repo":     imageName,
-			"registry": registryName,
-		})
-		repoRef, err := parseRepositoryReference(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", registryName, imageName))
+	// include repository descriptors for cfg.ImagesByTagRegex
+	{
+		filterCollection, err := tagRegexFilterCollection(cfg.ImagesByTagRegex)
 		if err != nil {
-			repoLogger.Error("Error parsing repository name, skipping")
 			logrus.Error(err)
-			continue
+		} else {
+			additionalRepoDescList := filterSourceReferences(serverCtx, registryName, filterCollection)
+			repoDescList = append(repoDescList, additionalRepoDescList...)
 		}
+	}
 
-		repoLogger.Info("Processing repo")
-
-		var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
-
-		tagReg, err := regexp.Compile(tagRegex)
+	// include repository descriptors for cfg.ImagesBySemver
+	{
+		filterCollection, err := semverFilterCollection(cfg.ImagesBySemver)
 		if err != nil {
-			repoLogger.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-				"regex": tagRegex,
-			}).Error("Error parsing regex, skipping")
 			logrus.Error(err)
-			continue
+		} else {
+			additionalRepoDescList := filterSourceReferences(serverCtx, registryName, filterCollection)
+			repoDescList = append(repoDescList, additionalRepoDescList...)
 		}
-
-		repoLogger.Info("Querying registry for image tags")
-		allSourceReferences, err := imagesToCopyFromRepo(serverCtx, repoRef)
-		if err != nil {
-			repoLogger.Error("Error processing repo, skipping")
-			logrus.Error(err)
-			continue
-		}
-
-		repoLogger.Infof("Start filtering using the regular expression: %v", tagRegex)
-		for _, sReference := range allSourceReferences {
-			tagged, isTagged := sReference.DockerReference().(reference.Tagged)
-			if !isTagged {
-				repoLogger.Errorf("Internal error, reference %s does not have a tag, skipping", sReference.DockerReference())
-				continue
-			}
-			if tagReg.MatchString(tagged.Tag()) {
-				sourceReferences = append(sourceReferences, sReference)
-			}
-		}
-
-		if len(sourceReferences) == 0 {
-			repoLogger.Warnf("No refs to sync found")
-			continue
-		}
-		repoDescList = append(repoDescList, repoDescriptor{
-			ImageRefs: sourceReferences,
-			Context:   serverCtx})
 	}
 
 	return repoDescList, nil
 }
 
+// filterFunc is a function used to limit the initial set of image references
+// using tags, patterns, semver, etc.
+type filterFunc func(*logrus.Entry, types.ImageReference) bool
+
+// filterCollection is a map of repository names to filter functions.
+type filterCollection map[string]filterFunc
+
+// filterSourceReferences lists tags for images specified in the collection and
+// filters them using assigned filter functions.
+// It returns a list of repoDescriptors.
+func filterSourceReferences(sys *types.SystemContext, registryName string, collection filterCollection) []repoDescriptor {
+	var repoDescList []repoDescriptor
+	for repoName, filter := range collection {
+		logger := logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			"repo":     repoName,
+			"registry": registryName,
+		})
+
+		repoRef, err := parseRepositoryReference(fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", registryName, repoName))
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error parsing repository name, skipping")
+			logrus.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		logger.Info("Processing repo")
+
+		var sourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+
+		logger.Info("Querying registry for image tags")
+		sourceReferences, err = imagesToCopyFromRepo(sys, repoRef)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error("Error processing repo, skipping")
+			logrus.Error(err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var filteredSourceReferences []types.ImageReference
+		for _, ref := range sourceReferences {
+			if filter(logger, ref) {
+				filteredSourceReferences = append(filteredSourceReferences, ref)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(filteredSourceReferences) == 0 {
+			logger.Warnf("No refs to sync found")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		repoDescList = append(repoDescList, repoDescriptor{
+			ImageRefs: filteredSourceReferences,
+			Context:   sys,
+		})
+	}
+	return repoDescList
+}
+
+// tagRegexFilterCollection converts a map of (repository name, tag regex) pairs
+// into a filterCollection, which is a map of (repository name, filter function)
+// pairs.
+func tagRegexFilterCollection(collection map[string]string) (filterCollection, error) {
+	filters := filterCollection{}
+
+	for repoName, tagRegex := range collection {
+		pattern, err := regexp.Compile(tagRegex)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		f := func(logger *logrus.Entry, sourceReference types.ImageReference) bool {
+			tagged, isTagged := sourceReference.DockerReference().(reference.Tagged)
+			if !isTagged {
+				logger.Errorf("Internal error, reference %s does not have a tag, skipping", sourceReference.DockerReference())
+				return false
+			}
+			return pattern.MatchString(tagged.Tag())
+		}
+		filters[repoName] = f
+	}
+
+	return filters, nil
+}
+
+// semverFilterCollection converts a map of (repository name, array of semver constraints) pairs
+// into a filterCollection, which is a map of (repository name, filter function)
+// pairs.
+func semverFilterCollection(collection map[string]string) (filterCollection, error) {
+	filters := filterCollection{}
+
+	for repoName, constraintString := range collection {
+		constraint, err := semver.NewConstraint(constraintString)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		f := func(logger *logrus.Entry, sourceReference types.ImageReference) bool {
+			tagged, isTagged := sourceReference.DockerReference().(reference.Tagged)
+			if !isTagged {
+				logger.Errorf("Internal error, reference %s does not have a tag, skipping", sourceReference.DockerReference())
+				return false
+			}
+			tagVersion, err := semver.NewVersion(tagged.Tag())
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Tracef("Tag %q cannot be parsed as semver, skipping", tagged.Tag())
+				return false
+			}
+			return constraint.Check(tagVersion)
+		}
+
+		filters[repoName] = f
+	}
+
+	return filters, nil
+}
+
 // imagesToCopy retrieves all the images to copy from a specified sync source
 // and transport.
 // It returns a slice of repository descriptors, where each descriptor is a
@@ -486,13 +571,6 @@ func imagesToCopy(source string, transport string, sourceCtx *types.SystemContex
 			return descriptors, err
 		}
 		for registryName, registryConfig := range cfg {
-			if len(registryConfig.Images) == 0 && len(registryConfig.ImagesByTagRegex) == 0 {
-				logrus.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-					"registry": registryName,
-				}).Warn("No images specified for registry")
-				continue
-			}
-
 			descs, err := imagesToCopyFromRegistry(registryName, registryConfig, *sourceCtx)
 			if err != nil {
 				return descriptors, fmt.Errorf("Failed to retrieve list of images from registry %q: %w", registryName, err)
@@ -521,26 +599,17 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 	}()
 
 	// validate source and destination options
-	contains := func(val string, list []string) (_ bool) {
-		for _, l := range list {
-			if l == val {
-				return true
-			}
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
 	if len(opts.source) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("A source transport must be specified")
 	}
-	if !contains(opts.source, []string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name(), "yaml"}) {
+	if !slices.Contains([]string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name(), "yaml"}, opts.source) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid source transport", opts.source)
 	}
 
 	if len(opts.destination) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("A destination transport must be specified")
 	}
-	if !contains(opts.destination, []string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name()}) {
+	if !slices.Contains([]string{docker.Transport.Name(), directory.Transport.Name()}, opts.destination) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%q is not a valid destination transport", opts.destination)
 	}
 
@@ -548,6 +617,8 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		return errors.New("sync from 'dir' to 'dir' not implemented, consider using rsync instead")
 	}
 
+	opts.destImage.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(transports.Get(opts.destination))
+
 	imageListSelection := copy.CopySystemImage
 	if opts.all {
 		imageListSelection = copy.CopyAllImages
@@ -558,14 +629,6 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	var manifestType string
-	if opts.format.Present() {
-		manifestType, err = parseManifestFormat(opts.format.Value())
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
 	ctx, cancel := opts.global.commandTimeoutContext()
 	defer cancel()
 
@@ -584,49 +647,39 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// c/image/copy.Image does allow creating both simple signing and sigstore signatures simultaneously,
-	// with independent passphrases, but that would make the CLI probably too confusing.
-	// For now, use the passphrase with either, but only one of them.
-	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" && opts.signByFingerprint != "" && opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Only one of --sign-by and sign-by-sigstore-private-key can be used with sign-passphrase-file")
-	}
-	var passphrase string
-	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" {
-		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.signPassphraseFile)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		passphrase = p
-	} else if opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
-		p, err := promptForPassphrase(opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		passphrase = p
-	}
-	options := copy.Options{
-		RemoveSignatures:                      opts.removeSignatures,
-		SignBy:                                opts.signByFingerprint,
-		SignPassphrase:                        passphrase,
-		SignBySigstorePrivateKeyFile:          opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey,
-		SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase:      []byte(passphrase),
-		ReportWriter:                          os.Stdout,
-		DestinationCtx:                        destinationCtx,
-		ImageListSelection:                    imageListSelection,
-		PreserveDigests:                       opts.preserveDigests,
-		OptimizeDestinationImageAlreadyExists: true,
-		ForceManifestMIMEType:                 manifestType,
+	options, cleanupOptions, err := opts.copy.copyOptions(stdout)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
+	defer cleanupOptions()
+	options.DestinationCtx = destinationCtx
+	options.ImageListSelection = imageListSelection
+	options.OptimizeDestinationImageAlreadyExists = true
+
 	errorsPresent := false
 	imagesNumber := 0
 	if opts.dryRun {
 		logrus.Warn("Running in dry-run mode")
 	}
 
+	var digestFile *os.File
+	if opts.digestFile != "" && !opts.dryRun {
+		digestFile, err = os.OpenFile(opts.digestFile, os.O_TRUNC|os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY, 0644)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("Error creating digest file: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer func() {
+			if err := digestFile.Close(); err != nil {
+				retErr = noteCloseFailure(retErr, "closing digest file", err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
 	for _, srcRepo := range srcRepoList {
 		options.SourceCtx = srcRepo.Context
 		for counter, ref := range srcRepo.ImageRefs {
 			var destSuffix string
+			var manifestBytes []byte
 			switch ref.Transport() {
 			case docker.Transport:
 				// docker -> dir or docker -> docker
@@ -644,7 +697,7 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 				destSuffix = path.Base(destSuffix)
 			}
 
-			destRef, err := destinationReference(path.Join(destination, destSuffix), opts.destination)
+			destRef, err := destinationReference(path.Join(destination, destSuffix)+opts.appendSuffix, opts.destination)
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -658,7 +711,7 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 			} else {
 				logrus.WithFields(fromToFields).Infof("Copying image ref %d/%d", counter+1, len(srcRepo.ImageRefs))
 				if err = retry.IfNecessary(ctx, func() error {
-					_, err = copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, ref, &options)
+					manifestBytes, err = copy.Image(ctx, policyContext, destRef, ref, options)
 					return err
 				}, opts.retryOpts); err != nil {
 					if !opts.keepGoing {
@@ -670,7 +723,19 @@ func (opts *syncOptions) run(args []string, stdout io.Writer) (retErr error) {
 					logrus.WithError(err).Errorf("Error copying ref %q", transports.ImageName(ref))
 					continue
 				}
+				// Ensure that we log the manifest digest to a file only if the copy operation was successful
+				if opts.digestFile != "" {
+					manifestDigest, err := manifest.Digest(manifestBytes)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					outputStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", manifestDigest.String(), transports.ImageName(destRef))
+					if _, err = digestFile.WriteString(outputStr + "\n"); err != nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("Failed to write digest to file %q: %w", opts.digestFile, err)
+					}
+				}
 			}
+
 			imagesNumber++
 		}
 	}

cmd/skopeo/sync_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+var _ yaml.Unmarshaler = (*tlsVerifyConfig)(nil)
+
+func TestTLSVerifyConfig(t *testing.T) {
+	type container struct { // An example of a larger config file
+		TLSVerify tlsVerifyConfig `yaml:"tls-verify"`
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		input    string
+		expected tlsVerifyConfig
+	}{
+		{
+			input:    `tls-verify: true`,
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolFalse},
+		},
+		{
+			input:    `tls-verify: false`,
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolTrue},
+		},
+		{
+			input:    ``, // No value
+			expected: tlsVerifyConfig{skip: types.OptionalBoolUndefined},
+		},
+	} {
+		config := container{}
+		err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(c.input), &config)
+		require.NoError(t, err, c.input)
+		assert.Equal(t, c.expected, config.TLSVerify, c.input)
+	}
+
+	// Invalid input
+	config := container{}
+	err := yaml.Unmarshal([]byte(`tls-verify: "not a valid bool"`), &config)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestSync(t *testing.T) {
+	// Invalid command-line arguments
+	for _, args := range [][]string{
+		{},
+		{"a1"},
+		{"a1", "a2", "a3"},
+	} {
+		out, err := runSkopeo(append([]string{"sync"}, args...)...)
+		assertTestFailed(t, out, err, "Exactly two arguments expected")
+	}
+
+	// FIXME: Much more test coverage
+	// Actual feature tests exist in integration and systemtest
+}

cmd/skopeo/unshare.go

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 //go:build !linux
-// +build !linux
 
 package main
 
-func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(inputImageNames ...string) error {
+func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(_ ...string) error {
 	return nil
 }

cmd/skopeo/unshare_linux.go

@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
 	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/unshare"
-	"github.com/syndtr/gocapability/capability"
+	"github.com/moby/sys/capability"
 )
 
 var neededCapabilities = []capability.Cap{
@@ -15,35 +16,39 @@ var neededCapabilities = []capability.Cap{
 	capability.CAP_FSETID,
 	capability.CAP_MKNOD,
 	capability.CAP_SETFCAP,
+	capability.CAP_SYS_ADMIN,
 }
 
 func maybeReexec() error {
 	// With Skopeo we need only the subset of the root capabilities necessary
 	// for pulling an image to the storage.  Do not attempt to create a namespace
 	// if we already have the capabilities we need.
-	capabilities, err := capability.NewPid(0)
+	capabilities, err := capability.NewPid2(0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error reading the current capabilities sets: %w", err)
 	}
-	for _, cap := range neededCapabilities {
-		if !capabilities.Get(capability.EFFECTIVE, cap) {
-			// We miss a capability we need, create a user namespaces
-			unshare.MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(true)
-			return nil
-		}
+	if err := capabilities.Load(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error loading the current capabilities sets: %w", err)
+	}
+	if slices.ContainsFunc(neededCapabilities, func(cap capability.Cap) bool {
+		return !capabilities.Get(capability.EFFECTIVE, cap)
+	}) {
+		// We miss a capability we need, create a user namespaces
+		unshare.MaybeReexecUsingUserNamespace(true)
+		return nil
 	}
 	return nil
 }
 
 func reexecIfNecessaryForImages(imageNames ...string) error {
 	// Check if container-storage is used before doing unshare
-	for _, imageName := range imageNames {
+	if slices.ContainsFunc(imageNames, func(imageName string) bool {
 		transport := alltransports.TransportFromImageName(imageName)
 		// Hard-code the storage name to avoid a reference on c/image/storage.
 		// See https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/771#issuecomment-563125006.
-		if transport != nil && transport.Name() == "containers-storage" {
-			return maybeReexec()
-		}
+		return transport != nil && transport.Name() == "containers-storage"
+	}) {
+		return maybeReexec()
 	}
 	return nil
 }

cmd/skopeo/utils.go

@@ -7,13 +7,24 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	commonFlag "github.com/containers/common/pkg/flag"
 	"github.com/containers/common/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/directory"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
+	ociarchive "github.com/containers/image/v5/oci/archive"
+	ocilayout "github.com/containers/image/v5/oci/layout"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/cli/sigstore"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/pkg/compression"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/signature/signer"
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/storage"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/transports/alltransports"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
+	dockerdistributionerrcode "github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/errcode"
+	dockerdistributionapi "github.com/docker/distribution/registry/api/v2"
 	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
@@ -21,7 +32,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/term"
 )
 
-// errorShouldDisplayUsage is a subtype of error used by command handlers to indicate that cli.ShowSubcommandHelp should be called.
+// errorShouldDisplayUsage is a subtype of error used by command handlers to indicate that the command’s help should be included.
 type errorShouldDisplayUsage struct {
 	error
 }
@@ -30,11 +41,11 @@ type errorShouldDisplayUsage struct {
 // The error for closeErr is annotated with description (which is not a format string)
 // Typical usage:
 //
-// defer func() {
-//     if err := something.Close(); err != nil {
-//         returnedErr = noteCloseFailure(returnedErr, "closing something", err)
-//     }
-// }
+//	defer func() {
+//		if err := something.Close(); err != nil {
+//			returnedErr = noteCloseFailure(returnedErr, "closing something", err)
+//		}
+//	}
 func noteCloseFailure(err error, description string, closeErr error) error {
 	// We don’t accept a Closer() and close it ourselves because signature.PolicyContext has .Destroy(), not .Close().
 	// This also makes it harder for a caller to do
@@ -43,7 +54,7 @@ func noteCloseFailure(err error, description string, closeErr error) error {
 	if err == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", description, closeErr)
 	}
-	// In this case we prioritize the primary error for use with %w; closeErr is usually less relevant, or might be a consequence of the primary erorr.
+	// In this case we prioritize the primary error for use with %w; closeErr is usually less relevant, or might be a consequence of the primary error.
 	return fmt.Errorf("%w (%s: %v)", err, description, closeErr)
 }
 
@@ -57,7 +68,8 @@ func commandAction(handler func(args []string, stdout io.Writer) error) func(cmd
 		err := handler(args, c.OutOrStdout())
 		var shouldDisplayUsage errorShouldDisplayUsage
 		if errors.As(err, &shouldDisplayUsage) {
-			return c.Help()
+			c.SetOut(c.ErrOrStderr()) // This mutates c, but we are failing anyway.
+			_ = c.Help()              // Even if this failed, we prefer to report the original error
 		}
 		return err
 	}
@@ -102,7 +114,7 @@ type sharedImageOptions struct {
 func sharedImageFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *sharedImageOptions) {
 	opts := sharedImageOptions{}
 	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
-	fs.StringVar(&opts.authFilePath, "authfile", os.Getenv("REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE"), "path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.authFilePath, "authfile", os.Getenv("REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE"), "path of the registry credentials file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
 	return fs, &opts
 }
 
@@ -145,7 +157,7 @@ func dockerImageFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, depreca
 	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
 	if flagPrefix != "" {
 		// the non-prefixed flag is handled by a shared flag.
-		fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.authFilePath), flagPrefix+"authfile", "path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
+		fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.authFilePath), flagPrefix+"authfile", "path of the registry credentials file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR}/containers/auth.json")
 	}
 	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.credsOption), flagPrefix+"creds", "Use `USERNAME[:PASSWORD]` for accessing the registry")
 	fs.Var(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&flags.userName), flagPrefix+"username", "Username for accessing the registry")
@@ -168,9 +180,9 @@ func imageFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, deprecatedTLS
 	dockerFlags, opts := dockerImageFlags(global, shared, deprecatedTLSVerify, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias)
 
 	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.AddFlagSet(&dockerFlags)
 	fs.StringVar(&opts.sharedBlobDir, flagPrefix+"shared-blob-dir", "", "`DIRECTORY` to use to share blobs across OCI repositories")
 	fs.StringVar(&opts.dockerDaemonHost, flagPrefix+"daemon-host", "", "use docker daemon host at `HOST` (docker-daemon: only)")
-	fs.AddFlagSet(&dockerFlags)
 	return fs, opts
 }
 
@@ -178,6 +190,7 @@ func retryFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *retry.Options) {
 	opts := retry.Options{}
 	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
 	fs.IntVar(&opts.MaxRetry, "retry-times", 0, "the number of times to possibly retry")
+	fs.DurationVar(&opts.Delay, "retry-delay", 0*time.Second, "Fixed delay between retries. If not set, retry uses an exponential backoff delay.")
 	return fs, &opts
 }
 
@@ -192,8 +205,8 @@ func (opts *imageOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
 	ctx.AuthFilePath = opts.shared.authFilePath
 	ctx.DockerDaemonHost = opts.dockerDaemonHost
 	ctx.DockerDaemonCertPath = opts.dockerCertPath
-	if opts.dockerImageOptions.authFilePath.Present() {
-		ctx.AuthFilePath = opts.dockerImageOptions.authFilePath.Value()
+	if opts.authFilePath.Present() {
+		ctx.AuthFilePath = opts.authFilePath.Value()
 	}
 	if opts.deprecatedTLSVerify != nil && opts.deprecatedTLSVerify.tlsVerify.Present() {
 		// If both this deprecated option and a non-deprecated option is present, we use the latter value.
@@ -244,6 +257,7 @@ func (opts *imageOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
 }
 
 // imageDestOptions is a superset of imageOptions specialized for image destinations.
+// Every user should call imageDestOptions.warnAboutIneffectiveOptions() as part of handling the CLI
 type imageDestOptions struct {
 	*imageOptions
 	dirForceCompression         bool                   // Compress layers when saving to the dir: transport
@@ -252,12 +266,13 @@ type imageDestOptions struct {
 	compressionFormat           string                 // Format to use for the compression
 	compressionLevel            commonFlag.OptionalInt // Level to use for the compression
 	precomputeDigests           bool                   // Precompute digests to dedup layers when saving to the docker: transport
+	imageDestFlagPrefix         string
 }
 
 // imageDestFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into imageDestOptions, and the managed imageDestOptions structure.
 func imageDestFlags(global *globalOptions, shared *sharedImageOptions, deprecatedTLSVerify *deprecatedTLSVerifyOption, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias string) (pflag.FlagSet, *imageDestOptions) {
 	genericFlags, genericOptions := imageFlags(global, shared, deprecatedTLSVerify, flagPrefix, credsOptionAlias)
-	opts := imageDestOptions{imageOptions: genericOptions}
+	opts := imageDestOptions{imageOptions: genericOptions, imageDestFlagPrefix: flagPrefix}
 	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
 	fs.AddFlagSet(&genericFlags)
 	fs.BoolVar(&opts.dirForceCompression, flagPrefix+"compress", false, "Compress tarball image layers when saving to directory using the 'dir' transport. (default is same compression type as source)")
@@ -295,18 +310,132 @@ func (opts *imageDestOptions) newSystemContext() (*types.SystemContext, error) {
 	return ctx, err
 }
 
+// warnAboutIneffectiveOptions warns if any ineffective option was set by the user
+// Every user should call this as part of handling the CLI
+func (opts *imageDestOptions) warnAboutIneffectiveOptions(destTransport types.ImageTransport) {
+	if destTransport.Name() != directory.Transport.Name() {
+		if opts.dirForceCompression {
+			logrus.Warnf("--%s can only be used if the destination transport is 'dir'", opts.imageDestFlagPrefix+"compress")
+		}
+		if opts.dirForceDecompression {
+			logrus.Warnf("--%s can only be used if the destination transport is 'dir'", opts.imageDestFlagPrefix+"decompress")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// sharedCopyOptions collects CLI flags that affect copying images, currently shared between the copy and sync commands.
+type sharedCopyOptions struct {
+	removeSignatures         bool                      // Do not copy signatures from the source image
+	signByFingerprint        string                    // Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified fingerprint
+	signBySigstoreParamFile  string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore signature per configuration in a param file
+	signBySigstorePrivateKey string                    // Sign the image using a sigstore private key
+	signPassphraseFile       string                    // Path pointing to a passphrase file when signing
+	preserveDigests          bool                      // Preserve digests during copy
+	format                   commonFlag.OptionalString // Force conversion of the image to a specified format
+}
+
+// sharedCopyFlags prepares a collection of CLI flags writing into sharedCopyoptions.
+func sharedCopyFlags() (pflag.FlagSet, *sharedCopyOptions) {
+	opts := sharedCopyOptions{}
+	fs := pflag.FlagSet{}
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.removeSignatures, "remove-signatures", false, "Do not copy signatures from source")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.signByFingerprint, "sign-by", "", "Sign the image using a GPG key with the specified `FINGERPRINT`")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, "sign-by-sigstore", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore parameter file at `PATH`")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, "sign-by-sigstore-private-key", "", "Sign the image using a sigstore private key at `PATH`")
+	fs.StringVar(&opts.signPassphraseFile, "sign-passphrase-file", "", "Read a passphrase for signing an image from `PATH`")
+	fs.VarP(commonFlag.NewOptionalStringValue(&opts.format), "format", "f", `MANIFEST TYPE (oci, v2s1, or v2s2) to use in the destination (default is manifest type of source, with fallbacks)`)
+	fs.BoolVar(&opts.preserveDigests, "preserve-digests", false, "Preserve digests of images and lists")
+	return fs, &opts
+}
+
+// copyOptions interprets opts, returns a partially-filled *copy.Options,
+// and a function that should be called to clean up.
+func (opts *sharedCopyOptions) copyOptions(stdout io.Writer) (*copy.Options, func(), error) {
+	var manifestType string
+	if opts.format.Present() {
+		mt, err := parseManifestFormat(opts.format.Value())
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		manifestType = mt
+	}
+
+	// c/image/copy.Image does allow creating both simple signing and sigstore signatures simultaneously,
+	// with independent passphrases, but that would make the CLI probably too confusing.
+	// For now, use the passphrase with either, but only one of them.
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" && opts.signByFingerprint != "" && opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Only one of --sign-by and sign-by-sigstore-private-key can be used with sign-passphrase-file")
+	}
+	var passphrase string
+	if opts.signPassphraseFile != "" {
+		p, err := cli.ReadPassphraseFile(opts.signPassphraseFile)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} else if opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey != "" {
+		p, err := promptForPassphrase(opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		passphrase = p
+	} // opts.signByFingerprint triggers a GPG-agent passphrase prompt, possibly using a more secure channel, so we usually shouldn’t prompt ourselves if no passphrase was explicitly provided.
+	var passphraseBytes []byte
+	if passphrase != "" {
+		passphraseBytes = []byte(passphrase)
+	}
+
+	var signers []*signer.Signer
+	closeSigners := func() {
+		for _, signer := range signers {
+			signer.Close()
+		}
+	}
+	succeeded := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !succeeded {
+			closeSigners()
+		}
+	}()
+	if opts.signBySigstoreParamFile != "" {
+		signer, err := sigstore.NewSignerFromParameterFile(opts.signBySigstoreParamFile, &sigstore.Options{
+			PrivateKeyPassphrasePrompt: func(keyFile string) (string, error) {
+				return promptForPassphrase(keyFile, os.Stdin, os.Stdout)
+			},
+			Stdin:  os.Stdin,
+			Stdout: stdout,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("Error using --sign-by-sigstore: %w", err)
+		}
+		signers = append(signers, signer)
+	}
+
+	succeeded = true
+	return &copy.Options{
+		RemoveSignatures:                 opts.removeSignatures,
+		Signers:                          signers,
+		SignBy:                           opts.signByFingerprint,
+		SignPassphrase:                   passphrase,
+		SignBySigstorePrivateKeyFile:     opts.signBySigstorePrivateKey,
+		SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase: passphraseBytes,
+
+		ReportWriter: stdout,
+
+		PreserveDigests:       opts.preserveDigests,
+		ForceManifestMIMEType: manifestType,
+	}, closeSigners, nil
+}
+
 func parseCreds(creds string) (string, string, error) {
 	if creds == "" {
 		return "", "", errors.New("credentials can't be empty")
 	}
-	up := strings.SplitN(creds, ":", 2)
-	if len(up) == 1 {
-		return up[0], "", nil
-	}
-	if up[0] == "" {
+	username, password, _ := strings.Cut(creds, ":") // Sets password to "" if there is no ":"
+	if username == "" {
 		return "", "", errors.New("username can't be empty")
 	}
-	return up[0], up[1], nil
+	return username, password, nil
 }
 
 func getDockerAuth(creds string) (*types.DockerAuthConfig, error) {
@@ -393,3 +522,26 @@ func promptForPassphrase(privateKeyFile string, stdin, stdout *os.File) (string,
 	fmt.Fprintf(stdout, "\n")
 	return string(passphrase), nil
 }
+
+// isNotFoundImageError heuristically attempts to determine whether an error
+// is saying the remote source couldn't find the image (as opposed to an
+// authentication error, an I/O error etc.)
+// TODO drive this into containers/image properly
+func isNotFoundImageError(err error) bool {
+	var layoutImageNotFoundError ocilayout.ImageNotFoundError
+	var archiveImageNotFoundError ociarchive.ImageNotFoundError
+	return isDockerManifestUnknownError(err) ||
+		errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNoSuchImage) ||
+		errors.As(err, &layoutImageNotFoundError) ||
+		errors.As(err, &archiveImageNotFoundError)
+}
+
+// isDockerManifestUnknownError is a copy of code from containers/image,
+// please update there first.
+func isDockerManifestUnknownError(err error) bool {
+	var ec dockerdistributionerrcode.ErrorCoder
+	if !errors.As(err, &ec) {
+		return false
+	}
+	return ec.ErrorCode() == dockerdistributionapi.ErrorCodeManifestUnknown
+}

cmd/skopeo/utils_test.go

@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"os"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/containers/image/v5/copy"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/types"
 	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
@@ -350,6 +353,92 @@ func TestTLSVerifyFlags(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// fakeSharedCopyOptions creates sharedCopyOptions and sets it according to cmdFlags.
+func fakeSharedCopyOptions(t *testing.T, cmdFlags []string) *sharedCopyOptions {
+	_, cmd := fakeGlobalOptions(t, []string{})
+	sharedCopyFlags, sharedCopyOpts := sharedCopyFlags()
+	cmd.Flags().AddFlagSet(&sharedCopyFlags)
+	err := cmd.ParseFlags(cmdFlags)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	return sharedCopyOpts
+}
+
+func TestSharedCopyOptionsCopyOptions(t *testing.T) {
+	someStdout := bytes.Buffer{}
+
+	// Default state
+	opts := fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{})
+	res, cleanup, err := opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer cleanup()
+	assert.Equal(t, &copy.Options{
+		ReportWriter: &someStdout,
+	}, res)
+
+	// Set most flags to non-default values
+	// This should also test --sign-by-sigstore and --sign-by-sigstore-private-key; we would have
+	// to create test keys for that.
+	opts = fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{
+		"--remove-signatures",
+		"--sign-by", "gpgFingerprint",
+		"--format", "oci",
+		"--preserve-digests",
+	})
+	res, cleanup, err = opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer cleanup()
+	assert.Equal(t, &copy.Options{
+		RemoveSignatures:      true,
+		SignBy:                "gpgFingerprint",
+		ReportWriter:          &someStdout,
+		PreserveDigests:       true,
+		ForceManifestMIMEType: imgspecv1.MediaTypeImageManifest,
+	}, res)
+
+	// --sign-passphrase-file + --sign-by work
+	passphraseFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "passphrase") // Eventually we could refer to a passphrase fixture instead
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.Remove(passphraseFile.Name())
+	_, err = passphraseFile.WriteString("test-passphrase")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	opts = fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{
+		"--sign-by", "gpgFingerprint",
+		"--sign-passphrase-file", passphraseFile.Name(),
+	})
+	res, cleanup, err = opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer cleanup()
+	assert.Equal(t, &copy.Options{
+		SignBy:                           "gpgFingerprint",
+		SignPassphrase:                   "test-passphrase",
+		SignSigstorePrivateKeyPassphrase: []byte("test-passphrase"),
+		ReportWriter:                     &someStdout,
+	}, res)
+	// --sign-passphrase-file + --sign-by-sigstore-private-key should be tested here.
+
+	// Invalid --format
+	opts = fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{"--format", "invalid"})
+	_, _, err = opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	// More --sign-passphrase-file, --sign-by-sigstore-private-key, --sign-by-sigstore failure cases should be tested here.
+
+	// --sign-passphrase-file not found
+	opts = fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{
+		"--sign-by", "gpgFingerprint",
+		"--sign-passphrase-file", "/dev/null/this/does/not/exist",
+	})
+	_, _, err = opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+
+	// --sign-by-sigstore file not found
+	opts = fakeSharedCopyOptions(t, []string{
+		"--sign-by-sigstore", "/dev/null/this/does/not/exist",
+	})
+	_, _, err = opts.copyOptions(&someStdout)
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
 func TestParseManifestFormat(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, testCase := range []struct {
 		formatParam          string
@@ -385,7 +474,6 @@ func TestParseManifestFormat(t *testing.T) {
 // since there is a shared authfile image option and a non-shared (prefixed) one, make sure the override logic
 // works correctly.
 func TestImageOptionsAuthfileOverride(t *testing.T) {
-
 	for _, testCase := range []struct {
 		flagPrefix           string
 		cmdFlags             []string

contrib/cirrus/mac_cleanup.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+# This script is intended to be called by Cirrus-CI on a Mac M1 persistent worker.
+# It performs a best-effort attempt at cleaning up from one task execution to the next.
+# Since it run both before and after tasks, it must exit cleanly if there was a cleanup
+# failure (i.e. file or directory not found).
+
+# Help anybody debugging side-effects, since failures are ignored (by necessity).
+set +e -x
+
+# These are the main processes which could leak out of testing.
+killall podman vfkit gvproxy make go ginkgo
+
+mkdir -p $TMPDIR
+
+# Golang will leave behind lots of read-only bits, ref:
+# https://go.dev/ref/mod#module-cache
+# However other tools/scripts could also set things read-only.
+# At this point in CI, we really want all this stuff gone-gone,
+# so there's actually zero-chance it can interfere.
+chmod -R u+w $TMPDIR/* $TMPDIR/.??*
+
+# This is defined as $TMPDIR during setup.  Name must be kept
+# "short" as sockets may reside here.  Darwin suffers from
+# the same limited socket-pathname character-length restriction
+# as Linux.
+rm -rf $TMPDIR/* $TMPDIR/.??*
+
+# Don't change or clobber anything under $CIRRUS_WORKING_DIR for
+# the currently running task.  But make sure we have write permission
+# (go get sets dependencies ro) for everything else, before removing it.
+# First make everything writeable - see the "Golang will..." comment above.
+# shellcheck disable=SC2154
+find "$HOME/ci" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \
+    -not -name "*task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}*" -prune -exec chmod -R u+w '{}' +
+find "$HOME/ci" -mindepth 1 -maxdepth 1 \
+    -not -name "*task-${CIRRUS_TASK_ID}*" -prune -exec rm -rf '{}' +
+
+# Bash scripts exit with the status of the last command.
+true

contrib/cirrus/ostree_ext.dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+ARG BASE_FQIN=quay.io/coreos-assembler/fcos-buildroot:testing-devel
+FROM $BASE_FQIN
+
+# See 'Danger of using COPY and ADD instructions'
+# at https://cirrus-ci.org/guide/docker-builder-vm/#dockerfile-as-a-ci-environment
+# Provide easy way to force-invalidate image cache by .cirrus.yml change
+ARG CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION
+ENV CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION=$CIRRUS_IMAGE_VERSION
+ADD https://sh.rustup.rs /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh
+
+RUN dnf remove -y rust && \
+    chmod +x /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh && \
+    /var/tmp/rustup_installer.sh -y --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal
+
+ENV PATH=/root/.cargo/bin:/root/.local/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin

contrib/cirrus/runner.sh

@@ -53,10 +53,7 @@ _run_setup() {
     fi
 
     # VM's come with the distro. skopeo package pre-installed
-    dnf erase -y skopeo
-
-    # Required for testing the SIF transport
-    dnf install -y fakeroot squashfs-tools
+    dnf remove -y skopeo
 
     msg "Removing systemd-resolved from nsswitch.conf"
     # /etc/resolv.conf is already set to bypass systemd-resolvd
@@ -67,7 +64,7 @@ _run_setup() {
     # things directly on the host VM.  Fortunately they're all
     # located in the container under /usr/local/bin
     msg "Accessing contents of $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN"
-    podman pull --quiet $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN
+    podman pull --retry 3 --quiet $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN
     mnt=$(podman mount $(podman create $SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN))
 
     # The container and VM images are built in tandem in the same repo.
@@ -115,22 +112,23 @@ _run_unit() {
     make test-unit-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
 }
 
-_run_integration() {
+_podman_reset() {
     # Ensure we start with a clean-slate
-    podman system reset --force
+    showrun podman system reset --force
+}
 
+_run_integration() {
+    _podman_reset
     make test-integration-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
 }
 
 _run_system() {
-    # Ensure we start with a clean-slate
-    podman system reset --force
-
-    # Executes with containers required for testing.
+    _podman_reset
+    ##### Note: Test MODIFIES THE HOST SETUP #####
     make test-system-local BUILDTAGS="$BUILDTAGS"
 }
 
-req_env_vars SKOPEO_PATH BUILDTAGS
+req_env_vars SKOPEO_PATH
 
 handler="_run_${1}"
 if [ "$(type -t $handler)" != "function" ]; then

contrib/skopeoimage/README.md

@@ -1,57 +1,2 @@
-<img src="https://cdn.rawgit.com/containers/skopeo/master/docs/skopeo.svg" width="250">
-
-----
-
-# skopeoimage
-
-## Overview
-
-This directory contains the Containerfiles necessary to create the skopeoimage container
-images that are housed on quay.io under the skopeo account.  All repositories where
-the images live are public and can be pulled without credentials.  These container images are secured and the
-resulting containers can run safely with privileges within the container.
-
-The container images are built using the latest Fedora and then Skopeo is installed into them.
-The PATH in the container images is set to the default PATH provided by Fedora.  Also, the
-ENTRYPOINT and the WORKDIR variables are not set within these container images, as such they
-default to `/`.
-
-The container images are:
-
-  * `quay.io/containers/skopeo:v<version>` and `quay.io/skopeo/stable:v<version>` -
-    These images are built daily.  These images are intended contain an unchanging
-    and stable version of skopeo.  For the most recent `<version>` tags (`vX`,
-    `vX.Y`, and `vX.Y.Z`) the image contents will be updated daily to incorporate
-    (especially) security updates.  For build details, please[see the configuration
-    file](stable/Containerfile).
-  * `quay.io/containers/skopeo:latest` and `quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest` -
-    Built daily using the same Containerfile as above.  The skopeo version
-    will remain the "latest" available in Fedora, however the other image
-    contents may vary compared to the version-tagged images.
-  * `quay.io/skopeo/testing:latest` - This image is built daily, using the
-    latest version of Skopeo that was in the Fedora `updates-testing` repository.
-    The image is Built with [the testing Containerfile](testing/Containerfile).
-  * `quay.io/skopeo/upstream:latest` - This image is built daily using the latest
-    code found in this GitHub repository.  Due to the image changing frequently,
-    it's not guaranteed to be stable or even executable.  The image is built with
-    [the upstream Containerfile](upstream/Containerfile).
-
-
-## Sample Usage
-
-Although not required, it is suggested that [Podman](https://github.com/containers/podman) be used with these container images.
-
-```
-# Get Help on Skopeo
-podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest --help
-
-# Get help on the Skopeo Copy command
-podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest copy --help
-
-# Copy the Skopeo container image from quay.io to
-# a private registry
-podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest copy docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable docker://registry.internal.company.com/skopeo
-
-# Inspect the fedora:latest image
-podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest inspect --config docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest  | jq
-```
+The skopeo container image build context and automation have been
+moved to [https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo](https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo)

contrib/skopeoimage/stable/Containerfile

@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-# stable/Containerfile
-#
-# Build a Skopeo container image from the latest
-# stable version of Skopeo on the Fedoras Updates System.
-# https://bodhi.fedoraproject.org/updates/?search=skopeo
-# This image can be used to create a secured container
-# that runs safely with privileges within the container.
-#
-FROM registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
-
-# Don't include container-selinux and remove
-# directories used by dnf that are just taking
-# up space.
-# TODO: rpm --setcaps... needed due to Fedora (base) image builds
-#       being (maybe still?) affected by
-#       https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1995337#c3
-RUN dnf -y update && \
-    rpm --setcaps shadow-utils 2>/dev/null && \
-    dnf -y install skopeo fuse-overlayfs \
-        --exclude container-selinux && \
-    dnf clean all && \
-    rm -rf /var/cache /var/log/dnf* /var/log/yum.*
-
-RUN useradd skopeo && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subuid && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subgid
-
-# Copy & modify the defaults to provide reference if runtime changes needed.
-# Changes here are required for running with fuse-overlay storage inside container.
-RUN sed -e 's|^#mount_program|mount_program|g' \
-        -e '/additionalimage.*/a "/var/lib/shared",' \
-        -e 's|^mountopt[[:space:]]*=.*$|mountopt = "nodev,fsync=0"|g' \
-        /usr/share/containers/storage.conf \
-        > /etc/containers/storage.conf
-
-# Setup the ability to use additional stores
-# with this container image.
-RUN mkdir -p /var/lib/shared/overlay-images \
-             /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-images/images.lock && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers/layers.lock
-
-# Point to the Authorization file
-ENV REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=/tmp/auth.json
-
-# Set the entrypoint
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/skopeo"]

contrib/skopeoimage/testing/Containerfile

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-# testing/Containerfile
-#
-# Build a Skopeo container image from the latest
-# version of Skopeo that is in updates-testing
-# on the Fedoras Updates System.
-# https://bodhi.fedoraproject.org/updates/?search=skopeo
-# This image can be used to create a secured container
-# that runs safely with privileges within the container.
-#
-FROM registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
-
-# Don't include container-selinux and remove
-# directories used by dnf that are just taking
-# up space.
-# TODO: rpm --setcaps... needed due to Fedora (base) image builds
-#       being (maybe still?) affected by
-#       https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1995337#c3
-RUN dnf -y update && \
-    rpm --setcaps shadow-utils 2>/dev/null && \
-    dnf -y install skopeo fuse-overlayfs \
-        --exclude container-selinux \
-        --enablerepo updates-testing && \
-    dnf clean all && \
-    rm -rf /var/cache /var/log/dnf* /var/log/yum.*
-
-RUN useradd skopeo && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subuid && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subgid
-
-# Copy & modify the defaults to provide reference if runtime changes needed.
-# Changes here are required for running with fuse-overlay storage inside container.
-RUN sed -e 's|^#mount_program|mount_program|g' \
-        -e '/additionalimage.*/a "/var/lib/shared",' \
-        -e 's|^mountopt[[:space:]]*=.*$|mountopt = "nodev,fsync=0"|g' \
-        /usr/share/containers/storage.conf \
-        > /etc/containers/storage.conf
-
-# Setup the ability to use additional stores
-# with this container image.
-RUN mkdir -p /var/lib/shared/overlay-images \
-             /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-images/images.lock && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers/layers.lock
-
-# Point to the Authorization file
-ENV REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=/tmp/auth.json
-
-# Set the entrypoint
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/skopeo"]

contrib/skopeoimage/upstream/Containerfile

@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-# upstream/Containerfile
-#
-# Build a Skopeo container image from the latest
-# upstream version of Skopeo on GitHub.
-# https://github.com/containers/skopeo
-# This image can be used to create a secured container
-# that runs safely with privileges within the container.
-#
-FROM registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora:latest
-
-# Don't include container-selinux and remove
-# directories used by dnf that are just taking
-# up space.
-# TODO: rpm --setcaps... needed due to Fedora (base) image builds
-#       being (maybe still?) affected by
-#       https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1995337#c3
-RUN dnf -y update && \
-    rpm --setcaps shadow-utils 2>/dev/null && \
-    dnf -y --enablerepo updates-testing --exclude container-selinux install \
-        make \
-        golang \
-        git \
-        go-md2man \
-        fuse-overlayfs \
-        fuse3 \
-        containers-common \
-        gpgme-devel \
-        libassuan-devel \
-        btrfs-progs-devel \
-        device-mapper-devel && \
-    mkdir /root/skopeo && \
-    git clone https://github.com/containers/skopeo \
-        /root/skopeo/src/github.com/containers/skopeo && \
-    export GOPATH=/root/skopeo && \
-    cd /root/skopeo/src/github.com/containers/skopeo && \
-    make bin/skopeo && \
-    make PREFIX=/usr install && \
-    rm -rf /root/skopeo/* && \
-    dnf -y remove git golang go-md2man make && \
-    dnf clean all && \
-    rm -rf /var/cache /var/log/dnf* /var/log/yum.*
-
-RUN useradd skopeo && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subuid && \
-    echo skopeo:100000:65536 > /etc/subgid
-
-# Copy & modify the defaults to provide reference if runtime changes needed.
-# Changes here are required for running with fuse-overlay storage inside container.
-RUN sed -e 's|^#mount_program|mount_program|g' \
-        -e '/additionalimage.*/a "/var/lib/shared",' \
-        -e 's|^mountopt[[:space:]]*=.*$|mountopt = "nodev,fsync=0"|g' \
-        /usr/share/containers/storage.conf \
-        > /etc/containers/storage.conf
-
-# Setup the ability to use additional stores
-# with this container image.
-RUN mkdir -p /var/lib/shared/overlay-images \
-             /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-images/images.lock && \
-    touch /var/lib/shared/overlay-layers/layers.lock
-
-# Point to the Authorization file
-ENV REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=/tmp/auth.json
-
-# Set the entrypoint
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/skopeo"]

default.yaml

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # This is a default registries.d configuration file.  You may
 # add to this file or create additional files in registries.d/.
 #
-# lookaside: indicates a location that is read and write
-# lookaside-staging: indicates a location that is only for write
+# lookaside: for reading/writing simple signing signatures
+# lookaside-staging: for writing simple signing signatures, preferred over lookaside
 #
 # lookaside and lookaside-staging take a value of the following:
 #   lookaside:  {schema}://location
@@ -10,10 +10,12 @@
 # For reading signatures, schema may be http, https, or file.
 # For writing signatures, schema may only be file.
 
-# This is the default signature write location for docker registries.
+# The default locations are built-in, for both reading and writing:
+# /var/lib/containers/sigstore for root, or
+# ~/.local/share/containers/sigstore for non-root users.
 default-docker:
-#  lookaside: file:///var/lib/containers/sigstore
-  lookaside-staging: file:///var/lib/containers/sigstore
+#  lookaside: https://…
+#  lookaside-staging: file:///…
 
 # The 'docker' indicator here is the start of the configuration
 # for docker registries.
@@ -21,6 +23,6 @@ default-docker:
 # docker:
 #
 #   privateregistry.com:
-#    lookaside: http://privateregistry.com/sigstore/
+#    lookaside: https://privateregistry.com/sigstore/
 #    lookaside-staging: /mnt/nfs/privateregistry/sigstore
 

docs-experimental/skopeo-experimental-image-proxy.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+% skopeo-experimental-image-proxy(1)
+
+# NAME
+skopeo-experimental-image-proxy - API server for fetching container images (EXPERIMENTAL)
+
+# SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo experimental-image-proxy** [*options*]
+
+# DESCRIPTION
+**EXPERIMENTAL COMMAND**: This command is experimental, and its API is subject to change. It is currently hidden from the main help output and not supported on Windows.
+
+`skopeo experimental-image-proxy` exposes core container image fetching APIs via custom JSON+fd-passing protocol. This provides a lightweight way to fetch container image content (manifests and blobs). This command is primarily intended for programs that want to operate on a storage type that skopeo doesn't natively handle. For example, the bootc project currently has a custom ostree-based container storage backend.
+
+The client process that invokes `skopeo experimental-image-proxy` is responsible for creating a socket pair and passing one of the file descriptors to the proxy. By default, the proxy expects this file descriptor to be its standard input (fd 0), but a different fd can be specified using the **--sockfd** option.
+
+**Protocol Overview**
+
+The protocol requires a `socketpair(2)` of type `SOCK_SEQPACKET`, over which a single JSON message is sent per packet. Large data payloads, such as image manifests and blobs, are transferred over separate pipes (`pipe(2)`), with the read-ends of these pipes passed to the client via file descriptor (FD) passing.
+
+*   **Request Format**: A JSON object: `{ "method": "MethodName", "args": [arguments] }`
+*   **Reply Format**: A JSON object: `{ "success": boolean, "value": JSONValue, "pipeid": number, "error_code": string, "error": string }`
+    *   `success`: `true` if the call succeeded, `false` otherwise.
+    *   `value`: The return value of the method, if any.
+    *   `pipeid`: An integer identifying a pipe for data transfer. This ID is used with the `FinishPipe` method.
+    *   `error_code`: A string indicating the type of error if `success` is `false` (e.g., "EPIPE", "retryable", "other"). (Introduced in protocol version 0.2.8)
+    *   `error`: A string describing the error if `success` is `false`.
+
+The current protocol version is `0.2.8`.
+
+**Supported Protocol Methods**
+
+The server supports the following methods:
+
+*   **Initialize**: Initializes the proxy. This method must be called before any other method.
+    *   Args: `[]` (empty array)
+    *   Returns: `string` (the protocol version, e.g., "0.2.8")
+*   **OpenImage**: Opens an image reference (e.g., `docker://quay.io/example/image:latest`).
+    *   Args: `[string imageName]`
+    *   Returns: `uint64` (an opaque image ID to be used in subsequent calls)
+*   **OpenImageOptional**: Similar to `OpenImage`, but if the image is not found, it returns `0` (a sentinel image ID) instead of an error.
+    *   Args: `[string imageName]`
+    *   Returns: `uint64` (opaque image ID, or `0` if the image is not found)
+*   **CloseImage**: Closes a previously opened image, releasing associated resources.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `null`
+*   **GetManifest**: Retrieves the image manifest. If the image is a manifest list, it is resolved to an image matching the proxy's current OS and architecture. The manifest is converted to OCI format if it isn't already. The `value` field in the reply contains the original digest of the manifest (if the image is a manifest list, this is the digest of the list, not the per-platform instance). The manifest content is streamed over a pipe.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `string` (manifest digest in `value`), manifest data via pipe.
+*   **GetFullConfig**: Retrieves the full image configuration, conforming to the OCI Image Format Specification. Configuration data is streamed over a pipe.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `null`, configuration data via pipe.
+*   **GetBlob**: Fetches an image blob (e.g., a layer) by its digest and expected size. The proxy performs digest verification on the blob data. The `value` field in the reply contains the blob size. Blob data is streamed over a pipe.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID, string digest, uint64 size]`
+    *   Returns: `int64` (blob size in `value`, `-1` if unknown), blob data via pipe.
+*   **GetRawBlob**: Fetches an image blob by its digest. Unlike `GetBlob`, this method does not perform server-side digest verification. It returns two file descriptors to the client: one for the blob data and another for reporting errors that occur during the streaming. This method does not use the `FinishPipe` mechanism. The `value` field in the reply contains the blob size. (Introduced in protocol version 0.2.8)
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID, string digest]`
+    *   Returns: `int64` (blob size in `value`, `-1` if unknown), and *two* file descriptors: one for the blob data, one for errors. The error is a `ProxyError` type, see below.
+*   **GetLayerInfoPiped**: Retrieves information about image layers. This replaces `GetLayerInfo`.  Layer information data is streamed over a pipe, which makes it more reliable for images with many layers that would exceed message size limits with `GetLayerInfo`. The returned data is a JSON array of `{digest: string, size: int64, media_type: string}`. (Introduced in protocol version 0.2.7)
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `null`, layer information data via pipe.
+*   **FinishPipe**: Signals that the client has finished reading all data from a pipe associated with a `pipeid` (obtained from methods like `GetManifest` or `GetBlob`). This allows the server to close its end of the pipe and report any pending errors (e.g., digest verification failure for `GetBlob`). This method **must** be called by the client after consuming data from a pipe, except for pipes from `GetRawBlob`.
+    *   Args: `[uint32 pipeID]`
+    *   Returns: `null`
+*   **Shutdown**: Instructs the proxy server to terminate gracefully.
+    *   Args: `[]` (empty array)
+    *   Returns: `null`
+
+The following methods are deprecated:
+
+*   **GetConfig**: (deprecated) Retrieves the container runtime configuration part of the image (the OCI `config` field). **Note**: This method returns only a part of the full image configuration due to a historical oversight. Use `GetFullConfig` for the complete image configuration. Configuration data is streamed over a pipe.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `null`, configuration data via pipe.
+*   **GetLayerInfo**: (deprecated) Retrieves an array of objects, each describing an image layer (digest, size, mediaType). **Note**: This method returns data inline and may fail for images with many layers due to message size limits. Use `GetLayerInfoPiped` for a more robust solution.
+    *   Args: `[uint64 imageID]`
+    *   Returns: `array` of `{digest: string, size: int64, media_type: string}`.
+
+**Data Transfer for Pipes**
+
+When a method returns a `pipeid`, the server also passes the read-end of a pipe via file descriptor (FD) passing. The client reads the data (e.g., manifest content, blob content) from this FD. After successfully reading all data, the client **must** call `FinishPipe` with the corresponding `pipeid`. This signals to the server that the transfer is complete, allows the server to clean up resources, and enables the client to check for any errors that might have occurred during the data streaming process (e.g., a digest mismatch during `GetBlob`). The `GetRawBlob` method is an exception; it uses a dedicated error pipe instead of the `FinishPipe` mechanism.
+
+**ProxyError**
+
+`GetBlobRaw` returns a JSON object of the following form in the error pipe where:
+```
+{
+    "code": "EPIPE" | "retryable" | "other",
+    "message": "error message"
+}
+```
+
+- EPIPE: The client closed the pipe before reading all data.
+- retryable: The operation failed but might succeed if retried.
+- other: A generic error occurred.
+
+# OPTIONS
+**--sockfd**=*fd*
+Serve on the opened socket passed as file descriptor *fd*. Defaults to 0 (standard input).
+
+The command also supports common skopeo options for interacting with image registries and local storage. These include:
+
+**--authfile**=*path*
+
+Path of the primary registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
+
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
+
+**--cert-dir**=*path*
+
+Use certificates at *path* (\*.crt, \*.cert, \*.key) to connect to the registry.
+
+**--creds** _username[:password]_
+
+Username and password for accessing the registry.
+
+**--daemon-host** _host_
+
+Use docker daemon host at _host_ (`docker-daemon:` transport only)
+
+**--no-creds**
+
+Access the registry anonymously.
+
+**--password**=*password*
+
+Password for accessing the registry. Use with **--username**.
+
+**--registry-token**=*token*
+
+Provide a Bearer *token* for accessing the registry.
+
+**--shared-blob-dir** _directory_
+
+Directory to use to share blobs across OCI repositories.
+
+**--tls-verify**=_bool_
+
+Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or daemon. Default to registry.conf setting.
+
+**--username**=*username*
+Username for accessing the registry. Use with **--password**.
+
+# REFERENCE CLIENT LIBRARIES
+
+- Rust: The [containers-image-proxy-rs project](https://github.com/containers/containers-image-proxy-rs) serves
+as the reference Rust client.
+
+# PROTOCOL HISTORY
+
+- 0.2.1: Initial version
+- 0.2.2: Added support for fetching image configuration as OCI
+- 0.2.3: Added GetFullConfig
+- 0.2.4: Added OpenImageOptional
+- 0.2.5: Added LayerInfoJSON
+- 0.2.6: Policy Verification before pulling OCI
+- 0.2.7: Added GetLayerInfoPiped
+- 0.2.8: Added GetRawBlob and error_code to replies
+
+## SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), containers-auth.json(5)

docs/skopeo-copy.1.md

@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@ automatically inherit any parts of the source name.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--additional-tag**=_strings_
 
 Additional tags (supports docker-archive).
@@ -32,19 +34,20 @@ the images in the list, and the list itself.
 
 **--authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
-If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
 
-Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
-environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
 
 **--src-authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
 
 **--dest-authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
 
 **--dest-shared-blob-dir** _directory_
 
@@ -58,6 +61,8 @@ After copying the image, write the digest of the resulting image to the file.
 
 Preserve the digests during copying. Fail if the digest cannot be preserved.
 
+This option does not change what will be copied; consider using `--all` at the same time.
+
 **--encrypt-layer** _ints_
 
 *Experimental* the 0-indexed layer indices, with support for negative indexing (e.g. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer)
@@ -93,6 +98,11 @@ Do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. Necessary when copying a si
 
 Add a “simple signing” signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
 
+**--sign-by-sigstore** _param-file_
+
+Add a sigstore signature based on the options in the specified containers sigstore signing parameter file, _param-file_.
+See containers-sigstore-signing-params.yaml(5) for details about the file format.
+
 **--sign-by-sigstore-private-key** _path_
 
 Add a sigstore signature using a private key at _path_ for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
@@ -173,7 +183,9 @@ Existing signatures, if any, are preserved as well.
 
 **--dest-compress-format** _format_
 
-Specifies the compression format to use.  Supported values are: `gzip` and `zstd`.
+Specifies the compression format to use.  Supported values are: `gzip`, `zstd` and `zstd:chunked`.
+`zstd:chunked` is incompatible with encrypting images,
+and will be treated as `zstd` with a warning in that case.
 
 **--dest-compress-level** _format_
 
@@ -193,7 +205,11 @@ Precompute digests to ensure layers are not uploaded that already exist on the d
 
 **--retry-times**
 
-The number of times to retry. Retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
 
 **--src-username**
 
@@ -211,15 +227,19 @@ The username to access the destination registry.
 
 The password to access the destination registry.
 
+**--image-parallel-copies** _n_
+
+Maximum number of image layers to be copied (pulled/pushed) simultaneously. Not setting this field will fall back to containers/image defaults.
+
 ## EXAMPLES
 
 To just copy an image from one registry to another:
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo copy docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest docker://registry.example.com/skopeo:latest
 ```
 
 To copy the layers of the docker.io busybox image to a local directory:
-```sh
+```console
 $ mkdir -p /var/lib/images/busybox
 $ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest dir:/var/lib/images/busybox
 $ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
@@ -228,42 +248,46 @@ $ ls /var/lib/images/busybox/*
   /tmp/busybox/8ddc19f16526912237dd8af81971d5e4dd0587907234be2b83e249518d5b673f.tar
 ```
 
-To copy and sign an image:
+To create an archive consumable by `docker load` (but note that using a registry is almost always more efficient):
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://busybox:latest docker-archive:archive-file.tar:busybox:latest
+```
 
-```sh
-# skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com containers-storage:example/busybox:streaming docker://example/busybox:gold
+To copy and sign an image:
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --sign-by dev@example.com containers-storage:example/busybox:streaming docker://example/busybox:gold
 ```
 
 To encrypt an image:
-```sh
-skopeo copy docker://docker.io/library/nginx:1.17.8 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8
+```console
+$ skopeo copy docker://docker.io/library/nginx:1.17.8 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8
 
-openssl genrsa -out private.key 1024
-openssl rsa -in private.key -pubout > public.key
+$ openssl genrsa -out private.key 1024
+$ openssl rsa -in private.key -pubout > public.key
 
-skopeo  copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
+$ skopeo copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
 ```
 
 To decrypt an image:
-```sh
-skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
 ```
 
 To copy encrypted image without decryption:
-```sh
-skopeo copy oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-encrypt-copy:encrypted
+```console
+$ skopeo copy oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-encrypt-copy:encrypted
 ```
 
 To decrypt an image that requires more than one key:
-```sh
-skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private1.key --decryption-key ./private2.key --decryption-key ./private3.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --decryption-key ./private1.key --decryption-key ./private2.key --decryption-key ./private3.key oci:try-encrypt:encrypted oci:try-decrypt:decrypted
 ```
 
 Container images can also be partially encrypted by specifying the index of the layer. Layers are 0-indexed indices, with support for negative indexing. i.e. 0 is the first layer, -1 is the last layer.
 
 Let's say out of 3 layers that the image `docker.io/library/nginx:1.17.8` is made up of, we only want to encrypt the 2nd layer,
-```sh
-skopeo  copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key --encrypt-layer 1 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
+```console
+$ skopeo copy --encryption-key jwe:./public.key --encrypt-layer 1 oci:local_nginx:1.17.8 oci:try-encrypt:encrypted
 ```
 
 ## SEE ALSO

docs/skopeo-delete.1.md

@@ -31,10 +31,16 @@ $ docker exec -it registry /usr/bin/registry garbage-collect /etc/docker-distrib
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
-If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
+
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
 
 **--creds** _username[:password]_
 
@@ -64,7 +70,11 @@ Bearer token for accessing the registry.
 
 **--retry-times**
 
-The number of times to retry. Retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
 
 **--shared-blob-dir** _directory_
 
@@ -85,7 +95,7 @@ The password to access the registry.
 ## EXAMPLES
 
 Mark image example/pause for deletion from the registry.example.com registry:
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo delete docker://registry.example.com/example/pause:latest
 ```
 See above for additional details on using the command **delete**.

docs/skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+% skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)
+
+## NAME
+skopeo\-generate-sigstore-key - Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+**skopeo generate-sigstore-key** [*options*] **--output-prefix** _prefix_
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Generates a public/private key pair suitable for creating sigstore image signatures.
+The private key is encrypted with a passphrase;
+if one is not provided using an option, this command prompts for it interactively.
+
+The private key is written to _prefix_**.private** .
+The public key is written to _prefix_**.pub** .
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
+**--help**, **-h**
+
+Print usage statement
+
+**--output-prefix** _prefix_
+
+Mandatory.
+Path prefix for the output keys (_prefix_**.private** and _prefix_**.pub**).
+
+**--passphrase-file** _path_
+
+The passphare to use to encrypt the private key.
+Only the first line will be read.
+A passphrase stored in a file is of questionable security if other users can read this file.
+Do not use this option if at all avoidable.
+
+## EXAMPLES
+
+```console
+$ skopeo generate-sigstore-key --output-prefix mykey
+```
+
+# SEE ALSO
+skopeo(1), skopeo-copy(1), containers-policy.json(5)
+
+## AUTHORS
+
+Miloslav Trmač <mitr@redhat.com>

docs/skopeo-inspect.1.md

@@ -17,10 +17,16 @@ To see values for a different architecture/OS, use the **--override-os** / **--o
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
-If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
+
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
 
 **--cert-dir** _path_
 
@@ -42,6 +48,7 @@ Use docker daemon host at _host_ (`docker-daemon:` transport only)
 
 Format the output using the given Go template.
 The keys of the returned JSON can be used as the values for the --format flag (see examples below).
+Supports the Go templating functions available at https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/containers/common/pkg/report#hdr-Template_Functions
 
 **--help**, **-h**
 
@@ -62,7 +69,11 @@ Registry token for accessing the registry.
 
 **--retry-times**
 
-The number of times to retry; retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
 
 **--shared-blob-dir** _directory_
 
@@ -87,74 +98,90 @@ Do not list the available tags from the repository in the output. When `true`, t
 ## EXAMPLES
 
 To review information for the image fedora from the docker.io registry:
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo inspect docker://docker.io/fedora
+
 {
     "Name": "docker.io/library/fedora",
-    "Digest": "sha256:a97914edb6ba15deb5c5acf87bd6bd5b6b0408c96f48a5cbd450b5b04509bb7d",
+    "Digest": "sha256:f99efcddc4dd6736d8a88cc1ab6722098ec1d77dbf7aed9a7a514fc997ca08e0",
     "RepoTags": [
-	"20",
-	"21",
-	"22",
-	"23",
-	"24",
-	"heisenbug",
-	"latest",
-	"rawhide"
+        "20",
+        "21",
+        "..."
     ],
-    "Created": "2016-06-20T19:33:43.220526898Z",
-    "DockerVersion": "1.10.3",
-    "Labels": {},
+    "Created": "2022-11-16T07:26:42.618327645Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "20.10.12",
+    "Labels": {
+        "maintainer": "Clement Verna \u003ccverna@fedoraproject.org\u003e"
+    },
     "Architecture": "amd64",
     "Os": "linux",
     "Layers": [
-	"sha256:7c91a140e7a1025c3bc3aace4c80c0d9933ac4ee24b8630a6b0b5d8b9ce6b9d4"
+        "sha256:cb8b1ed77979b894115a983f391465651aa7eb3edd036be4b508eea47271eb93"
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:cb8b1ed77979b894115a983f391465651aa7eb3edd036be4b508eea47271eb93",
+            "Size": 65990920,
+            "Annotations": null
+        }
+    ],
+    "Env": [
+        "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
+        "DISTTAG=f37container",
+        "FGC=f37",
+        "FBR=f37"
     ]
 }
 ```
 
 To inspect python from the docker.io registry and not show the available tags:
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo inspect --no-tags docker://docker.io/library/python
 {
     "Name": "docker.io/library/python",
-    "Digest": "sha256:5ca194a80ddff913ea49c8154f38da66a41d2b73028c5cf7e46bc3c1d6fda572",
+    "Digest": "sha256:10fc14aa6ae69f69e4c953cffd9b0964843d8c163950491d2138af891377bc1d",
     "RepoTags": [],
-    "Created": "2021-10-05T23:40:54.936108045Z",
-    "DockerVersion": "20.10.7",
+    "Created": "2022-11-16T06:55:28.566254104Z",
+    "DockerVersion": "20.10.12",
     "Labels": null,
     "Architecture": "amd64",
     "Os": "linux",
     "Layers": [
-        "sha256:df5590a8898bedd76f02205dc8caa5cc9863267dbcd8aac038bcd212688c1cc7",
-        "sha256:705bb4cb554eb7751fd21a994f6f32aee582fbe5ea43037db6c43d321763992b",
-        "sha256:519df5fceacdeaadeec563397b1d9f4d7c29c9f6eff879739cab6f0c144f49e1",
-        "sha256:ccc287cbeddc96a0772397ca00ec85482a7b7f9a9fac643bfddd87b932f743db",
-        "sha256:e3f8e6af58ed3a502f0c3c15dce636d9d362a742eb5b67770d0cfcb72f3a9884",
-        "sha256:aebed27b2d86a5a3a2cbe186247911047a7e432b9d17daad8f226597c0ea4276",
-        "sha256:54c32182bdcc3041bf64077428467109a70115888d03f7757dcf614ff6d95ebe",
-        "sha256:cc8b7caedab13af07adf4836e13af2d4e9e54d794129b0fd4c83ece6b1112e86",
-        "sha256:462c3718af1d5cdc050cfba102d06c26f78fe3b738ce2ca2eb248034b1738945"
+        "sha256:a8ca11554fce00d9177da2d76307bdc06df7faeb84529755c648ac4886192ed1",
+        "sha256:e4e46864aba2e62ba7c75965e4aa33ec856ee1b1074dda6b478101c577b63abd",
+        "..."
+    ],
+    "LayersData": [
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:a8ca11554fce00d9177da2d76307bdc06df7faeb84529755c648ac4886192ed1",
+            "Size": 55038615,
+            "Annotations": null
+        },
+        {
+            "MIMEType": "application/vnd.docker.image.rootfs.diff.tar.gzip",
+            "Digest": "sha256:e4e46864aba2e62ba7c75965e4aa33ec856ee1b1074dda6b478101c577b63abd",
+            "Size": 5164893,
+            "Annotations": null
+        },
+        "..."
     ],
     "Env": [
         "PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
         "LANG=C.UTF-8",
-        "GPG_KEY=A035C8C19219BA821ECEA86B64E628F8D684696D",
-        "PYTHON_VERSION=3.10.0",
-        "PYTHON_PIP_VERSION=21.2.4",
-        "PYTHON_SETUPTOOLS_VERSION=57.5.0",
-        "PYTHON_GET_PIP_URL=https://github.com/pypa/get-pip/raw/d781367b97acf0ece7e9e304bf281e99b618bf10/public/get-pip.py",
-        "PYTHON_GET_PIP_SHA256=01249aa3e58ffb3e1686b7141b4e9aac4d398ef4ac3012ed9dff8dd9f685ffe0"
+        "...",
     ]
 }
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ /bin/skopeo inspect --config docker://registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora --format "{{ .Architecture }}"
 amd64
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ /bin/skopeo inspect --format '{{ .Env }}' docker://registry.access.redhat.com/ubi8
 [PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin container=oci]
 ```

docs/skopeo-list-tags.1.md

@@ -12,10 +12,16 @@ Return a list of tags from _source-image_ in a registry or a local docker-archiv
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
-  If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+Path of the updated registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
+
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
 
 **--creds** _username[:password]_ for accessing the registry.
 
@@ -37,7 +43,11 @@ Bearer token for accessing the registry.
 
 **--retry-times**
 
-The number of times to retry. Retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
 
 **--tls-verify**=_bool_
 
@@ -58,7 +68,7 @@ Repository names are transport-specific references as each transport may have it
 This commands refers to repositories using a _transport_`:`_details_ format. The following formats are supported:
 
   **docker://**_docker-repository-reference_
-  A repository in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in either `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `(skopeo login)`. If the authorization state is not found there, `$HOME/.docker/config.json` is checked, which is set using `(docker login)`.
+  A repository in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2".
   A _docker-repository-reference_ is of the form: **registryhost:port/repositoryname** which is similar to an _image-reference_ but with no tag or digest allowed as the last component (e.g no `:latest` or `@sha256:xyz`)
 
       Examples of valid docker-repository-references:
@@ -79,7 +89,7 @@ This commands refers to repositories using a _transport_`:`_details_ format. The
 
 ### Docker Transport
 To get the list of tags in the "fedora" repository from the docker.io registry (the repository name expands to "library/fedora" per docker transport canonical form):
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo list-tags docker://docker.io/fedora
 {
     "Repository": "docker.io/library/fedora",
@@ -110,7 +120,7 @@ $ skopeo list-tags docker://docker.io/fedora
 
 To list the tags in a local host docker/distribution registry on port 5000, in this case for the "fedora" repository:
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo list-tags docker://localhost:5000/fedora
 {
     "Repository": "localhost:5000/fedora",
@@ -127,7 +137,7 @@ $ skopeo list-tags docker://localhost:5000/fedora
 
 To list the tags in a local docker-archive file:
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/busybox.tar.gz
 {
     "Tags": [
@@ -138,7 +148,7 @@ $ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/busybox.tar.gz
 
 Also supports more than one tags in an archive:
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/docker-two-images.tar.gz
 {
     "Tags": [
@@ -150,7 +160,7 @@ $ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/docker-two-images.tar.gz
 
 Will include a source-index entry for each untagged image:
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo list-tags docker-archive:/tmp/four-tags-with-an-untag.tar
 {
     "Tags": [

docs/skopeo-login.1.md

@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ skopeo\-login - Login to a container registry.
 **skopeo login** logs into a specified registry server with the correct username
 and password. **skopeo login** reads in the username and password from STDIN.
 The username and password can also be set using the **username** and **password** flags.
-The path of the authentication file can be specified by the user by setting the **authfile**
-flag. The default path used is **${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json**.
+The path of the credentials file can be specified by the user by setting the **authfile**
+flag.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--password**, **-p**=*password*
 
 Password for registry
@@ -29,10 +31,14 @@ Username for registry
 
 **--authfile**=*path*
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json
+Path of the managed registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the default on other platforms.
 
-Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
-environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
+
+**--compat-auth-file**=*path*
+
+Instead of updating the default credentials file, update the one at *path*, and use a Docker-compatible format.
 
 **--get-login**
 
@@ -57,41 +63,41 @@ Write more detailed information to stdout
 
 ## EXAMPLES
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login docker.io
 Username: testuser
 Password:
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login -u testuser -p testpassword localhost:5000
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login --authfile authdir/myauths.json docker.io
 Username: testuser
 Password:
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login --tls-verify=false -u test -p test localhost:5000
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login --cert-dir /etc/containers/certs.d/ -u foo -p bar localhost:5000
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo login -u testuser  --password-stdin < testpassword.txt docker.io
 Login Succeeded!
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ echo $testpassword | skopeo login -u testuser --password-stdin docker.io
 Login Succeeded!
 ```

docs/skopeo-logout.1.md

@@ -8,18 +8,23 @@ skopeo\-logout - Logout of a container registry.
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 **skopeo logout** logs out of a specified registry server by deleting the cached credentials
-stored in the **auth.json** file. The path of the authentication file can be overridden by the user by setting the **authfile** flag.
-The default path used is **${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json**.
+stored in the **auth.json** file. The path of the credentials file can be overridden by the user by setting the **authfile** flag.
 All the cached credentials can be removed by setting the **all** flag.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--authfile**=*path*
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json
+Path of the managed registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the default on other platforms.
 
-Note: You can also override the default path of the authentication file by setting the REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE
-environment variable. `export REGISTRY_AUTH_FILE=path`
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
+
+**--compat-auth-file**=*path*
+
+Instead of updating the default credentials file, update the one at *path*, and use a Docker-compatible format.
 
 **--all**, **-a**
 
@@ -35,17 +40,17 @@ Require HTTPS and verify certificates when talking to the container registry or
 
 ## EXAMPLES
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo logout docker.io
 Remove login credentials for docker.io
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo logout --authfile authdir/myauths.json docker.io
 Remove login credentials for docker.io
 ```
 
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo logout --all
 Remove login credentials for all registries
 ```

docs/skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Print usage statement
 
 ## EXAMPLES
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo manifest-digest manifest.json
 sha256:a59906e33509d14c036c8678d687bd4eec81ed7c4b8ce907b888c607f6a1e0e6
 ```

docs/skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 % skopeo-standalone-sign(1)
 
 ## NAME
-skopeo\-standalone-sign - Debugging tool - Publish and sign an image in one step.
+skopeo\-standalone-sign - Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 **skopeo standalone-sign** [*options*] _manifest_ _docker-reference_ _key-fingerprint_ **--output**|**-o** _signature_
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ This is primarily a debugging tool, useful for special cases, and usually should
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--help**, **-h**
 
 Print usage statement
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ The passphare to use when signing with the key ID from `--sign-by`. Only the fir
 
 ## EXAMPLES
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo standalone-sign busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8 --output busybox.signature
 $
 ```

docs/skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 % skopeo-standalone-verify(1)
 
 ## NAME
-skopeo\-standalone\-verify - Verify an image signature.
+skopeo\-standalone\-verify - Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files.
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
-**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest_ _docker-reference_ _key-fingerprint_ _signature_
+**skopeo standalone-verify** _manifest_ _docker-reference_ _key-fingerprints_ _signature_
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ as per containers-policy.json(5).
 
   _docker-reference_ A docker reference expected to identify the image in the signature
 
-  _key-fingerprint_ Expected identity of the signing key
+  _key-fingerprints_ Identities of trusted signing keys (comma separated), or "any" to trust any known key when using a public key file
 
   _signature_ Path to signature file
 
@@ -24,13 +24,19 @@ as per containers-policy.json(5).
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--help**, **-h**
 
 Print usage statement
 
+**--public-key-file** _public key file_
+
+File containing the public keys to use when verifying signatures. If this is not specified, keys from the GPG homedir are used.
+
 ## EXAMPLES
 
-```sh
+```console
 $ skopeo standalone-verify busybox-manifest.json registry.example.com/example/busybox 1D8230F6CDB6A06716E414C1DB72F2188BB46CC8  busybox.signature
 Signature verified, digest sha256:20bf21ed457b390829cdbeec8795a7bea1626991fda603e0d01b4e7f60427e55
 ```

docs/skopeo-sync.1.md

@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
 % skopeo-sync(1)
 
 ## NAME
-skopeo\-sync - Synchronize images between container registries and local directories.
+skopeo\-sync - Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.
 
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 **skopeo sync** [*options*] --src _transport_ --dest _transport_ _source_ _destination_
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
-Synchronize images between container registries and local directories.
-The synchronization is achieved by copying all the images found at _source_ to _destination_.
-
-Useful to synchronize a local container registry mirror, and to to populate registries running inside of air-gapped environments.
+Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories. Synchronization is achieved by copying all the images found at _source_ to _destination_ - useful when synchronizing a local container registry mirror or for populating registries running inside of air-gapped environments.
 
 Differently from other skopeo commands, skopeo sync requires both source and destination transports to be specified separately from _source_ and _destination_.
 One of the problems of prefixing a destination with its transport is that, the registry `docker://hostname:port` would be wrongly interpreted as an image reference at a non-fully qualified registry, with `hostname` and `port` the image name and tag.
@@ -32,6 +29,9 @@ When the `--scoped` option is specified, images are prefixed with the source ima
 name can be stored at _destination_.
 
 ## OPTIONS
+
+See also [skopeo(1)](skopeo.1.md) for options placed before the subcommand name.
+
 **--all**, **-a**
 If one of the images in __src__ refers to a list of images, instead of copying just the image which matches the current OS and
 architecture (subject to the use of the global --override-os, --override-arch and --override-variant options), attempt to copy all of
@@ -39,16 +39,20 @@ the images in the list, and the list itself.
 
 **--authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file. Default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json, which is set using `skopeo login`.
-If the authorization state is not found there, $HOME/.docker/config.json is checked, which is set using `docker login`.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file. On Linux, the default is ${XDG\_RUNTIME\_DIR}/containers/auth.json.
+See **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism and defaults on other platforms.
+
+Use `skopeo login` to manage the credentials.
+
+The default value of this option is read from the `REGISTRY\_AUTH\_FILE` environment variable.
 
 **--src-authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file for the source registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
 
 **--dest-authfile** _path_
 
-Path of the authentication file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
+Path of the primary registry credentials file for the destination registry. Uses path given by `--authfile`, if not provided.
 
 **--dry-run**
 
@@ -66,7 +70,23 @@ Print usage statement.
 
 **--scoped** Prefix images with the source image path, so that multiple images with the same name can be stored at _destination_.
 
-**--preserve-digests** Preserve the digests during copying. Fail if the digest cannot be preserved.
+**--append-suffix** _tag-suffix_ String to append to destination tags.
+
+**--digestfile** _path_
+
+After copying the images from source, write the digest of the resulting images along with Image Reference.
+
+```
+sha256:bf91f90823248017a4f920fb541727fa8368dc6cf377a7debbd271cf6a31c8a7 docker://myhost.com/alpine:edge
+sha256:31603596830fc7e56753139f9c2c6bd3759e48a850659506ebfb885d1cf3aef5 docker://myhost.com/postgres:14.3
+
+```
+
+**--preserve-digests**
+
+Preserve the digests during copying. Fail if the digest cannot be preserved.
+
+This option does not change what will be copied; consider using `--all` at the same time.
 
 **--remove-signatures** Do not copy signatures, if any, from _source-image_. This is necessary when copying a signed image to a destination which does not support signatures.
 
@@ -74,6 +94,11 @@ Print usage statement.
 
 Add a “simple signing” signature using that key ID for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
 
+**--sign-by-sigstore** _param-file_
+
+Add a sigstore signature based on the options in the specified containers sigstore signing parameter file, _param-file_.
+See containers-sigstore-signing-params.yaml(5) for details about the file format.
+
 **--sign-by-sigstore-private-key** _path_
 
 Add a sigstore signature using a private key at _path_ for an image name corresponding to _destination-image_
@@ -102,7 +127,13 @@ The passphare to use when signing with `--sign-by` or `--sign-by-sigstore-privat
 
 **--dest-registry-token** _Bearer token_ for accessing the destination registry.
 
-**--retry-times**  the number of times to retry, retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
+**--retry-times**
+
+The number of times to retry.
+
+**--retry-delay**
+
+Fixed delay between retries. If not set (or set to 0s), retry wait time will be exponentially increased based on the number of failed attempts.
 
 **--keep-going**
 If any errors occur during copying of images, those errors are logged and the process continues syncing rest of the images and finally fails at the end.
@@ -126,7 +157,7 @@ The password to access the destination registry.
 ## EXAMPLES
 
 ### Synchronizing to a local directory
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb
 ```
 Images are located at:
@@ -144,7 +175,7 @@ Images are located at:
 /media/usb/busybox:1-glibc
 ```
 Sync run
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo sync --src dir --dest docker /media/usb/busybox:1-glibc my-registry.local.lan/test/
 ```
 Destination registry content:
@@ -154,7 +185,7 @@ my-registry.local.lan/test/busybox   1-glibc
 ```
 
 ### Synchronizing to a local directory, scoped
-```
+```console
 $ skopeo sync --src docker --dest dir --scoped registry.example.com/busybox /media/usb
 ```
 Images are located at:
@@ -167,8 +198,8 @@ Images are located at:
 ```
 
 ### Synchronizing to a container registry
-```
-skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/busybox my-registry.local.lan
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/busybox my-registry.local.lan
 ```
 Destination registry content:
 ```
@@ -177,8 +208,8 @@ registry.local.lan/busybox   1-glibc, 1-musl, 1-ubuntu, ..., latest
 ```
 
 ### Synchronizing to a container registry keeping the repository
-```
-skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/repo/busybox my-registry.local.lan/repo
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker registry.example.com/repo/busybox my-registry.local.lan/repo
 ```
 Destination registry content:
 ```
@@ -186,6 +217,16 @@ REPO                              TAGS
 registry.local.lan/repo/busybox   1-glibc, 1-musl, 1-ubuntu, ..., latest
 ```
 
+### Synchronizing to a container registry with tag suffix
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src docker --dest docker --append-suffix '-mirror' registry.example.com/busybox my-registry.local.lan
+```
+Destination registry content:
+```
+REPO                         TAGS
+registry.local.lan/busybox   1-glibc-mirror, 1-musl-mirror, 1-ubuntu-mirror, ..., latest-mirror
+```
+
 ### YAML file content (used _source_ for `**--src yaml**`)
 
 ```yaml
@@ -198,6 +239,8 @@ registry.example.com:
             - "sha256:0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111"
     images-by-tag-regex:
         nginx: ^1\.13\.[12]-alpine-perl$
+    images-by-semver:
+        alpine: ">= 3.12.0"
     credentials:
         username: john
         password: this is a secret
@@ -210,14 +253,22 @@ quay.io:
             - latest
 ```
 If the yaml filename is `sync.yml`, sync run:
-```
-skopeo sync --src yaml --dest docker sync.yml my-registry.local.lan/repo/
+```console
+$ skopeo sync --src yaml --dest docker sync.yml my-registry.local.lan/repo/
 ```
 This will copy the following images:
 - Repository `registry.example.com/busybox`: all images, as no tags are specified.
 - Repository `registry.example.com/redis`: images tagged "1.0" and "2.0" along with image with digest "sha256:0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111".
 - Repository `registry.example.com/nginx`: images tagged "1.13.1-alpine-perl" and "1.13.2-alpine-perl".
 - Repository `quay.io/coreos/etcd`: images tagged "latest".
+- Repository `registry.example.com/alpine`: all images with tags match the semantic version constraint ">= 3.12.0" ("3.12.0, "3.12.1", ... ,"4.0.0", ...)
+
+The full list of possible semantic version comparisons can be found in the
+upstream library's documentation:
+https://github.com/Masterminds/semver/tree/v3.2.0#basic-comparisons.
+
+Version ordering and precedence is understood as defined here:
+https://semver.org/#spec-item-11.
 
 For the registry `registry.example.com`, the "john"/"this is a secret" credentials are used, with server TLS certificates located at `/home/john/certs`.
 

docs/skopeo.1.md

@@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ Most commands refer to container images, using a _transport_`:`_details_ format.
   An existing local directory _path_ storing the manifest, layer tarballs and signatures as individual files. This is a non-standardized format, primarily useful for debugging or noninvasive container inspection.
 
   **docker://**_docker-reference_
-  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2". By default, uses the authorization state in either `$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/containers/auth.json`, which is set using `(skopeo login)`. If the authorization state is not found there, `$HOME/.docker/config.json` is checked, which is set using `(docker login)`.
+  An image in a registry implementing the "Docker Registry HTTP API V2".
+  Credentials are typically managed using `(skopeo login)`;
+  see **containers-auth.json**(5) for more details about the credential search mechanism.
 
   **docker-archive:**_path_[**:**_docker-reference_]
   An image is stored in the `docker save` formatted file.  _docker-reference_ is only used when creating such a file, and it must not contain a digest.
@@ -47,10 +49,13 @@ Most commands refer to container images, using a _transport_`:`_details_ format.
   **oci-archive:**_path_**:**_tag_
   An image _tag_ in a tar archive compliant with "Open Container Image Layout Specification" at _path_.
 
-See [containers-transports(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/containers-transports.5.md) for details.
+See [containers-transports(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-transports.5.md) for details.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
+These options should be placed before the subcommand name.
+Individual subcommands have their own options.
+
 **--command-timeout** _duration_
 
 Timeout for the command execution.
@@ -101,23 +106,33 @@ Print the version number
 | ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
 | [skopeo-copy(1)](skopeo-copy.1.md)        | Copy an image (manifest, filesystem layers, signatures) from one location to another. |
 | [skopeo-delete(1)](skopeo-delete.1.md)    | Mark the _image-name_ for later deletion by the registry's garbage collector.  |
+| [skopeo-generate-sigstore-key(1)](skopeo-generate-sigstore-key.1.md)    | Generate a sigstore public/private key pair.  |
 | [skopeo-inspect(1)](skopeo-inspect.1.md)  | Return low-level information about _image-name_ in a registry.                 |
 | [skopeo-list-tags(1)](skopeo-list-tags.1.md)  | List image names in a transport-specific collection of images.|
 | [skopeo-login(1)](skopeo-login.1.md)  | Login to a container registry. |
 | [skopeo-logout(1)](skopeo-logout.1.md)  | Logout of a container registry. |
 | [skopeo-manifest-digest(1)](skopeo-manifest-digest.1.md)    | Compute a manifest digest for a manifest-file and write it to standard output. |
-| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Publish and sign an image in one step.      |
-| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Verify an image signature.                                   |
-| [skopeo-sync(1)](skopeo-sync.1.md)| Synchronize images between container registries and local directories.                 |
+| [skopeo-standalone-sign(1)](skopeo-standalone-sign.1.md)    | Debugging tool - Sign an image locally without uploading.    |
+| [skopeo-standalone-verify(1)](skopeo-standalone-verify.1.md)| Debugging tool - Verify an image signature from local files. |
+| [skopeo-sync(1)](skopeo-sync.1.md)| Synchronize images between registry repositories and local directories.                |
+
+## EXIT STATUS
+`skopeo` exits with status 0 on success, non-zero on error.
+
+Details about the exit statuses:
+
+**1** Generic error, details can be found in the error message.
+
+**2** The input image cannot be found. Note that this is best effort and for remote registries the status often cannot be reliably reported.
 
 ## FILES
   **/etc/containers/policy.json**
   Default trust policy file, if **--policy** is not specified.
-  The policy format is documented in [containers-policy.json(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md) .
+  The policy format is documented in [containers-policy.json(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md) .
 
   **/etc/containers/registries.d**
   Default directory containing registry configuration, if **--registries.d** is not specified.
-  The contents of this directory are documented in [containers-policy.json(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/master/docs/containers-policy.json.5.md).
+  The contents of this directory are documented in [containers-registries.d(5)](https://github.com/containers/image/blob/main/docs/containers-registries.d.5.md).
 
 ## SEE ALSO
 skopeo-login(1), docker-login(1), containers-auth.json(5), containers-storage.conf(5), containers-policy.json(5), containers-transports(5)

go.mod

@@ -1,108 +1,116 @@
 module github.com/containers/skopeo
 
-go 1.17
+// Minimum required golang version
+go 1.23.3
+
+// Warning: Ensure the "go" and "toolchain" versions match exactly to prevent unwanted auto-updates
 
 require (
-	github.com/containers/common v0.49.1
-	github.com/containers/image/v5 v5.22.0
-	github.com/containers/ocicrypt v1.1.5
-	github.com/containers/storage v1.42.0
-	github.com/docker/docker v20.10.17+incompatible
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.4.0
+	github.com/containers/common v0.64.0
+	github.com/containers/image/v5 v5.36.0
+	github.com/containers/ocicrypt v1.2.1
+	github.com/containers/storage v1.59.0
+	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.3+incompatible
+	github.com/moby/sys/capability v0.4.0
 	github.com/opencontainers/go-digest v1.0.0
-	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.0.3-0.20220114050600-8b9d41f48198
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec v1.1.2-0.20250724175814-2daaaaf0e7c1
 	github.com/opencontainers/image-tools v1.0.0-rc3
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.5.0
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0
-	github.com/syndtr/gocapability v0.0.0-20200815063812-42c35b437635
-	golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211
-	gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.9.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.7
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.33.0
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 )
 
 require (
-	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.9.3 // indirect
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/VividCortex/ewma v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/acarl005/stripansi v0.0.0-20180116102854-5a71ef0e047d // indirect
-	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.2 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/cgroups v1.0.3 // indirect
-	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.12.0 // indirect
-	github.com/containers/libtrust v0.0.0-20200511145503-9c3a6c22cd9a // indirect
-	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.3 // indirect
-	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/distribution v2.8.1+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.6.4 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-metrics v0.0.1 // indirect
-	github.com/docker/go-units v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20210315054119-f66993602bf5 // indirect
-	github.com/ghodss/yaml v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/cgroups/v3 v3.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/errdefs/pkg v0.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/stargz-snapshotter/estargz v0.16.3 // indirect
+	github.com/containerd/typeurl/v2 v2.2.3 // indirect
+	github.com/containers/libtrust v0.0.0-20230121012942-c1716e8a8d01 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.14.1 // indirect
+	github.com/cyberphone/json-canonicalization v0.0.0-20241213102144-19d51d7fe467 // indirect
+	github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
+	github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker v28.3.3+incompatible // indirect
+	github.com/docker/docker-credential-helpers v0.9.3 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-connections v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/dsnet/compress v0.0.2-0.20230904184137-39efe44ab707 // indirect
+	github.com/felixge/httpsnoop v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
-	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-containerregistry v0.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20241129210726-2c02b8208cf8 // indirect
+	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-containerregistry v0.20.3 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-intervals v0.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
-	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.13 // indirect
-	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.0.0 // indirect
+	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-cleanhttp v0.5.2 // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-multierror v1.1.2-0.20250313123807-1ee6e1a1957a // indirect
+	github.com/hashicorp/go-retryablehttp v0.7.8 // indirect
+	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.12 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.15.9 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.5 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1 // indirect
-	github.com/kr/text v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/letsencrypt/boulder v0.0.0-20220331220046-b23ab962616e // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.13 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-shellwords v1.0.12 // indirect
-	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.2-0.20181231171920-c182affec369 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/pgzip v1.2.6 // indirect
+	github.com/letsencrypt/boulder v0.0.0-20240620165639-de9c06129bec // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-runewidth v0.0.16 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.28 // indirect
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs v2.1.2-0.20190413222219-f784269be439+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/mistifyio/go-zfs/v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/mountinfo v0.7.2 // indirect
+	github.com/moby/sys/user v0.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd // indirect
 	github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v1.0.2 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/runc v1.1.3 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.0.3-0.20210326190908-1c3f411f0417 // indirect
-	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.10.1 // indirect
-	github.com/ostreedev/ostree-go v0.0.0-20210805093236-719684c64e4f // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/schema v0.0.0-20250717171153-ab80ff15c2dd // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec v1.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/opencontainers/selinux v1.12.0 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
-	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/proglottis/gpgme v0.1.3 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.12.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.32.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.7.3 // indirect
-	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0 // indirect
-	github.com/russross/blackfriday v2.0.0+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/sigstore/sigstore v1.3.1-0.20220629021053-b95fc0d626c1 // indirect
-	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20201008174630-78d3cae3a980 // indirect
-	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.7.1 // indirect
-	github.com/tchap/go-patricia v2.3.0+incompatible // indirect
-	github.com/theupdateframework/go-tuf v0.3.1 // indirect
+	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
+	github.com/proglottis/gpgme v0.1.4 // indirect
+	github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.7 // indirect
+	github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v6 v6.0.2 // indirect
+	github.com/secure-systems-lab/go-securesystemslib v0.9.0 // indirect
+	github.com/segmentio/ksuid v1.0.4 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/fulcio v1.6.6 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/protobuf-specs v0.4.1 // indirect
+	github.com/sigstore/sigstore v1.9.5 // indirect
+	github.com/skratchdot/open-golang v0.0.0-20200116055534-eef842397966 // indirect
+	github.com/smallstep/pkcs7 v0.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6 // indirect
+	github.com/sylabs/sif/v2 v2.21.1 // indirect
+	github.com/tchap/go-patricia/v2 v2.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/titanous/rocacheck v0.0.0-20171023193734-afe73141d399 // indirect
-	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.10 // indirect
-	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.11.2 // indirect
-	github.com/vbauerster/mpb/v7 v7.4.2 // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonpointer v0.0.0-20190905194746-02993c407bfb // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonreference v0.0.0-20180127040603-bd5ef7bd5415 // indirect
-	github.com/xeipuuv/gojsonschema v1.2.0 // indirect
-	go.etcd.io/bbolt v1.3.6 // indirect
-	go.mozilla.org/pkcs7 v0.0.0-20200128120323-432b2356ecb1 // indirect
-	go.opencensus.io v0.23.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.3.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220131195533-30dcbda58838 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20220624214902-1bab6f366d9e // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20220601150217-0de741cfad7f // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.3.7 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20220624142145-8cd45d7dbd1f // indirect
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.47.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.28.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/ulikunitz/xz v0.5.12 // indirect
+	github.com/vbatts/tar-split v0.12.1 // indirect
+	github.com/vbauerster/mpb/v8 v8.10.2 // indirect
+	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.60.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.40.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.27.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250303144028-a0af3efb3deb // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250313205543-e70fdf4c4cb4 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.72.2 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect
 )

hack/btrfs_installed_tag.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-cc -E - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+${CPP:-${CC:-cc} -E} ${CPPFLAGS} - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
 #include <btrfs/ioctl.h>
 EOF
 if test $? -ne 0 ; then

hack/btrfs_tag.sh

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-cc -E - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
-#include <btrfs/version.h>
-EOF
-if test $? -ne 0 ; then
-	echo btrfs_noversion
-fi

hack/get_fqin.sh

@@ -29,6 +29,6 @@ $CONTAINER_RUNTIME run --rm \
     --entrypoint=/usr/share/automation/bin/cirrus-ci_env.py \
     quay.io/libpod/get_ci_vm:latest \
     --envs="Skopeo Test" /src/.cirrus.yml | \
-    egrep -m1 '^SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN' | \
+    grep -E -m1 '^SKOPEO_CIDEV_CONTAINER_FQIN' | \
     awk -F "=" -e '{print $2}' | \
     tr -d \'\"

hack/libdm_tag.sh

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-tmpdir="$PWD/tmp.$RANDOM"
-mkdir -p "$tmpdir"
-trap 'rm -fr "$tmpdir"' EXIT
-cc -c -o "$tmpdir"/libdm_tag.o -x c - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
-#include <libdevmapper.h>
-int main() {
-	struct dm_task *task;
-	return 0;
-}
-EOF
-if test $? -ne 0 ; then
-	echo libdm_no_deferred_remove
-fi

hack/libsubid_tag.sh

@@ -5,11 +5,17 @@ fi
 tmpdir="$PWD/tmp.$RANDOM"
 mkdir -p "$tmpdir"
 trap 'rm -fr "$tmpdir"' EXIT
-cc -o "$tmpdir"/libsubid_tag -l subid -x c - > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
+${CC:-cc} ${CPPFLAGS} ${CFLAGS} -o "$tmpdir"/libsubid_tag -x c - -l subid \
+	  > /dev/null 2> /dev/null << EOF
 #include <shadow/subid.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
 int main() {
 	struct subid_range *ranges = NULL;
+#if SUBID_ABI_MAJOR >= 4
+	subid_get_uid_ranges("root", &ranges);
+#else
 	get_subuid_ranges("root", &ranges);
+#endif
 	free(ranges);
 	return 0;
 }

hack/make.sh

@@ -1,92 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-set -e
-
-# This script builds various binary from a checkout of the skopeo
-# source code. DO NOT CALL THIS SCRIPT DIRECTLY.
-#
-# Requirements:
-# - The current directory should be a checkout of the skopeo source code
-#   (https://github.com/containers/skopeo). Whatever version is checked out
-#   will be built.
-# - The script is intended to be run inside the container specified
-#   in the output of hack/get_fqin.sh
-# - The right way to call this script is to invoke "make" from
-#   your checkout of the skopeo repository.
-#   the Makefile will do a "docker build -t skopeo ." and then
-#   "docker run hack/make.sh" in the resulting image.
-#
-
-set -o pipefail
-
-export SKOPEO_PKG='github.com/containers/skopeo'
-export SCRIPTDIR="$( cd "$( dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )" && pwd )"
-export MAKEDIR="$SCRIPTDIR/make"
-
-# Set this to 1 to enable installation/modification of environment/services
-export SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=${SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS:-0}
-
-if [[ "$SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS" == "0" ]] && [[ "$CI" != "true" ]]; then
-    (
-    echo "***************************************************************"
-    echo "WARNING: Executing tests directly on the local development"
-    echo "         host is highly discouraged.  Many important items"
-    echo "         will be skipped.  For manual execution, please utilize"
-    echo "         the Makefile targets WITHOUT the '-local' suffix."
-    echo "***************************************************************"
-    ) > /dev/stderr
-    sleep 5s
-fi
-
-echo
-
-# List of bundles to create when no argument is passed
-# TODO(runcom): these are the one left from Docker...for now
-# test-unit
-# validate-dco
-# cover
-DEFAULT_BUNDLES=(
-	validate-gofmt
-	validate-lint
-	validate-vet
-	validate-git-marks
-
-	test-integration
-)
-
-# Go module support: set `-mod=vendor` to use the vendored sources
-# See also the top-level Makefile.
-mod_vendor=
-if go help mod >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-  export GO111MODULE=on
-  mod_vendor='-mod=vendor'
-fi
-
-go_test_dir() {
-	dir=$1
-	(
-		echo '+ go test' $mod_vendor $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"} "${SKOPEO_PKG}${dir#.}"
-		cd "$dir"
-		export DEST="$ABS_DEST" # we're in a subshell, so this is safe -- our integration-cli tests need DEST, and "cd" screws it up
-		go test $mod_vendor $TESTFLAGS ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}
-	)
-}
-
-bundle() {
-	local bundle="$1"; shift
-	echo "---> Making bundle: $(basename "$bundle")"
-	source "$SCRIPTDIR/make/$bundle" "$@"
-}
-
-main() {
-	if [ $# -lt 1 ]; then
-		bundles=(${DEFAULT_BUNDLES[@]})
-	else
-		bundles=($@)
-	fi
-	for bundle in ${bundles[@]}; do
-		bundle "$bundle"
-		echo
-	done
-}
-
-main "$@"

hack/make/.validate

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-if [ -z "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" ]; then
-	# this is kind of an expensive check, so let's not do this twice if we
-	# are running more than one validate bundlescript
-	
-	VALIDATE_REPO='https://github.com/containers/skopeo.git'
-	VALIDATE_BRANCH='main'
-	
-	if [ "$TRAVIS" = 'true' -a "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" != 'false' ]; then
-		VALIDATE_REPO="https://github.com/${TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG}.git"
-		VALIDATE_BRANCH="${TRAVIS_BRANCH}"
-	fi
-	
-	VALIDATE_HEAD="$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)"
-	
-	git fetch -q "$VALIDATE_REPO" "refs/heads/$VALIDATE_BRANCH"
-	VALIDATE_UPSTREAM="$(git rev-parse --verify FETCH_HEAD)"
-	
-	VALIDATE_COMMIT_LOG="$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM..$VALIDATE_HEAD"
-	VALIDATE_COMMIT_DIFF="$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM...$VALIDATE_HEAD"
-	
-	validate_diff() {
-		git diff "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" "$@"
-	}
-	validate_log() {
-		if [ "$VALIDATE_UPSTREAM" != "$VALIDATE_HEAD" ]; then
-			git log "$VALIDATE_COMMIT_LOG" "$@"
-		fi
-	}
-fi

hack/make/test-integration

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-set -e
-
-bundle_test_integration() {
-	go_test_dir ./integration
-}
-
-# subshell so that we can export PATH without breaking other things
-(
-	make PREFIX=/usr install
-	bundle_test_integration
-) 2>&1

hack/make/test-system

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-set -e
-
-# These tests can run in/outside of a container.  However,
-# not all storage drivers are supported in a container
-# environment.  Detect this and setup storage when
-# running in a container.
-if ((SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS)) && [[ -r /etc/containers/storage.conf ]]; then
-    sed -i \
-        -e 's/^driver\s*=.*/driver = "vfs"/' \
-        -e 's/^mountopt/#mountopt/' \
-        /etc/containers/storage.conf
-elif ((SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS)); then
-    cat >> /etc/containers/storage.conf << EOF
-[storage]
-driver = "vfs"
-EOF
-fi
-
-# Build skopeo, install into /usr/bin
-make PREFIX=/usr install
-
-# Run tests
-SKOPEO_BINARY=/usr/bin/skopeo bats --tap systemtest

hack/make/validate-git-marks

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-# folders=$(find * -type d | egrep -v '^Godeps|bundles|.git')
-
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-badFiles=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-    if [ $(grep -r "^<<<<<<<" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-
-    if [ $(grep -r "^>>>>>>>" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-
-    if [ $(grep -r "^=======$" $f) ]; then
-        badFiles+=( "$f" )
-        continue
-    fi
-    set -e
-done
-
-
-if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  There is no conflict.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "There is trace of conflict(s) in the following files :"
-		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
-			echo " - $f"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please fix the conflict(s) commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/make/validate-lint

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
-# We will eventually get to the point where packages should be the complete list
-# of subpackages, vendoring excluded, as given by:
-#
-IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/\|^integration' || true) )
-unset IFS
-
-errors=()
-for f in "${files[@]}"; do
-	failedLint=$(golint "$f")
-	if [ "$failedLint" ]; then
-		errors+=( "$failedLint" )
-	fi
-done
-
-if [ ${#errors[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
-	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been linted.'
-else
-	{
-		echo "Errors from golint:"
-		for err in "${errors[@]}"; do
-			echo "$err"
-		done
-		echo
-		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "golint" and commit the result.'
-		echo
-	} >&2
-	false
-fi

hack/man-page-checker

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ rc=0
 # for a given skopeo-foo.1.md, the NAME should be 'skopeo-foo'
 for md in *.1.md;do
     # Read the first line after '## NAME'
-    name=$(egrep -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|awk '{print $1}' | tr -d \\\\)
+    name=$(grep -E -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|awk '{print $1}' | tr -d \\\\)
 
     expect=$(basename $md .1.md)
     if [ "$name" != "$expect" ]; then
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ done
 # Make sure the descriptive text in skopeo-foo.1.md matches the one
 # in the table in skopeo.1.md.
 for md in $(ls -1 *-*.1.md);do
-    desc=$(egrep -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|sed -E -e 's/^skopeo[^[:space:]]+ - //')
+    desc=$(grep -E -A1 '^## NAME' $md|tail -1|sed -E -e 's/^skopeo[^[:space:]]+ - //')
 
     # Find the descriptive text in the main skopeo man page.
     parent=skopeo.1.md
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ function compare_usage() {
 #
 # Make sure the SYNOPSIS line in skopeo-foo.1.md reads '**skopeo foo** ...'
 for md in *.1.md;do
-    synopsis=$(egrep -A1 '^#* SYNOPSIS' $md|tail -1)
+    synopsis=$(grep -E -A1 '^#* SYNOPSIS' $md|tail -1)
 
     # Command name must be bracketed by double asterisks; options and
     # arguments are bracketed by single ones.

hack/sqlite_tag.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+${CPP:-${CC:-cc} -E} ${CPPFLAGS} - &> /dev/null << EOF
+#include <sqlite3.h>
+EOF
+if test $? -eq 0 ; then
+	echo libsqlite3
+fi

hack/test-integration.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+make PREFIX=/usr install
+
+echo "cd ./integration;" go test "$@" ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}
+cd ./integration
+go test "$@" ${BUILDTAGS:+-tags "$BUILDTAGS"}

hack/test-system.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+# These tests can run in/outside of a container.  However,
+# not all storage drivers are supported in a container
+# environment.  Detect this and setup storage when
+# running in a container.
+#
+# Paradoxically (FIXME: clean this up), SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS is set
+# both inside a container and without a container (in a CI VM); it actually means
+# "it is safe to destructively modify the system for tests".
+#
+# On a CI VM, we can just use Podman as it is already configured; the changes below,
+# to use VFS, are necessary only inside a container, because overlay-inside-overlay
+# does not work. So, make these changes conditional on both
+# SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS (for acceptability to do destructive modification) and !CI
+# (for necessity to adjust for in-container operation)
+if ((SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS)) && [[ "$CI" != true ]]; then
+    if [[ -r /etc/containers/storage.conf ]]; then
+        echo "MODIFYING existing storage.conf"
+        sed -i \
+            -e 's/^driver\s*=.*/driver = "vfs"/' \
+            -e 's/^mountopt/#mountopt/' \
+            /etc/containers/storage.conf
+    else
+        echo "CREATING NEW storage.conf"
+        cat >> /etc/containers/storage.conf << EOF
+[storage]
+driver = "vfs"
+runroot = "/run/containers/storage"
+graphroot = "/var/lib/containers/storage"
+EOF
+    fi
+    # The logic of finding the relevant storage.conf file is convoluted
+    # and in effect differs between Skopeo and Podman, at least in some versions;
+    # explicitly point at the file we want to use to hopefully avoid that.
+    export CONTAINERS_STORAGE_CONF=/etc/containers/storage.conf
+fi
+
+# Build skopeo, install into /usr/bin
+make PREFIX=/usr install "$@"
+
+# Run tests
+SKOPEO_BINARY=/usr/bin/skopeo bats --tap systemtest

hack/validate-git-marks.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+IFS=$'\n'
+files=( $(git ls-tree -r HEAD --name-only | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
+unset IFS
+
+badFiles=()
+for f in "${files[@]}"; do
+    if [ $(grep -r "^\(<<<<<<<\|>>>>>>>\|^=======$\)" $f) ]; then
+        badFiles+=( "$f" )
+        continue
+    fi
+    set -e
+done
+
+
+if [ ${#badFiles[@]} -eq 0 ]; then
+	echo 'Congratulations!  There is no conflict.'
+else
+	{
+		echo "There is trace of conflict(s) in the following files :"
+		for f in "${badFiles[@]}"; do
+			echo " - $f"
+		done
+		echo
+		echo 'Please fix the conflict(s) commit the result.'
+		echo
+	} >&2
+	exit 1
+fi

hack/validate-gofmt.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-source "$(dirname "$BASH_SOURCE")/.validate"
-
 IFS=$'\n'
-files=( $(validate_diff --diff-filter=ACMR --name-only -- '*.go' | grep -v '^vendor/' || true) )
+files=( $(find . -name '*.go' | grep -v '^./vendor/' | sort || true) )
 unset IFS
 
 badFiles=()
@@ -25,5 +23,5 @@ else
 		echo 'Please reformat the above files using "gofmt -s -w" and commit the result.'
 		echo
 	} >&2
-	false
+	exit 1
 fi

hack/validate-vet.sh

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 
-errors=$(go vet -tags="${BUILDTAGS}" $mod_vendor $(go list $mod_vendor -e ./...))
+errors=$(go vet -tags="${BUILDTAGS}" ./... 2>&1)
 
 if [ -z "$errors" ]; then
 	echo 'Congratulations!  All Go source files have been vetted.'
@@ -12,5 +12,5 @@ else
 		echo 'Please fix the above errors. You can test via "go vet" and commit the result.'
 		echo
 	} >&2
-	false
+	exit 1
 fi

hack/warn-destructive-tests.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -e
+
+# Set this to 1 to enable installation/modification of environment/services
+export SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=${SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS:-0}
+
+if [[ "$SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS" == "0" ]] && [[ "$CI" != "true" ]]; then
+    (
+    echo "***************************************************************"
+    echo "WARNING: Executing tests directly on the local development"
+    echo "         host is highly discouraged.  Many important items"
+    echo "         will be skipped.  For manual execution, please utilize"
+    echo "         the Makefile targets WITHOUT the '-local' suffix."
+    echo "***************************************************************"
+    ) > /dev/stderr
+    sleep 5
+fi

install.md

@@ -55,6 +55,22 @@ sudo apk add skopeo
 
 [Package Info](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=skopeo)
 
+### Gentoo
+
+```sh
+sudo emerge app-containers/skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-containers/skopeo)
+
+### Arch Linux
+
+```sh
+sudo pacman -S skopeo
+```
+
+[Package Info](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/skopeo/)
+
 ### macOS
 
 ```sh
@@ -106,7 +122,6 @@ Skopeo has not yet been packaged for Windows. There is an [open feature
 request](https://github.com/containers/skopeo/issues/715) and contributions are
 always welcome.
 
-
 ## Container Images
 
 Skopeo container images are available at `quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest`.
@@ -116,14 +131,15 @@ For example,
 podman run docker://quay.io/skopeo/stable:latest copy --help
 ```
 
-[Read more](./contrib/skopeoimage/README.md).
+The skopeo container image build context and automation are
+located at [https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo](https://github.com/containers/image_build/tree/main/skopeo)
 
 
 ## Building from Source
 
 Otherwise, read on for building and installing it from source:
 
-To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.12.
+To build the `skopeo` binary you need at least Go 1.23.
 
 There are two ways to build skopeo: in a container, or locally without a
 container. Choose the one which better matches your needs and environment.
@@ -141,12 +157,12 @@ Install the necessary dependencies:
 
 ```bash
 # Fedora:
-sudo dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel btrfs-progs-devel device-mapper-devel
+sudo dnf install gpgme-devel libassuan-devel btrfs-progs-devel
 ```
 
 ```bash
 # Ubuntu (`libbtrfs-dev` requires Ubuntu 18.10 and above):
-sudo apt install libgpgme-dev libassuan-dev libbtrfs-dev libdevmapper-dev pkg-config
+sudo apt install libgpgme-dev libassuan-dev libbtrfs-dev pkg-config
 ```
 
 ```bash
@@ -156,7 +172,12 @@ brew install gpgme
 
 ```bash
 # openSUSE:
-sudo zypper install libgpgme-devel device-mapper-devel libbtrfs-devel glib2-devel
+sudo zypper install libgpgme-devel libbtrfs-devel glib2-devel
+```
+
+```bash
+# Arch Linux:
+sudo pacman -S base-devel gpgme btrfs-progs
 ```
 
 Make sure to clone this repository in your `GOPATH` - otherwise compilation fails.
@@ -174,6 +195,22 @@ document generation can be skipped by passing `DISABLE_DOCS=1`:
 DISABLE_DOCS=1 make
 ```
 
+#### Additional prerequisites
+
+In order to dynamically link against system libraries and avoid compilation errors the ```CGO_ENABLED='1'``` flag must be enabled. You can easily check by ```go env | grep CGO_ENABLED```.
+
+An alternative would be to set the `BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp` (this removes the dependency on `libgpgme` and its companion libraries).
+
+### Cross-compilation
+
+For cross-building skopeo, use the command `make bin/skopeo.OS.ARCH`, where OS represents
+the target operating system and ARCH stands for the desired architecture. For instance,
+to build skopeo for RISC-V 64-bit Linux, execute:
+
+```bash
+make bin/skopeo.linux.riscv64
+```
+
 ### Building documentation
 
 To build the manual you will need go-md2man.
@@ -230,20 +267,13 @@ sudo make install
 ### Building a static binary
 
 There have been efforts in the past to produce and maintain static builds, but the maintainers prefer to run Skopeo using distro packages or within containers. This is because static builds of Skopeo tend to be unreliable and functionally restricted. Specifically:
-- Some features of Skopeo depend on non-Go libraries like `libgpgme` and `libdevmapper`.
+- Some features of Skopeo depend on non-Go libraries like `libgpgme`.
 - Generating static Go binaries uses native Go libraries, which don't support e.g. `.local` or LDAP-based name resolution.
 
 That being said, if you would like to build Skopeo statically, you might be able to do it by combining all the following steps.
 - Export environment variable `CGO_ENABLED=0` (disabling CGO causes Go to prefer native libraries when possible, instead of dynamically linking against system libraries).
-- Set the `BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp` Make variable (this remove the dependency on `libgpgme` and its companion libraries).
-- Clear the `GO_DYN_FLAGS` Make variable (which otherwise seems to force the creation of a dynamic executable).
-
-The following command implements these steps to produce a static binary in the `bin` subdirectory of the repository:
-
-```bash
-docker run -v $PWD:/src -w /src -e CGO_ENABLED=0 golang \
-make BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp GO_DYN_FLAGS=
-```
+- Set the `BUILDTAGS=containers_image_openpgp` Make variable (this removes the dependency on `libgpgme` and its companion libraries).
+- Clear the `GO_DYN_FLAGS` Make variable if even a dependency on the ELF interpreter is undesirable.
 
 Keep in mind that the resulting binary is unsupported and might crash randomly. Only use if you know what you're doing!
 

integration/blocked_test.go

@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
 package main
 
-import (
-	"gopkg.in/check.v1"
-)
-
 const blockedRegistriesConf = "./fixtures/blocked-registries.conf"
 const blockedErrorRegex = `.*registry registry-blocked.com is blocked in .*`
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedSource(c *check.C) {
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, blockedErrorRegex,
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedSource() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
 		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "copy",
 		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test",
 		"docker://registry-unblocked.com/image:test")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedDestination(c *check.C) {
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, blockedErrorRegex,
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyBlockedDestination() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
 		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "copy",
 		"docker://registry-unblocked.com/image:test",
 		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestInspectBlocked(c *check.C) {
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, blockedErrorRegex,
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestInspectBlocked() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
 		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "inspect",
 		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestDeleteBlocked(c *check.C) {
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, blockedErrorRegex,
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestDeleteBlocked() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, blockedErrorRegex,
 		"--registries-conf", blockedRegistriesConf, "delete",
 		"docker://registry-blocked.com/image:test")
 }

integration/check_test.go

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/containers/skopeo/version"
-	"gopkg.in/check.v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -14,100 +16,105 @@ const (
 	privateRegistryURL1 = "127.0.0.1:5001"
 )
 
-func Test(t *testing.T) {
-	check.TestingT(t)
+func TestSkopeo(t *testing.T) {
+	suite.Run(t, &skopeoSuite{})
 }
 
-func init() {
-	check.Suite(&SkopeoSuite{})
-}
-
-type SkopeoSuite struct {
+type skopeoSuite struct {
+	suite.Suite
 	regV2         *testRegistryV2
 	regV2WithAuth *testRegistryV2
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
+var _ = suite.SetupAllSuite(&skopeoSuite{})
+var _ = suite.TearDownAllSuite(&skopeoSuite{})
+
+func (s *skopeoSuite) SetupSuite() {
+	t := s.T()
 	_, err := exec.LookPath(skopeoBinary)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL0, false, false)
-	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(c, privateRegistryURL1, true, false)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	s.regV2 = setupRegistryV2At(t, privateRegistryURL0, false, false)
+	s.regV2WithAuth = setupRegistryV2At(t, privateRegistryURL1, true, false)
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TearDownSuite() {
 	if s.regV2 != nil {
-		s.regV2.tearDown(c)
+		s.regV2.tearDown()
 	}
 	if s.regV2WithAuth != nil {
-		//cmd := exec.Command("docker", "logout", s.regV2WithAuth)
-		//c.Assert(cmd.Run(), check.IsNil)
-		s.regV2WithAuth.tearDown(c)
+		// cmd := exec.Command("docker", "logout", s.regV2WithAuth)
+		// require.Noerror(t, cmd.Run())
+		s.regV2WithAuth.tearDown()
 	}
 }
 
-// TODO like dockerCmd but much easier, just out,err
-//func skopeoCmd()
-
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestVersion(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := fmt.Sprintf(".*%s version %s.*", skopeoBinary, version.Version)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "--version")
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestVersion() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf(".*%s version %s.*", skopeoBinary, version.Version),
+		"--version")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCanAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*manifest unknown: manifest unknown.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", "--creds="+s.regV2WithAuth.username+":"+s.regV2WithAuth.password, fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCanAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*manifest unknown.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", "--creds="+s.regV2WithAuth.username+":"+s.regV2WithAuth.password, fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2WithoutDockerCfg() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url))
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCertDirInsteadOfCertPath(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := ".*unknown flag: --cert-path.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-path=/")
-	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-dir=/etc/docker/certs.d/")
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCertDirInsteadOfCertPath() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*unknown flag: --cert-path.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-path=/")
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2WithAuth.url), "--cert-dir=/etc/docker/certs.d/")
 }
 
 // TODO(runcom): as soon as we can push to registries ensure you can inspect here
 // not just get image not found :)
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestNoNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2ImageNotFound(c *check.C) {
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestNoNeedAuthToPrivateRegistryV2ImageNotFound() {
+	t := s.T()
 	out, err := exec.Command(skopeoBinary, "--tls-verify=false", "inspect", fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:latest", s.regV2.url)).CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.NotNil, check.Commentf(string(out)))
-	wanted := ".*manifest unknown.*"
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
-	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Not(check.Matches), "(?s)"+wanted) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	assert.Error(t, err, "%s", string(out))
+	assert.Regexp(t, "(?s).*manifest unknown.*", string(out))                         // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	assert.NotRegexp(t, "(?s).*unauthorized: authentication required.*", string(out)) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestInspectFailsWhenReferenceIsInvalid(c *check.C) {
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, `.*Invalid image name.*`, "inspect", "unknown")
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestInspectFailsWhenReferenceIsInvalid() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, `.*Invalid image name.*`, "inspect", "unknown")
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestLoginLogout(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := "^Login Succeeded!\n$"
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestLoginLogout() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "^Login Succeeded!\n$",
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
 	// test --get-login returns username
-	wanted = fmt.Sprintf("^%s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.username)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "login", "--tls-verify=false", "--get-login", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^%s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.username),
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--get-login", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
 	// test logout
-	wanted = fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url),
+		"logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
 }
 
-func (s *SkopeoSuite) TestCopyWithLocalAuth(c *check.C) {
-	wanted := "^Login Succeeded!\n$"
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+func (s *skopeoSuite) TestCopyWithLocalAuth() {
+	t := s.T()
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "^Login Succeeded!\n$",
+		"login", "--tls-verify=false", "--username="+s.regV2WithAuth.username, "--password="+s.regV2WithAuth.password, s.regV2WithAuth.url)
 	// copy to private registry using local authentication
 	imageName := fmt.Sprintf("docker://%s/busybox:mine", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", testFQIN+":latest", imageName)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "", "copy", "--dest-tls-verify=false", "--retry-times", "3",
+		testFQIN+":latest", imageName)
 	// inspect from private registry
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, "", "inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, "", "inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
 	// logout from the registry
-	wanted = fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
-	assertSkopeoSucceeds(c, wanted, "logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
+	assertSkopeoSucceeds(t, fmt.Sprintf("^Removed login credentials for %s\n$", s.regV2WithAuth.url),
+		"logout", s.regV2WithAuth.url)
 	// inspect from private registry should fail after logout
-	wanted = ".*unauthorized: authentication required.*"
-	assertSkopeoFails(c, wanted, "inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
+	assertSkopeoFails(t, ".*authentication required.*",
+		"inspect", "--tls-verify=false", imageName)
 }

integration/decompress-dirs.sh

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash -e
-# Account for differences between dir: images that are solely due to one being
-# compressed (fresh from a registry) and the other not being compressed (read
-# from storage, which decompressed it and had to reassemble the layer blobs).
-for dir in "$@" ; do
-    # Updating the manifest's blob digests may change the formatting, so
-    # use jq to get them into similar shape.
-    jq -M . "${dir}"/manifest.json > "${dir}"/manifest.json.tmp && mv "${dir}"/manifest.json.tmp "${dir}"/manifest.json
-    for candidate in "${dir}"/???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ; do
-        # If a digest-identified file looks like it was compressed,
-        # decompress it, and replace its hash and size in the manifest
-        # with the values for their decompressed versions.
-        uncompressed=`zcat "${candidate}" 2> /dev/null | sha256sum | cut -c1-64`
-        if test $? -eq 0 ; then
-            if test "$uncompressed" != e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855 ; then
-                zcat "${candidate}" > "${dir}"/${uncompressed}
-                sed -r -i -e "s#sha256:$(basename ${candidate})#sha256:${uncompressed}#g" "${dir}"/manifest.json
-                sed -r -i -e "s#\"size\": $(wc -c < ${candidate}),#\"size\": $(wc -c < ${dir}/${uncompressed}),#g" "${dir}"/manifest.json
-                rm -f "${candidate}"
-            fi
-        fi
-    done
-done

integration/openshift_shell_test.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build openshift_shell
-// +build openshift_shell
 
 package main
 
@@ -7,7 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 
-	"gopkg.in/check.v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 /*
@@ -15,11 +15,15 @@ TestRunShell is not really a test; it is a convenient way to use the registry se
 in openshift.go and CopySuite to get an interactive environment for experimentation.
 
 To use it, run:
+
 	sudo make shell
+
 to start a container, then within the container:
-	SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 PS1='nested> ' go test -tags openshift_shell -timeout=24h ./integration -v -check.v -check.vv -check.f='CopySuite.TestRunShell'
+
+	SKOPEO_CONTAINER_TESTS=1 PS1='nested> ' go test -tags openshift_shell -timeout=24h ./integration -v -run='copySuite.TestRunShell'
 
 An example of what can be done within the container:
+
 	cd ..; make bin/skopeo PREFIX=/usr install
 	./skopeo --tls-verify=false  copy --sign-by=personal@example.com docker://quay.io/libpod/busybox:latest atomic:localhost:5000/myns/personal:personal
 	oc get istag personal:personal -o json
@@ -29,13 +33,14 @@ An example of what can be done within the container:
 	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/v2/myns/personal/manifests/personal' --header 'Authorization: Bearer $token_from_oauth'
 	curl -L -v 'http://localhost:5000/extensions/v2/myns/personal/signatures/$manifest_digest' --header 'Authorization: Bearer $token_from_oauth'
 */
-func (s *CopySuite) TestRunShell(c *check.C) {
+func (s *copySuite) TestRunShell() {
+	t := s.T()
 	cmd := exec.Command("bash", "-i")
 	tty, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/tty", os.O_RDWR, 0)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	cmd.Stdin = tty
 	cmd.Stdout = tty
 	cmd.Stderr = tty
 	err = cmd.Run()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

integration/openshift_test.go

@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
+	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/homedir"
-	"gopkg.in/check.v1"
+	"github.com/containers/storage/pkg/homedir"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 var adminKUBECONFIG = map[string]string{
@@ -30,21 +32,21 @@ type openshiftCluster struct {
 // startOpenshiftCluster creates a new openshiftCluster.
 // WARNING: This affects state in users' home directory! Only run
 // in isolated test environment.
-func startOpenshiftCluster(c *check.C) *openshiftCluster {
+func startOpenshiftCluster(t *testing.T) *openshiftCluster {
 	cluster := &openshiftCluster{}
-	cluster.workingDir = c.MkDir()
+	cluster.workingDir = t.TempDir()
 
-	cluster.startMaster(c)
-	cluster.prepareRegistryConfig(c)
-	cluster.startRegistry(c)
-	cluster.ocLoginToProject(c)
-	cluster.dockerLogin(c)
-	cluster.relaxImageSignerPermissions(c)
+	cluster.startMaster(t)
+	cluster.prepareRegistryConfig(t)
+	cluster.startRegistry(t)
+	cluster.ocLoginToProject(t)
+	cluster.dockerLogin(t)
+	cluster.relaxImageSignerPermissions(t)
 
 	return cluster
 }
 
-// clusterCmd creates an exec.Cmd in cluster.workingDir with current environment modified by environment
+// clusterCmd creates an exec.Cmd in cluster.workingDir with current environment modified by environment.
 func (cluster *openshiftCluster) clusterCmd(env map[string]string, name string, args ...string) *exec.Cmd {
 	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
 	cmd.Dir = cluster.workingDir
@@ -56,21 +58,20 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) clusterCmd(env map[string]string, name string,
 }
 
 // startMaster starts the OpenShift master (etcd+API server) and waits for it to be ready, or terminates on failure.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(t *testing.T) {
 	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(nil, "openshift", "start", "master")
 	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cmd)
 	stdout, err := cmd.StdoutPipe()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	// Send both to the same pipe. This might cause the two streams to be mixed up,
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// but logging actually goes only to stderr - this primarily ensure we log any
 	// unexpected output to stdout.
 	cmd.Stderr = cmd.Stdout
 	err = cmd.Start()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c, 8443)
+	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(t, 8443)
 	defer func() {
-		c.Logf("Terminating port check")
+		t.Logf("Terminating port check")
 		terminatePortCheck <- true
 	}()
 
@@ -78,12 +79,12 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
 	logCheckFound := make(chan bool)
 	go func() {
 		defer func() {
-			c.Logf("Log checker exiting")
+			t.Logf("Log checker exiting")
 		}()
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(stdout)
 		for scanner.Scan() {
 			line := scanner.Text()
-			c.Logf("Log line: %s", line)
+			t.Logf("Log line: %s", line)
 			if strings.Contains(line, "Started Origin Controllers") {
 				logCheckFound <- true
 				return
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
 			// Note: we can block before we get here.
 			select {
 			case <-terminateLogCheck:
-				c.Logf("terminated")
+				t.Logf("terminated")
 				return
 			default:
 				// Do not block here and read the next line.
@@ -101,7 +102,7 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
 		logCheckFound <- false
 	}()
 	defer func() {
-		c.Logf("Terminating log check")
+		t.Logf("Terminating log check")
 		terminateLogCheck <- true
 	}()
 
@@ -110,26 +111,26 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startMaster(c *check.C) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 10*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()
 	for !gotPortCheck || !gotLogCheck {
-		c.Logf("Waiting for master")
+		t.Logf("Waiting for master")
 		select {
 		case <-portOpen:
-			c.Logf("port check done")
+			t.Logf("port check done")
 			gotPortCheck = true
 		case found := <-logCheckFound:
-			c.Logf("log check done, found: %t", found)
+			t.Logf("log check done, found: %t", found)
 			if !found {
-				c.Fatal("log check done, success message not found")
+				t.Fatal("log check done, success message not found")
 			}
 			gotLogCheck = true
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			c.Fatalf("Timed out waiting for master: %v", ctx.Err())
+			t.Fatalf("Timed out waiting for master: %v", ctx.Err())
 		}
 	}
-	c.Logf("OK, master started!")
+	t.Logf("OK, master started!")
 }
 
 // prepareRegistryConfig creates a registry service account and a related k8s client configuration in ${cluster.workingDir}/openshift.local.registry.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) prepareRegistryConfig(c *check.C) {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) prepareRegistryConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// This partially mimics the objects created by (oadm registry), except that we run the
 	// server directly as an ordinary process instead of a pod with an implicitly attached service account.
 	saJSON := `{
@@ -140,93 +141,93 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) prepareRegistryConfig(c *check.C) {
 		}
 	}`
 	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oc", "create", "-f", "-")
-	runExecCmdWithInput(c, cmd, saJSON)
+	runExecCmdWithInput(t, cmd, saJSON)
 
 	cmd = cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "policy", "add-cluster-role-to-user", "system:registry", "-z", "registry")
 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "cluster role \"system:registry\" added: \"registry\"\n")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s", string(out))
+	require.Equal(t, "cluster role \"system:registry\" added: \"registry\"\n", string(out))
 
 	cmd = cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "create-api-client-config", "--client-dir=openshift.local.registry", "--basename=openshift-registry", "--user=system:serviceaccount:default:registry")
 	out, err = cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s", string(out))
+	require.Equal(t, "", string(out))
 }
 
-// startRegistry starts the OpenShift registry with configPart on port, waits for it to be ready, and returns the process object, or terminates on failure.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistryProcess(c *check.C, port int, configPath string) *exec.Cmd {
+// startRegistryProcess starts the OpenShift registry with configPart on port, waits for it to be ready, and returns the process object, or terminates on failure.
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistryProcess(t *testing.T, port uint16, configPath string) *exec.Cmd {
 	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(map[string]string{
 		"KUBECONFIG":          "openshift.local.registry/openshift-registry.kubeconfig",
 		"DOCKER_REGISTRY_URL": fmt.Sprintf("127.0.0.1:%d", port),
 	}, "dockerregistry", configPath)
-	consumeAndLogOutputs(c, fmt.Sprintf("registry-%d", port), cmd)
+	consumeAndLogOutputs(t, fmt.Sprintf("registry-%d", port), cmd)
 	err := cmd.Start()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s")
 
-	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(c, port)
+	portOpen, terminatePortCheck := newPortChecker(t, port)
 	defer func() {
 		terminatePortCheck <- true
 	}()
-	c.Logf("Waiting for registry to start")
+	t.Logf("Waiting for registry to start")
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 1*time.Minute)
 	defer cancel()
 	select {
 	case <-portOpen:
-		c.Logf("OK, Registry port open")
+		t.Logf("OK, Registry port open")
 	case <-ctx.Done():
-		c.Fatalf("Timed out waiting for registry to start: %v", ctx.Err())
+		t.Fatalf("Timed out waiting for registry to start: %v", ctx.Err())
 	}
 
 	return cmd
 }
 
 // startRegistry starts the OpenShift registry and waits for it to be ready, or terminates on failure.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistry(c *check.C) {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) startRegistry(t *testing.T) {
 	// Our “primary” registry
-	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5000, "/atomic-registry-config.yml"))
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(t, 5000, "/atomic-registry-config.yml"))
 
 	// A registry configured with acceptschema2:false
-	schema1Config := fileFromFixture(c, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
+	schema1Config := fileFromFixture(t, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
 		"addr: :5000":              "addr: :5005",
 		"rootdirectory: /registry": "rootdirectory: /registry-schema1",
 		// The default configuration currently already contains acceptschema2: false
 	})
 	// Make sure the configuration contains "acceptschema2: false", because eventually it will be enabled upstream and this function will need to be updated.
 	configContents, err := os.ReadFile(schema1Config)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(string(configContents), check.Matches, "(?s).*acceptschema2: false.*")
-	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5005, schema1Config))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Regexp(t, "(?s).*acceptschema2: false.*", string(configContents))
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(t, 5005, schema1Config))
 
 	// A registry configured with acceptschema2:true
-	schema2Config := fileFromFixture(c, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
+	schema2Config := fileFromFixture(t, "/atomic-registry-config.yml", map[string]string{
 		"addr: :5000":              "addr: :5006",
 		"rootdirectory: /registry": "rootdirectory: /registry-schema2",
 		"acceptschema2: false":     "acceptschema2: true",
 	})
-	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(c, 5006, schema2Config))
+	cluster.processes = append(cluster.processes, cluster.startRegistryProcess(t, 5006, schema2Config))
 }
 
 // ocLogin runs (oc login) and (oc new-project) on the cluster, or terminates on failure.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) ocLoginToProject(c *check.C) {
-	c.Logf("oc login")
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) ocLoginToProject(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Logf("oc login")
 	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(nil, "oc", "login", "--certificate-authority=openshift.local.config/master/ca.crt", "-u", "myuser", "-p", "mypw", "https://localhost:8443")
 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", out))
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Matches, "(?s).*Login successful.*") // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s", out)
+	require.Regexp(t, "(?s).*Login successful.*", string(out)) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 
-	outString := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "oc", "new-project", "myns")
-	c.Assert(outString, check.Matches, `(?s).*Now using project "myns".*`) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
+	outString := combinedOutputOfCommand(t, "oc", "new-project", "myns")
+	require.Regexp(t, `(?s).*Now using project "myns".*`, outString) // (?s) : '.' will also match newlines
 }
 
 // dockerLogin simulates (docker login) to the cluster, or terminates on failure.
 // We do not run (docker login) directly, because that requires a running daemon and a docker package.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) dockerLogin(c *check.C) {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) dockerLogin(t *testing.T) {
 	cluster.dockerDir = filepath.Join(homedir.Get(), ".docker")
-	err := os.Mkdir(cluster.dockerDir, 0700)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	err := os.MkdirAll(cluster.dockerDir, 0700)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(c, "oc", "config", "view", "-o", "json", "-o", "jsonpath={.users[*].user.token}")
-	c.Logf("oc config value: %s", out)
+	out := combinedOutputOfCommand(t, "oc", "config", "view", "-o", "json", "-o", "jsonpath={.users[*].user.token}")
+	t.Logf("oc config value: %s", out)
 	authValue := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("unused:" + out))
 	auths := []string{}
 	for _, port := range []int{5000, 5005, 5006} {
@@ -237,29 +238,29 @@ func (cluster *openshiftCluster) dockerLogin(c *check.C) {
 	}
 	configJSON := `{"auths": {` + strings.Join(auths, ",") + `}}`
 	err = os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(cluster.dockerDir, "config.json"), []byte(configJSON), 0600)
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }
 
 // relaxImageSignerPermissions opens up the system:image-signer permissions so that
 // anyone can work with signatures
 // FIXME: This also allows anyone to DoS anyone else; this design is really not all
 // that workable, but it is the best we can do for now.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) relaxImageSignerPermissions(c *check.C) {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) relaxImageSignerPermissions(t *testing.T) {
 	cmd := cluster.clusterCmd(adminKUBECONFIG, "oadm", "policy", "add-cluster-role-to-group", "system:image-signer", "system:authenticated")
 	out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil, check.Commentf("%s", string(out)))
-	c.Assert(string(out), check.Equals, "cluster role \"system:image-signer\" added: \"system:authenticated\"\n")
+	require.NoError(t, err, "%s", string(out))
+	require.Equal(t, "cluster role \"system:image-signer\" added: \"system:authenticated\"\n", string(out))
 }
 
 // tearDown stops the cluster services and deletes (only some!) of the state.
-func (cluster *openshiftCluster) tearDown(c *check.C) {
-	for i := len(cluster.processes) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+func (cluster *openshiftCluster) tearDown(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, process := range slices.Backward(cluster.processes) {
 		// It’s undocumented what Kill() returns if the process has terminated,
 		// so we couldn’t check just for that. This is running in a container anyway…
-		_ = cluster.processes[i].Process.Kill()
+		_ = process.Process.Kill()
 	}
 	if cluster.dockerDir != "" {
 		err := os.RemoveAll(cluster.dockerDir)
-		c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
 	}
 }

integration/procutils_linux_test.go

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 )
 
-// cmdLifecyleToParentIfPossible is a thin wrapper around prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG)
+// cmdLifecycleToParentIfPossible is a thin wrapper around prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG)
 // on Linux.
 func cmdLifecycleToParentIfPossible(c *exec.Cmd) {
 	c.SysProcAttr = &syscall.SysProcAttr{

integration/procutils_test.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-//go:build !linux
-// +build !linux
+//go:build unix && !linux
 
 package main
 
@@ -7,6 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 )
 
-// cmdLifecycleToParentIfPossible tries to exit if the parent process exits (only works on Linux)
+// cmdLifecycleToParentIfPossible tries to exit if the parent process exits (only works on Linux).
 func cmdLifecycleToParentIfPossible(c *exec.Cmd) {
 }

integration/proxy_test.go

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//go:build unix
+
 package main
 
 import (
@@ -8,17 +10,23 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
+	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"gopkg.in/check.v1"
-
 	"github.com/containers/image/v5/manifest"
 	imgspecv1 "github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/specs-go/v1"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/suite"
 )
 
 // This image is known to be x86_64 only right now
-const knownNotManifestListedImage_x8664 = "docker://quay.io/coreos/11bot"
+const knownNotManifestListedImageX8664 = "docker://quay.io/coreos/11bot"
+
+// knownNotExtantImage would be very surprising if it did exist
+const knownNotExtantImage = "docker://quay.io/centos/centos:opensusewindowsubuntu"
 
 const expectedProxySemverMajor = "0.2"
 
@@ -29,7 +37,7 @@ type request struct {
 	// Method is the name of the function
 	Method string `json:"method"`
 	// Args is the arguments (parsed inside the function)
-	Args []interface{} `json:"args"`
+	Args []any `json:"args"`
 }
 
 // reply is copied from proxy.go
@@ -37,7 +45,7 @@ type reply struct {
 	// Success is true if and only if the call succeeded.
 	Success bool `json:"success"`
 	// Value is an arbitrary value (or values, as array/map) returned from the call.
-	Value interface{} `json:"value"`
+	Value any `json:"value"`
 	// PipeID is an index into open pipes, and should be passed to FinishPipe
 	PipeID uint32 `json:"pipeid"`
 	// Error should be non-empty if Success == false
@@ -53,11 +61,12 @@ type proxy struct {
 
 type pipefd struct {
 	// id is the remote identifier "pipeid"
-	id uint
-	fd *os.File
+	id     uint
+	datafd *os.File
+	errfd  *os.File
 }
 
-func (p *proxy) call(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, fd *pipefd, err error) {
+func (p *proxy) call(method string, args []any) (rval any, fd *pipefd, err error) {
 	req := request{
 		Method: method,
 		Args:   args,
@@ -78,7 +87,7 @@ func (p *proxy) call(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, fd *p
 	replybuf := make([]byte, maxMsgSize)
 	n, oobn, _, _, err := p.c.ReadMsgUnix(replybuf, oob)
 	if err != nil {
-		err = fmt.Errorf("reading reply: %v", err)
+		err = fmt.Errorf("reading reply: %w", err)
 		return
 	}
 	var reply reply
@@ -92,26 +101,41 @@ func (p *proxy) call(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, fd *p
 		return
 	}
 
+	var scms []syscall.SocketControlMessage
+	scms, err = syscall.ParseSocketControlMessage(oob[:oobn])
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("failed to parse control message: %w", err)
+		return
+	}
 	if reply.PipeID > 0 {
-		var scms []syscall.SocketControlMessage
-		scms, err = syscall.ParseSocketControlMessage(oob[:oobn])
-		if err != nil {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to parse control message: %v", err)
-			return
-		}
 		if len(scms) != 1 {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("Expected 1 received fd, found %d", len(scms))
+			err = fmt.Errorf("Expected 1 socket control message, found %d", len(scms))
 			return
 		}
+	}
+	if len(scms) > 2 {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Expected 1 or 2 socket control message, found %d", len(scms))
+		return
+	}
+	if len(scms) != 0 {
 		var fds []int
 		fds, err = syscall.ParseUnixRights(&scms[0])
 		if err != nil {
-			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to parse unix rights: %v", err)
+			err = fmt.Errorf("failed to parse unix rights: %w", err)
 			return
 		}
+		if len(fds) < 1 || len(fds) > 2 {
+			err = fmt.Errorf("expected 1 or 2 fds, found %d", len(fds))
+			return
+		}
+		var errfd *os.File
+		if len(fds) == 2 {
+			errfd = os.NewFile(uintptr(fds[1]), "errfd")
+		}
 		fd = &pipefd{
-			fd: os.NewFile(uintptr(fds[0]), "replyfd"),
-			id: uint(reply.PipeID),
+			datafd: os.NewFile(uintptr(fds[0]), "replyfd"),
+			id:     uint(reply.PipeID),
+			errfd:  errfd,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -119,7 +143,7 @@ func (p *proxy) call(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, fd *p
 	return
 }
 
-func (p *proxy) callNoFd(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, err error) {
+func (p *proxy) callNoFd(method string, args []any) (rval any, err error) {
 	var fd *pipefd
 	rval, fd, err = p.call(method, args)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -132,7 +156,7 @@ func (p *proxy) callNoFd(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, e
 	return rval, nil
 }
 
-func (p *proxy) callReadAllBytes(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interface{}, buf []byte, err error) {
+func (p *proxy) callReadAllBytes(method string, args []any) (rval any, buf []byte, err error) {
 	var fd *pipefd
 	rval, fd, err = p.call(method, args)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -144,13 +168,13 @@ func (p *proxy) callReadAllBytes(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interf
 	}
 	fetchchan := make(chan byteFetch)
 	go func() {
-		manifestBytes, err := io.ReadAll(fd.fd)
+		manifestBytes, err := io.ReadAll(fd.datafd)
 		fetchchan <- byteFetch{
 			content: manifestBytes,
 			err:     err,
 		}
 	}()
-	_, err = p.callNoFd("FinishPipe", []interface{}{fd.id})
+	_, err = p.callNoFd("FinishPipe", []any{fd.id})
 	if err != nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -168,6 +192,80 @@ func (p *proxy) callReadAllBytes(method string, args []interface{}) (rval interf
 	return
 }
 
+type proxyError struct {
+	Code    string `json:"code"`
+	Message string `json:"message"`
+}
+
+func (p *proxy) callGetRawBlob(args []any) (rval any, buf []byte, err error) {
+	var fd *pipefd
+	rval, fd, err = p.call("GetRawBlob", args)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if fd == nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Expected fds from method GetRawBlob")
+		return
+	}
+	if fd.errfd == nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Expected errfd from method GetRawBlob")
+		return
+	}
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	fetchchan := make(chan byteFetch, 1)
+	errchan := make(chan proxyError, 1)
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		defer close(fetchchan)
+		defer fd.datafd.Close()
+		buf, err := io.ReadAll(fd.datafd)
+		fetchchan <- byteFetch{
+			content: buf,
+			err:     err,
+		}
+
+	}()
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		defer fd.errfd.Close()
+		defer close(errchan)
+		buf, err := io.ReadAll(fd.errfd)
+		var proxyErr proxyError
+		if err != nil {
+			proxyErr.Code = "read-from-proxy"
+			proxyErr.Message = err.Error()
+			errchan <- proxyErr
+			return
+		}
+		// No error, leave code+message unset
+		if len(buf) == 0 {
+			return
+		}
+		unmarshalErr := json.Unmarshal(buf, &proxyErr)
+		// Shouldn't happen
+		if unmarshalErr != nil {
+			panic(unmarshalErr)
+		}
+		errchan <- proxyErr
+	}()
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	errMsg := <-errchan
+	if errMsg.Code != "" {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("(%s) %s", errMsg.Code, errMsg.Message)
+	}
+	fetchRes := <-fetchchan
+	err = fetchRes.err
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	buf = fetchRes.content
+	return
+}
+
 func newProxy() (*proxy, error) {
 	fds, err := syscall.Socketpair(syscall.AF_LOCAL, syscall.SOCK_SEQPACKET, 0)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -211,17 +309,12 @@ func newProxy() (*proxy, error) {
 	return p, nil
 }
 
-func init() {
-	check.Suite(&ProxySuite{})
+func TestProxy(t *testing.T) {
+	suite.Run(t, &proxySuite{})
 }
 
-type ProxySuite struct {
-}
-
-func (s *ProxySuite) SetUpSuite(c *check.C) {
-}
-
-func (s *ProxySuite) TearDownSuite(c *check.C) {
+type proxySuite struct {
+	suite.Suite
 }
 
 type byteFetch struct {
@@ -229,8 +322,9 @@ type byteFetch struct {
 	err     error
 }
 
-func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
-	v, err := p.callNoFd("OpenImage", []interface{}{knownNotManifestListedImage_x8664})
+// This exercises all the metadata fetching APIs.
+func runTestMetadataAPIs(p *proxy, img string) error {
+	v, err := p.callNoFd("OpenImage", []any{img})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -239,9 +333,32 @@ func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("OpenImage return value is %T", v)
 	}
-	imgid := uint32(imgidv)
+	imgid := uint64(imgidv)
+	if imgid == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("got zero from expected image")
+	}
 
-	_, manifestBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetManifest", []interface{}{imgid})
+	// Also verify the optional path
+	v, err = p.callNoFd("OpenImageOptional", []any{img})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	imgidv, ok = v.(float64)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("OpenImageOptional return value is %T", v)
+	}
+	imgid2 := uint64(imgidv)
+	if imgid2 == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("got zero from expected image")
+	}
+
+	_, err = p.callNoFd("CloseImage", []any{imgid2})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, manifestBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetManifest", []any{imgid})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -250,7 +367,7 @@ func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	_, configBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetFullConfig", []interface{}{imgid})
+	_, configBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetFullConfig", []any{imgid})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -268,8 +385,21 @@ func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("No CMD or ENTRYPOINT set")
 	}
 
+	_, layerInfoBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetLayerInfoPiped", []any{imgid})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var layerInfoBytesData []interface{}
+	err = json.Unmarshal(layerInfoBytes, &layerInfoBytesData)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if len(layerInfoBytesData) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("expected layer info data")
+	}
+
 	// Also test this legacy interface
-	_, ctrconfigBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetConfig", []interface{}{imgid})
+	_, ctrconfigBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetConfig", []any{imgid})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -284,7 +414,7 @@ func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("No CMD or ENTRYPOINT set")
 	}
 
-	_, err = p.callNoFd("CloseImage", []interface{}{imgid})
+	_, err = p.callNoFd("CloseImage", []any{imgid})
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -292,19 +422,94 @@ func runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p *proxy, img string) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *ProxySuite) TestProxy(c *check.C) {
-	p, err := newProxy()
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
-
-	err = runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p, knownNotManifestListedImage_x8664)
+func runTestOpenImageOptionalNotFound(p *proxy, img string) error {
+	v, err := p.callNoFd("OpenImageOptional", []any{img})
 	if err != nil {
-		err = fmt.Errorf("Testing image %s: %v", knownNotManifestListedImage_x8664, err)
+		return err
 	}
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
 
-	err = runTestGetManifestAndConfig(p, knownListImage)
+	imgidv, ok := v.(float64)
+	if !ok {
+		return fmt.Errorf("OpenImageOptional return value is %T", v)
+	}
+	imgid := uint64(imgidv)
+	if imgid != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("Unexpected optional image id %v", imgid)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func runTestGetBlob(p *proxy, img string) error {
+	imgid, err := p.callNoFd("OpenImage", []any{img})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, manifestBytes, err := p.callReadAllBytes("GetManifest", []any{imgid})
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	mfest, err := manifest.OCI1FromManifest(manifestBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, layer := range mfest.Layers {
+		_, blobBytes, err := p.callGetRawBlob([]any{imgid, layer.Digest})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if len(blobBytes) != int(layer.Size) {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Expected %d bytes, got %d", layer.Size, len(blobBytes)))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// echo "not a valid layer" | sha256sum
+	invalidDigest := "sha256:21a9aab5a3494674d2b4d8e7381c236a799384dd10545531014606cf652c119f"
+
+	_, blobBytes, err := p.callGetRawBlob([]any{imgid, invalidDigest})
+	if err == nil {
+		panic("Expected error fetching invalid blob")
+	}
+	if blobBytes != nil {
+		panic("Expected no bytes fetching invalid blob")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *proxySuite) TestProxyMetadata() {
+	t := s.T()
+	p, err := newProxy()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = runTestMetadataAPIs(p, knownNotManifestListedImageX8664)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Testing image %s: %v", knownNotManifestListedImageX8664, err)
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = runTestMetadataAPIs(p, knownListImage)
 	if err != nil {
 		err = fmt.Errorf("Testing image %s: %v", knownListImage, err)
 	}
-	c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = runTestOpenImageOptionalNotFound(p, knownNotExtantImage)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Testing optional image %s: %v", knownNotExtantImage, err)
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func (s *proxySuite) TestProxyGetBlob() {
+	t := s.T()
+	p, err := newProxy()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = runTestGetBlob(p, knownListImage)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = fmt.Errorf("Testing GetBLob for %s: %v", knownListImage, err)
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }